Bøger af Alexander Syder

Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Psychology - Forensic Psychology, Penal System, grade: Merit, University of Lincoln, course: MSc Forensic Psychology, language: English, abstract: Formulation can be defined as the process of constructing a hypothesis or ¿best guess¿ about the origins of a person¿s difficulties in the context of their relationships, social circumstances, life events, and the sense that they have made of them. It provides a structure for thinking together with the client or service user about how to understand their experience(s) and how to move forward. The presentation of the case formulation will be conducted in accordance with the categories for consideration outlined in Weerasekara (1996) as follows: presenting issues; predisposing factors; precipitating factors; perpetuating factors and protective factors. These provide a clear comprehensive structure for reporting on the static, dynamic and contextual factors that may affect Tom¿s behaviour and subsequent offending related judgements. The theoretical underpinning of the case formulation will be in accordance with the biopsychosocial model of psychological understanding. Metz (2005) provided a series of key recommendation(s) to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) commission on psychotherapy concerning the definition of the biopsychosocial model, which he comprehensively defined:¿A biopsychosocial formulation is a tentative working hypothesis developed collaboratively with the child and family, which attempts to explain the biological, psychological and sociocultural factors which have combined to create and maintain the presenting clinical concern and which support the child¿s best functioning¿ It will be changed, modified or amplified as the clinician and family learn more and more about the strengths and needs of the child and family¿.

Essay from the year 2014 in the subject Law - Criminal process, Criminology, Law Enforcement, grade: 2.1, University of Lincoln, course: Criminology and History (BA) Hons., language: English, abstract: Rape and sexual violence do not currently stand as separate crimes under international law; instead they are subsumed into the area of crime such as torture, genocide and the grave breaches of the Genocide Convention. As such international law recognises that rape at the least may accompany acts of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity as a tool of genocide. The definition of rape as genocide remains hazy, the ICTR and ICTY have interpreted rape in war conflict in various prosecution cases with different interpretations, this may be because that rape as genocide is a ¿recent occurrence within international law¿. Rape is also seen as a product of war, a consequence of war rather than a component of war, as it should be interpreted as. In conflicts such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Rwanda, rape should be seen as a tool of genocide because of the deliberate intent of destruction as defined by The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide 1948, specifically Article II (ICRC, Article II). Rape at the very least demonstrates condition (b) of Article II which stipulates that there has been an act of ¿causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group¿ (ICRC, Article II). This assertion can be demonstrated in the cases of Rwanda in 1994 and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1990-1994. The emphasis of genocide remains focused on the collective, since there has to be demonstrative proof of intent of destruction of the group not just the individual. Rape however is a personal, individual experience and this complicates judicial responses to defining rape as genocide.