Bøger af Fabio Correia Lima Nepomuceno

Judo is a high-impact sport that requires agility, balance, static and explosive strength, as well as cardiovascular fitness to be performed properly. The blows applied by athletes practicing this sport are quite complex, usually involving more than one joint and several muscle groups, making them more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries. The high rate of injuries seen in this population prompted a descriptive experimental study, with an exploratory approach, to find out which types of injuries were most common in judo. One of the most vulnerable joints is the glenohumeral joint, which is, however, a very unstable joint, acting through the interaction of 4 joints: the glenohumeral joint, the acromioclavicular joint, the sternoclavicular joint and the scapulothoracic joint, thus allowing for an extensive range of movement which, when practicing judo, is subjected to high impacts, static forces and repetitive use, thus contributing to the appearance of injuries and pain in the region of the shoulder girdle.

Chronic non-progressive encephalopathy of childhood, originally known as cerebral palsy (CP), is attributed to non-progressive lesions that occur in the development of the brain during the foetal or infant period. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by sensory, perceptual, cognitive, communication and behavioural alterations, epilepsy and secondary musculoskeletal problems. In view of these disorders, it is necessary to use standardised and validated assessment tools based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The purpose of the ICF is to classify the components of health, divided into four main components: body functions, body structures, activities and participation, and environmental factors. Thus, the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) for lower limbs and upper limbs aims to meet the need to establish a standardised system for classifying motor functionality, with a more accurate assessment.

The lungs are the vital organs of respiration. Their main function is to oxygenate the blood by placing the inspired air close to the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries. While cadaver lungs are retracted, firm or hard to the touch, and change color, healthy lungs in living people are normally light, soft and spongy, and fully occupy the lung cavities. They are also elastic and retract to approximately one third of their original size when the chest cavity is opened. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. Intensive Care Units (ICUs) were created out of the need to care for critically ill patients. These patients could be submitted to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to changes in respiratory mechanics. The physiotherapeutic approach using the ZEEP maneuver in IMV patients aims to enhance airway hygiene, promote more effective aspiration and improve lung ventilation.

Due to the immaturity of their systems, premature newborns are at high risk of developing respiratory and neuro-motor complications. For this reason, physiotherapy services are currently essential and indispensable in Brazil's Neonatal Intensive Care Units so that these newborns can undergo a faster and more effective recovery process. Precise indication and early treatment combined with judgement and common sense bring highly positive responses. The techniques used in pulmonary pathologies consist of manual manoeuvres that facilitate the removal of secretion from the baby's lungs and help with breathing. Together with the interdisciplinary team, the physiotherapist takes part in the management of mechanical ventilation (machines that help with breathing). As part of the multi-professional team, the physiotherapist also has a place in the kangaroo mother project, both prophylactically and therapeutically. The physiotherapist treats the patient through touch and can use the kangaroo method as a therapeutic resource, linking the kinetic-functional aspect with the psycho-emotional one.

The intrinsic muscles can raise or lower the ribs and are activated during breathing, particularly forced breathing: it is believed that their primary action is to stiffen the chest wall, preventing paradoxical movement during inspiration. The diaphragm is a curved musculotendinous lamina attached to the circumference of the lower opening of the thorax and to the high lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm forms the floor of the chest cavity and separates it from the abdominal cavity. From its highest point on each side, the diaphragm slopes downwards towards its costal and vertebral attachment points: this slope is more evident posteriorly, where the space between the diaphragm and the posterior wall of the thorax is very narrow. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the acute onset of neurological dysfunction, resulting in signs and symptoms that correspond to the involvement of focal areas of the brain due to an abnormality in cerebral circulation. The aim of our study was therefore to check the lung capacity of stroke patients.

The heart is a pair of muscular pumps with valves combined into a single organ. Although the fibromuscular framework and conduction tissues of these pumps are structurally intertwined, each pump (the so-called "right" and "left" hearts) is physiologically separate and is interposed in series at different points in the dual circulation. Despite this serial functional arrangement, the two pumps are usually described topographically in parallel. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are alterations that cause instability in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, having a direct impact on the life of the individual affected by these pathologies, thus reducing their functional capacity and also interfering in the performance of their activities. Cardiac surgery is often the treatment. Among the different types of heart surgery, we find that coronary artery bypass grafting accounts for more than half the number of heart surgeries in Brazil. According to the World Health Organization, cardiac rehabilitation is the sum of the activities necessary to guarantee patients with heart disease the best physical conditions.

The kidneys excrete the end products of metabolism and excess water. These actions are essential for controlling the concentrations of various substances in the body and maintaining an approximately constant electrolyte and water balance in the tissue fluids. The kidneys also have endocrine functions, producing and releasing erythropoietin, which affects the formation of red blood cells; renin, which influences blood pressure; 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (the metabolically active form of vitamin D), which is involved in controlling calcium absorption and mineral metabolism; and various other soluble factors with metabolic actions. Chronic renal failure is the loss of kidney function, in which the body fails to maintain metabolic and hydroelectrolytic balance, resulting in uremic syndrome, which is characterized by a set of signs and symptoms in the patient, and is therefore a major public health problem, with a negative impact on the quality of life of its sufferers. CRF can be treated with peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis or kidney transplantation.

The nervous system is highly dependent on blood circulation due to the high metabolic rate of nerve tissue, making it dependent on a constant blood supply. Elements such as oxygen and glucose are not stored by the nervous system, so an uninterrupted blood supply of these elements through arterial blood is essential. In stroke victims, recovering the functionality of the affected upper limb is one of the most complex factors during rehabilitation, often discouraging therapy. The use of Induced Restraint Therapy (ICT) is based on the concept of performing intensive and repetitive training associated with restraint of the healthy limb, in order to induce functional reorganization of the motor systems in stroke, guaranteeing gains in functionality. Therefore, it is necessary to continue researching the gains and benefits in functionality that ICBT can promote for individuals with stroke sequelae, in order to provide a greater increase in the individual's functional recovery process.

Breathing is a physiological process that is fundamental to life. The respiratory system can be likened to a vital pump allowing the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism and the external environment. A number of phases make up the respiratory process, such as ventilation and circulation. Ventilation consists of the movement of gases in and out of the lungs and circulation carries out the transportation of these gases to the tissues. Invasive mechanical ventilation is a therapeutic procedure that temporarily aids respiratory function, either partially or completely. When successful, it results in alveolar ventilation, gas exchange and an acceptable acid-base balance. However, we know that inappropriate use of tidal volumes can lead to changes in lung function and gasometric values. In view of this, the aim of this study was to assess the anatomy and pathophysiology of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), as well as to identify the most common gasometric disorders in a hospital ICU.

The brachial plexus (BP) is a nerve structure made up of the roots of the cervical (C5, C6, C7, C8) and thoracic (T1) spinal nerves, whose function is to innervate the entire length of the upper limb (UL). Injuries to the BP have serious consequences for quality of life, affecting the motor and sensory performance of the affected segment, leading to direct impairment of functional abilities. Brachial plexus injuries (BPI) can be categorised into two forms: traumatic and neonatal. Obstetric brachial palsy is defined as an injury to the brachial plexus at birth. The injury is caused by stretching of the nerve trunks or root avulsion, and can be classified as Erb-Duchenne palsy (high palsy), which involves the C5-C6 roots, or Klumpke palsy, which involves the C8 to T1 roots. Children affected by Obstetric Brachial Palsy (OBP) generally neglect the affected side and start using the unaffected limb more often.

Traumatic Brain Injury is an injury of a non-degenerative or congenital nature, caused by an aggression or initiated by a process of high-energy acceleration or deceleration of the brain within the skull, which generates anatomical damage or functional impairment of the scalp, skull, meninges or encephalon. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a condition that affects people's quality of life. Many of these patients may develop respiratory failure, requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to analyze the neurophysiopathology of patients affected by traumatic brain injury. The sample included 20 patients with severe TBI in the ICU of a hospital.

Strength and hypertrophy training using the RFS (Restricted Blood Flow) method has been shown to be very effective through experiments and is gaining ground every day, as it is proving to be a very beneficial way of gaining strength and hypertrophy using low weights. Some researchers have used kaatsu training or RFS in Japan and found good results in gyms, orthopaedic clinics and hospitals. In Japan, this method is already widely used, with kaatsu being used in 84% of the places surveyed. Chondropathy refers to diseased cartilage. This condition usually causes pain in the front of the knee and clicking, especially when the person squats, runs, gets up from a chair or goes up and down stairs. The more specific term for this condition is patellofemoral syndrome. Patellar chondropathy has different stages, depending on the degree of cartilage degeneration: softening, fragmentation or cracks, up to erosion or total loss. This is why it is necessary to consult a doctor immediately, even when the pain starts.