Indbyggede systemer

"Smart Embedded Systems: Advances and Applications" is a comprehensive guide that demystifies the complex world of embedded technology.

This book explores the technological developments at various levels of abstraction, of the new paradigm of approximate computing. The authors describe in a single-source the state-of-the-art, covering the entire spectrum of research activities in approximate computing, bridging device, circuit, architecture, and system levels.  Content includes tutorials, reviews and surveys of current theoretical/experimental results, design methodologies and applications developed in approximate computing for a wide scope of readership and specialists.Serves as a single-source reference to state-of-the-art of approximate computing;Covers broad range of topics, from circuits to applications;Includes contributions by leading researchers, from academia and industry.

This book uses digital radios as a challenging design example, generalized to bridge a typical gap between designers who work on algorithms and those who work to implement those algorithms on silicon. The author shows how such a complex system can be moved from high-level characterization to a form that is ready for hardware implementation. Along the way, readers learn a lot about how algorithm designers can benefit from knowing the hardware they target and how hardware designers can benefit from a familiarity with the algorithm. The book shows how a high-level description of an algorithm can be migrated to a fixed-point block diagram with a well-defined cycle accurate architecture and a fully documented controller. This can significantly reduce the length of the hardware design cycle and can improve its outcomes. Ultimately, the book presents an explicit design flow that bridges the gap between algorithm design and hardware design.Provides a guide to baseband radio design for Wi-Fi and cellular systems, from an implementation-focused, perspective;Explains how arithmetic is moved to hardware and what the cost of each operation is in terms of delay, area and power;Enables strategic architectural decisions based on the algorithm, available processing units and design requirements.

This book provides an introduction to the key concepts of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE)-based computing, and discusses the challenges associated with architecting FHE-based computing systems. Readers will see that due to FHE¿s ability to compute on encrypted data, it is a promising solution to address privacy concerns arising from cloud-based services commonly used for a variety of applications including healthcare, financial, transportation, and weather forecasting. This book explains the fundamentals of the FHE operations and then presents an architectural analysis of the FHE-based computing. The authors also highlight challenges associated with accelerating FHE on various commodity platforms and argue that the FPGA platform provides a sweet spot in making privacy-preserving computing plausible.

This book focuses on the acceleration of emerging irregular sparse workloads, posed by novel artificial intelligent (AI) models and sparse linear algebra. Specifically, the book outlines several co-optimized hardware-software solutions for a highly promising class of emerging sparse AI models called Probabilistic Circuit (PC) and a similar sparse matrix workload for triangular linear systems (SpTRSV). The authors describe optimizations for the entire stack, targeting applications, compilation, hardware architecture and silicon implementation, resulting in orders of magnitude higher performance and energy-efficiency compared to the existing state-of-the-art solutions. Thus, this book provides important building blocks for the upcoming generation of edge AI platforms.

Explore techniques to design and implement low latency applications and study the impact of latency reductionPurchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookKey Features:Understand the impact application performance latencies have on different business use casesDevelop a deep understanding of C++ features for low latency applications through real-world examples and performance dataLearn how to build all the components of a C++ electronic trading system from scratchBook Description:C++ is meticulously designed with efficiency, performance, and flexibility as its core objectives. However, real-time low latency applications demand a distinct set of requirements, particularly in terms of performance latencies.With this book, you'll gain insights into the performance requirements for low latency applications and the C++ features critical to achieving the required performance latencies. You'll also solidify your understanding of the C++ principles and techniques as you build a low latency system in C++ from scratch.You'll understand the similarities between such applications, recognize the impact of performance latencies on business, and grasp the reasons behind the extensive efforts invested in minimizing latencies. Using a step-by-step approach, you'll embark on a low latency app development journey by building an entire electronic trading system, encompassing a matching engine, market data handlers, order gateways, and trading algorithms, all in C++. Additionally, you'll get to grips with measuring and optimizing the performance of your trading system.By the end of this book, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of how to design and build low latency applications in C++ from the ground up, while effectively minimizing performance latencies.What You Will Learn:Gain insights into the nature of low latency applications across various industriesUnderstand how to design and implement low latency applicationsExplore C++ design paradigms and features for low latency developmentDiscover which C++ features are best avoided in low latency developmentImplement best practices and C++ features for low latencyMeasure performance and improve latencies in the trading systemWho this book is for:This book is for C++ developers who want to gain expertise in low latency applications and effective design and development strategies. C++ software engineers looking to apply their knowledge to low latency trading systems such as HFT will find this book useful to understand which C++ features matter and which ones to avoid. Quantitative researchers in the trading industry eager to delve into the intricacies of low latency implementation will also benefit from this book. Familiarity with Linux and the C++ programming language is a prerequisite for this book.

A comprehensive guide with extensive coverage of concepts such as OOP, functional programming, generic programming, concurrency, and STL along with the latest features of C++Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookKey Features:Delve into the core patterns and components of C++ to master application designLearn tricks, techniques, and best practices to solve common design and architectural challengesUnderstand the limitation imposed by C++ and how to solve them using design patternsBook Description:C++ is a general-purpose programming language designed for efficiency, performance, and flexibility. Design patterns are commonly accepted solutions to well-recognized design problems. In essence, they are a library of reusable components, only for software architecture, and not for a concrete implementation.This book helps you focus on the design patterns that naturally adapt to your needs, and on the patterns that uniquely benefit from the features of C++. Armed with the knowledge of these patterns, you'll spend less time searching for solutions to common problems and tackle challenges with the solutions developed from experience. You'll also explore that design patterns are a concise and efficient way to communicate, as patterns are a familiar and recognizable solution to a specific problem and can convey a considerable amount of information with a single line of code.By the end of this book, you'll have a deep understanding of how to use design patterns to write maintainable, robust, and reusable software.What You Will Learn:Recognize the most common design patterns used in C++Understand how to use C++ generic programming to solve common design problemsExplore the most powerful C++ idioms, their strengths, and their drawbacksRediscover how to use popular C++ idioms with generic programmingDiscover new patterns and idioms made possible by language features of C++17 and C++20Understand the impact of design patterns on the program's performanceWho this book is for:This book is for experienced C++ developers and programmers who wish to learn about software design patterns and principles and apply them to create robust, reusable, and easily maintainable programs and software systems.

While GPS is the de-facto solution for outdoor positioning with a clear sky view, there is no prevailing technology for GPS-deprived areas, including dense city centers, urban canyons, buildings and other covered structures, and subterranean facilities such as underground mines, where GPS signals are severely attenuated or totally blocked. As an alternative to GPS for the outdoors, indoor localization using machine learning is an emerging embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) application domain that is poised to reinvent the way we navigate in various indoor environments. This book discusses advances in the applications of machine learning that enable the localization and navigation of humans, robots, and vehicles in GPS-deficient environments. The book explores key challenges in the domain, such as mobile device resource limitations, device heterogeneity, environmental uncertainties, wireless signal variations, and security vulnerabilities. Countering these challenges can improve theaccuracy, reliability, predictability, and energy-efficiency of indoor localization and navigation. The book identifies severalnovel energy-efficient, real-time, and robust indoor localization techniques that utilize emerging deep machine learning and statistical techniques to address the challenges for indoor localization and navigation. In particular, the book:Provides comprehensive coverage of the application of machine learning to the domain of indoor localization;Presents techniques to adapt and optimize machine learning models for fast, energy-efficient indoor localization;Covers design and deployment of indoor localization frameworks on mobile, IoT, and embedded devices in real conditions.

This book describes the first comprehensive approach to the optimization of interconnect architectures in 3D systems on chips (SoCs), specially addressing the challenges and opportunities arising from heterogeneous integration. Readers learn about the physical implications of using heterogeneous 3D technologies for SoC integration, while also learning to maximize the 3D-technology gains, through a physical-effect-aware architecture design. The book provides a deep theoretical background covering all abstraction-levels needed to research and architect tomorrow's 3D-integrated circuits, an extensive set of optimization methods (for power, performance, area, and yield), as well as an open-source optimization and simulation framework for fast exploration of novel designs.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency, PETRI NETS 2023, which took place in Lisbon, Portugal, in June 2023. The 21 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 47 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Process mining; semantics; tools; verification; timed models; model transformation. The book also includes two invited talks in full paper length.

Dieses Buch beschreibt eine neue, grobkörnige rekonfigurierbare Architektur (CGRA), genannt Blocks, und stellt sie in den Kontext von Computerarchitekturen und insbesondere von anderen CGRAs. Das Buch beginnt mit einer ausführlichen Bewertung historischer und bestehender CGRAs und deren Stärken und Schwächen. Dies führt auch zu einem besseren Verständnis und einer neuen Definition dessen, was CGRAs von anderen Architekturansätzen unterscheidet.Die Autoren stellen Blocks als einzigartig vor, da es über separate programmierbare Steuer- und Datenpfade verfügt, so dass leichtgewichtige Befehlsdekodiereinheiten über eine statisch konfigurierte Verbindung beliebig mit einer oder mehreren Funktionseinheiten (FUs) verbunden werden können. In der Diskussion wird erläutert, wie Architekturen modelliert werden können, was zu einem Flächen- und Energiemodell für Blöcke führt. Die Genauigkeit dieses Modells wird anhand vollständig implementierter Architekturen bewertet, wobei sich zeigt, dass die Fehlerspanne sehr akzeptabel ist, obwohl es um drei Größenordnungen schneller ist als die Synthese. Das Buch schließt mit einer Fallstudie zu einem echten System-on-Chip, einschließlich einer RISC-Architektur, der Blocks CGRA und Peripheriegeräten.

Whether you are a new LabVIEW programmer or an old seasoned one, this book aims to offer some guidance to build better programs. It discusses designs that use LCOD Hidden Data, Abstraction, Cohesion and Coupling methods.

Ein Kompendium, das die in der Elektrotechnik, Mechatronik usw. üblichen Schaltungs-Analyseverfahren sehr übersichtlich nebeneinander stellt und erläutert. Dabei werden ¿Verwandtschaften¿ und Einsatzgebiete der verschiedenen Verfahren deutlich herausgestellt und abgegrenzt. Darüber hinaus werden auch numerische Verfahren berücksichtigt und es wird dargestellt, wie Schaltungssimulatoren funktionieren. An Hand einer kostenlos aus dem Internet zu beziehenden Demoversion des Schaltungssimulators LTspice wird dem Leser auch praktisches "Simulations-Know-How" vermittelt. Das Buch ist besonders für Studierende in Bachelorstudiengängen geeignet.

This book demonstrates why highly-digital CMOS time-encoding analog-to-digital converters incorporating voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are a good alternative to traditional switched-capacitor S-D modulators for power-efficient sensor, biomedical and communications applications. The authors describe the theoretical foundations and design methodology of such time-based ADCs from the basics to the latest developments. While most analog designers might notice some resemblance to PLL design, the book clearly highlights the differences to standard PLL circuit design and illustrates the design methodology with practical circuit design examples.Describes in detail the design methodology for CMOS time-encoding analog-to-digital converters that can be integrated along with digital logic in a nanometer System on Chip;Assists analog designers with the necessary change in design paradigm, highlighting differences between designing time-based ADCs and traditional analog circuits like switched-capacitor converters and PLLs;Uses a highly-visual, tutorial approach to the topic, including many practical examples of techniques introduced.

This book presents various novel architectures for FPGA-optimized accurate and approximate operators, their detailed accuracy and performance analysis, various techniques to model the behavior of approximate operators, and thorough application-level analysis to evaluate the impact of approximations on the final output quality and performance metrics. As multiplication is one of the most commonly used and computationally expensive operations in various error-resilient applications such as digital signal and image processing and machine learning algorithms, this book particularly focuses on this operation. The book starts by elaborating on the various sources of error resilience and opportunities available for approximations on various layers of the computation stack. It then provides a detailed description of the state-of-the-art approximate computing-related works and highlights their limitations.

This book introduces readers to the physical design (layout) and design automation of Photonic Integrated Ciruicts (PICs) which is an essential building block of Electronic-Photonic Design Automation (EPDA). Proper PIC design automation and implementation of complex curvilinear shapes play a critical role in reliability, quality, and time-to-market of complex PIC products. The author starts by introducing some basic mathematical concepts used in implementation of photonic components, followed by a deep dive into implementation details of parameterized PIC components. The book introduces the industry-standard schematic driven layout flow and tries to simplify the concepts and implementations. The author conveys difficult concepts and advanced EPDA scripting/programming methodologies, using a simple language and coding examples.

This textbook for core courses in Electronic Circuit Design teaches students the design and application of a broad range of analog electronic circuits in a comprehensive and clear manner.  Readers will be enabled to design complete, functional circuits or systems. The authors first provide a foundation in the theory and operation of basic electronic devices, including the diode, bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor, operational amplifier and current feedback amplifier. They then present comprehensive instruction on the design of working, realistic electronic circuits of varying levels of complexity, including power amplifiers, regulated power supplies, filters, oscillators and waveform generators. Many examples help the reader quickly become familiar with key design parameters and design methodology for each class of circuits. Each chapter starts from fundamental circuits and develops them step-by-step into a broad range of applications of real circuits and systems.Written to be accessible to students of varying backgrounds, this textbook presents the design of realistic, working analog electronic circuits for key systems;Includes worked examples of functioning circuits, throughout every chapter, with an emphasis on real applications;Includes numerous exercises at the end of each chapter;Uses simulations to demonstrate the functionality of the designed circuits;Enables readers to design important electronic circuits including amplifiers, power supplies and oscillators.

Invasive computing is a paradigm for designing and programmingfuture parallel computing systems. For systems with 1,000 or more cores on a chip, resource-aware programming is of utmost importance to obtain high utilisation as well as computational, energy and power efficiency. Invasive computing provides a programmer explicit handles to specify and argue about resource requirements desired or required in different phases of execution: In an invade phase, an application asks the operating system to allocate a set of processor, memory and communication resources to be claimed. In a subsequent infect phase, the parallel workload is spread and executed on the obtained claim of resources. Finally, if the degree of parallelism should be lower again, a retreat operation frees the claim again, and the application resumes a sequential execution. To support this idea of self-adaptive and resource-aware programming, not only new programming concepts, languages, compilers, and operating systems were needed to be developed, but also revolutionary architectural changes in the design of MPSoCs (multiprocessor systems-on-a-chip) to efficiently support invasion, infection, and retreat operations. This book gives a comprehensive overview of all aspects of invasive computing.

"A straightforward introduction to working with FPGAs. Explores the inner workings of an FPGA and high concepts like state machines, crossing clock domains, and parallel logic. Features hands-on projects and thoroughly annotated code examples in both Verilog and VHDL"--

"This book is for readers who have mastered the basics of Arduino programming and want to take their skills to the next level. There are 70 projects with step-by-step instructions to teach new techniques and topics related to the Arduino microcontroller platform"--

Dieses Buch stellt eine umfassende Reihe von Techniken vor, die alle wichtigen Aspekte eines modernen Virtual Prototype (VP)-basierten Entwurfsablaufs verbessern. Die Autoren legen den Schwerpunkt auf automatisierte formale Verifikationsmethoden sowie auf fortgeschrittene, abdeckungsgeleitete Analyse- und Testtechniken, die auf SystemC-basierte VP und die zugehörige Software (SW) zugeschnitten sind. Die Abdeckung umfasst auch VP-Modellierungstechniken, die sowohl funktionale als auch nicht-funktionale Aspekte behandeln, und beschreibt zudem Korrespondenzanalysen zwischen der Hardware- und VP-Ebene, um die auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen verfügbaren Informationen zu nutzen. Alle Ansätze werden ausführlich diskutiert und anhand mehrerer Experimente evaluiert, um ihre Effektivität bei der Verbesserung des VP-basierten Entwurfsablaufs zu demonstrieren. Darüber hinaus legt das Buch einen besonderen Schwerpunkt auf den modernen RISC-V ISA, mit mehreren Fallstudien, die sowohl Aspekteder Modellierung als auch der VP- und SW-Verifikation abdecken.