Bøger af Furaha Ngeregere Lugoe

The source of the Mara is at the Napuiyapui swamp in the Mau forest of Kenya. The Mau forest nestles is Kenya's biggest forest block. It is a complex ecosystem that is the source of at least 12 rivers, draining westwards towards Lake Victoria and eastwards to Nakuru through Mau Narok, Lake Nakuru and the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. It is also the single most important water catchments area in Western Kenya and a key source of water for Lake Victoria. The importance of the Mara river and its estuaries to Agriculture, forestry, water supply, makes it strategic to the economies and ecology of both Kenya and Tanzania and hence to the survival of the Serengeti. Most of the Maasai Mara National Reserve and about 10% of the Serengeti National Park are hosted in the Mara river basin. Together they make up a world wonder of biodiversity concentration. Proportionality aside, the internationally celebrated Wildebeest migrations would not take place without the existence and attractiveness of the Mara and Maasai-Mara to wildlife at certain times of the year. It is a time of breeding before dispersal starts again into the southern part of the ecosystem. Over the past 50 years the Mara River Basin has undergone land use changes that threaten the rich biodiversity of the ecosystem. The riverine forests of the Mara Basin are being cleared for charcoal and for crop farming. It is estimated that in the Amala sub-catchments area cultivation increased from under 20% in 1960 to over 51% in 1991 as the number of households increased by 13% in the same area. The once sparsely populated rangelands in the middle catchments around Mulot, Longisa, Norengore and Kobosom in Kenya are occupied by crop farmers who have displaced the traditional pastoralists. Pastoralism, in both the SNP and MMNR, has co-existed with wildlife for many years. However, the Maasai people are changing to a sedentary lifestyle that is increasing pressure on natural resources such as water, forest, wildlife, etc. Such human activities are, in principle, restricted in the ecosystem and what is now taking place is contrary to management goals of ensuring that the resources meet the needs of both the present and future generations. Subsistence farming has inundated the lower reaches of the Mara River Basin around Mosirori wetlands and beyond to the delta at Kirumi on Lake Victoria in Tanzania. The Serengeti is a trans-boundary ecosystem and as such it cannot belong to any one country in spite of the proportional share of its land area. Wildlife has no nationality and cannot therefore be confined within political or administrative boundaries. All they need is access to breeding and dispersal grounds and good management of wildlife sanctuaries ought to provide that needed space. The prudent approach to management is an ecosystems approach for the mutual benefit of conservation, the livelihoods of communities living close to the ecosystem and the economies of the two countries. The ecosystem is now being managed by Kenya and Tanzania separately and has therefore experienced a number of constraints to conservation. Investigations undertaken over many years show that the constraints include: (i) mismanagement of the resources of the ecosystem of which are many, both flora and fauna; (ii) human population pressure on the ecosystem; (iii) diversification of land use in the investment domain with tourism and the establishment of conservancies increasingly getting more attention to the detriment of biodiversity; (iv) Encroachment on the basin by human settlements, where small businesses are established to gain from tourism in support of their livelihoods; (v) Poaching that is threatening the animal population and with this threat a reduction in the number of species and diminishing returns from tourism and hunting. All these are antagonistic forces working against sustainability of the ecosystem, unless better management mechanisms are invoked.

The quality of products in the production process and the balance between resources and products is determined by, among others, the quality of management of the project. Project management aims at project implementation in accordance with the design, using prudently, the resources identified. Imaginative and flexible project management can correct even faults in the design and turn the project into a success. Land survey project is an investment scheme whose object is to acquire and present land data and information or is a scheme aimed at employing such data and information is another project, such as engineering or defence. The products of a survey project are therefore data and information about the landscape and its features such as: - Positions and position lines, Heights and height differences of points or between them, Scaled survey plans and bathymetric charts of the topography, Geo-referenced cadastral records, Thematic and topographic models, Profiles, cross-sections, earthwork quantities, lake capacity measurements, Information on structural stability, catchments, drainage, river flow, etc. A land survey project, like many other projects, can be broken down into smaller projects as stated earlier. The smaller ones are designed to work without each other but are small enough as to enhance workmanship and cost effectiveness in their management. Smaller projects are in many ways preferred to larger projects especially where it is not easy to find a variety of skills under one implementing agency of company. A contractor who does not have all the capabilities is normally allowed, under contract, to engage a subcontractor who would only be answerable to the contractor and not the client. This situation sometimes causes conflicts between contractor and employer/client or conflicts in project scheduling. Alternatively a project may be decomposed into smaller ones, that can be handled with a single contractor specialized in the smaller component.

The land resources in the LVB generate local, national and global benefits that are important for food security and rural livelihoods. However, this large agro-biodiversity is threatened by habitat modification and fragmentation, a reduction in vegetation cover and species diversity and over-exploitation and competition from invasive species, mainly as a consequent of human population growth. The LVB covers about 19400 Km², shared amongst Tanzania (44%), Kenya (22%), Uganda (16%), Rwanda (11%), and Burundi (7%). It has about 35,000,000 people with a population density of about 300 per km², which is higher than the national averages of Uganda (235), Burundi (210), Tanzania (190), Kenya (342), and Rwanda (378). The LVB has immense natural resources that include forests, savannah, rangelands, and fisheries which provide livelihood for communities around the basin. The demands to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing population and domestic animals in the form of space, shelter, space, food, water, health services, and waste disposal, puts very high pressure on the resources of the basin (LVBC, 2011). Since the 1970s, Lake Victoria's water quality has declined significantly, mainly due to increased sedimentation, water pollution and eutrophication, caused mainly by poor land use management within the Basin (LVB).

Land is the ultimate resource for livelihoods and survival in the developing world. It hosts vital resources that can be exploited to achieve economic growth and wealth. It is also a legal entity on which bundles of rights are defined so as to govern human behaviour with it. In general terms it is the surface of the Earth, the soils and the rocks beneath it, the air above and all things fixed to the soil. It is the source of all material wealth available for humans. Land is finite within national jurisdictions and as populations grow it remains the same. In the context of climate change land may be downgraded and less fertile and more expensive to manage. In this stands the cardinal role for land regulation through a land administration system that is built on principles of good governance.

Cet ouvrage se penche sur les terres du pays connu sous le nom de Tanzanie et sur la manière dont elles ont été utilisées au fil des ans (y compris les conflits et autres charges), ainsi que sur les fondements juridiques, institutionnels et sociaux de l'enregistrement de la propriété et de l'utilisation des terres dans le contexte du changement climatique. L'ouvrage commence par un examen de la sécurité foncière et de la sécurité d'occupation (dans la Constitution de 1977 et d'autres instruments), puis se penche sur l'élaboration et l'évaluation de la politique foncière, ainsi que sur les principales questions et problèmes liés à l'application de cette politique, à la gestion et à l'administration des terres. Il présente des exemples de projets d'aménagement foncier et les défis qui y sont liés, ainsi que les impacts du changement climatique. Il s'agit d'un guide pour les investisseurs et les étudiants sur les systèmes fonciers de la Tanzanie.

Este livro foca a terra do país conhecida como Tanzânia e como tem sido utilizada ao longo dos anos (incluindo conflitos e outros ónus) e os fundamentos legais, institucionais e sociais do registo de propriedade, bem como do uso da terra no contexto das alterações climáticas. Começa com uma revisão da segurança da terra e da posse (na Constituição de 1977 e noutros instrumentos) e passa à elaboração e avaliação da política fundiária e às principais questões e problemas nas aplicações políticas, gestão e administração fundiária. Fornece casos de projectos de entrega de terras e desafios nelas contidos, bem como os impactos das alterações climáticas. Destina-se a servir de guia para investidores e estudantes nos sistemas de posse da terra da Tanzânia.

Jeta kniga poswqschena zemle strany, izwestnoj kak Tanzaniq, i tomu, kak ona ispol'zowalas' na protqzhenii mnogih let (wklüchaq konflikty i drugie obremeneniq), a takzhe prawowym, institucional'nym i social'nym osnowam registracii sobstwennosti i zemlepol'zowaniq w kontexte izmeneniq klimata. Stat'q nachinaetsq s obzora zemel'noj i wladel'cheskoj bezopasnosti (w Konstitucii 1977 goda i drugih dokumentah) i perehodit k razrabotke i ocenke zemel'noj politiki, a takzhe k osnownym woprosam i problemam w primenenii politiki, zemleustrojstwe i uprawlenii zemel'nymi resursami. V knige priwodqtsq primery proektow po oswoeniü zemel' i woznikaüschie pri ätom problemy, a takzhe wliqnie izmeneniq klimata. Kniga prednaznachena w kachestwe rukowodstwa dlq inwestorow i studentow po sistemam zemlewladeniq Tanzanii.

Questo libro fornisce un'analisi della terra del Paese conosciuto come Tanzania e di come è stata utilizzata nel corso degli anni (compresi i conflitti e gli altri gravami) e le basi legali, istituzionali e sociali della registrazione della proprietà e dell'uso della terra nel contesto del cambiamento climatico. Il documento inizia con una revisione della sicurezza della terra e della proprietà (nella Costituzione del 1977 e in altri strumenti) e passa alla definizione e alla valutazione della politica fondiaria e alle principali questioni e problemi nell'applicazione della politica, nella gestione e nell'amministrazione della terra. Fornisce casi di progetti di sviluppo fondiario e le relative sfide, nonché gli impatti del cambiamento climatico. È una guida per investitori e studenti sui sistemi di proprietà fondiaria in Tanzania.

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit dem Land in Tansania und dessen Nutzung im Laufe der Jahre (einschließlich Konflikten und anderen Belastungen) sowie mit den rechtlichen, institutionellen und sozialen Grundlagen der Registrierung von Eigentum und der Landnutzung im Kontext des Klimawandels. Das Buch beginnt mit einem Überblick über die Land- und Besitzsicherheit (in der Verfassung von 1977 und anderen Instrumenten) und geht dann auf die Gestaltung und Bewertung der Landpolitik sowie auf die wichtigsten Fragen und Probleme bei der Anwendung der Politik, dem Landmanagement und der Landverwaltung ein. Es werden Fälle von Landvergabeprojekten und die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen sowie die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels dargestellt. Es ist als Leitfaden für Investoren und Studenten in Tansanias Landbesitzsystemen gedacht.

Land is the ultimate resource for humankind especially those of the developing world. From the land we get all that is of value. It is a vital resource that must be exploited to attain economic growth and sustainable livelihoods. It is likewise a legal space in which bundles of rights are defined by state laws and other frameworks to govern human relations with its use. In generality it is the surface of the Earth, the soils, the rocks beneath, the air above and all things fixed to the soil, naturally or constructed property. Land is hence a source of all material wealth and a platform of human activity at the disposal of humankind. However, Land is limited in extent within national jurisdictions - it cannot expand though can be degraded by human actions and climate change.Good custody of the land and possible earnings for public revenue have compelled the setting up of land administration systems the world over since Napoleonic times, but modern day systems must respond to principles of good governance and sustainaability.

The land is a term that is diversified in meaning and significance. To some people, the land is to be cherished as a landscape that has evolved as a result of geomorphological and geological processes. Yet to others, this landscape is important for the fortunes it stores, i.e. vital resources that must be exploited in order to achieve economic growth and development. To other groups of people, the land is a legal entity or a space in which bundles of rights are defined so as to govern human behavior in relation to it. In general, the land is ¿the surface of the earth, the soils, and the rocks beneath it, the air above and all things fixed to the soil¿ and hence ¿as a source of all material wealth¿ at the disposal of humankind.

This is a book on management issues of the largest trans-boundary ecosystems of Eastern Africa namely, the Serengeti and Lake Victoria Basin. The book provides essential knowledge on ecosystems and environment management. Lake Victoria has the highest species diversity of large herbivores in the world and a diversity of vegetation. It is the source of the White Nile and its waters and wetlands are home to numerous fish and bird species. Its ecological significance is heightened by the role it plays in shaping regional weather patterns. The Lake ecosystem has been degraded and hence unstable. Wildlife of the Serengeti Ecosystem, is a unique natural heritage and resource. However, the trans-boundary ecosystem lacks a unified management plan and has experienced a number of constraints to conservation. The agricultural based economies of the region, facing fertile land shortages, need good management frameworks to enable an efficient use of the available land resources, through land use planning and land reforms. The book is meant for a diverse readership that cares about the environment.

Humanity has used spatial data for many centuries begining with sea explorations in the 13-th century. The data, often displayed as navigation charts, were acquired with rudimental equipment. Technological advances were key in changing the use of map and surveyed data. In modern times, the great significance of land surveying and mapping processes lies in the ability to satisfy a diversity of user demands. In this fact also lies the justification for national and international policies to regulate outcomes and ensure that the skills and products will continue to exist as a public good throughout the generations. Land surveying and topographical mapping are undertakings of great significance to the socio-economic fabric of nations. The Interventions are also known for the many cross-sector linkages manifested in: (i) the extent of reliance of landed projects on various services and products; (ii) its central place in national strategic plans including economic growth, poverty reduction and law and order; and (iii) its role in the development of urban centres. Based on Tanzania's century-old experience, this book is vital to policy makers and all pursuing landed projects in Africa.