Bøger af Eman Youness

Diabetes mellitus ist eine heterogene Stoffwechselerkrankung, die durch eine Hyperglykämie aufgrund einer Beeinträchtigung der Insulinsekretion, einer gestörten Insulinwirkung oder beidem gekennzeichnet ist. Eine chronische Hyperglykämie bei Diabetes geht mit relativ spezifischen langfristigen mikrovaskulären Komplikationen einher, die Augen, Nieren und Nerven betreffen, sowie mit einem erhöhten Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen (CVD). Atherosklerotische Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (ASCVD), einschließlich akuter koronarer Syndrome (ACS), eines Myokardinfarkts (MI) in der Vorgeschichte, stabiler oder instabiler Angina pectoris, koronarer oder anderer arterieller Revaskularisationen, Schlaganfall, transitorischer ischämischer Attacke oder peripherer arterieller Erkrankungen, die vermutlich atherosklerotischen Ursprungs sind, sind die Hauptursache für Morbidität und Mortalität bei Diabetikern und tragen am meisten zu den direkten und indirekten Kosten des Diabetes bei. Häufige Erkrankungen, die mit Typ-2-Diabetes einhergehen (z. B. Bluthochdruck und Dyslipidämie), sind eindeutige Risikofaktoren für ASCVD.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to impairment of insulin secretion, defective insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is associated with relatively specific long-term microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) including acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) a history of myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack or peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origin is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals with diabetes and is the largest contributor to the direct and indirect costs of diabetes. Common conditions coexisting with type 2 diabetes (e.g., hypertension and dyslipidemia) are clear risk factors for ASCVD.

Lysosomes and their equivalent structures (known as vacuoles in yeast and plant cells) have long been established as the degradative end points for both intracellular and exogenous cargo. The catabolic function of the lysosome is accomplished by an array of approximately 60 proteases, lipases, nucleases and other hydrolytic enzymes that break down complex macromolecules into their constituent building blocks Tay¿Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner. The mutation results in problems with an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A which results in the build-up of the molecule GM2 ganglioside within cells, leading to toxicity. The development of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is apromising option for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.