Bøger af International Atomic Energy Agency

As well as the application to food irradiation, nuclear techniques can be used in the detection of contaminants and the verification of the origins and authenticity of food. This publication presents the findings of a joint FAO/IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) on utilizing isotope and trace element analysis, and other complementary analytical techniques, to characterize the origin of authentic milk and dairy products sampled by the participating institutes. The purpose of the CRP was to develop a methodology to implement a sustainable system for the independent verification of the claimed origin of food. Questions concerning origin are among the first to be asked when a food safety incident arises. The results of the project described in this publication will assist Member States to better communicate the qualities and origin related attributes, or terroir, of different food commodities. In addition, verifying the origin of food can help to prevent fraud and thereby reduce barriers to trade and protect and promote added-value products with a strong regional or national identity.

Radiological environmental impact assessment models are important tools for public and environmental protection, for example, in planning measures to be taken in the event of accidental releases. This publication was developed to report on results from international model validation exercises conducted within the IAEA's MODARIA I programme to test and improve the modelling for predictions used for environmental transfer and dose assessment in urban areas. Model exercises were focused on: contamination densities and activity concentrations in air following short range atmospheric dispersion and deposition events; prediction of atmospheric dispersion and application of decision support systems under complex meteorological and topographic conditions; and expected reductions in ambient dose rates and activity concentrations due to protective actions following a nuclear accident. The report builds on past IAEA publications and provides relevant examples for use in strengthening the global nuclear safety framework as part of emergency preparedness and response planning following a nuclear or radiological emergency.

Recent decades have seen a significant increase in the number of decommissioning projects undertaken globally. Decommissioning technologies have advanced, driven by innovations in digitization and robotics, and the Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) methodology is now being applied to the decommissioning phase of all types of nuclear facilities. This publication provides practical information and examples of good practices in training personnel for decommissioning activities, based on Member States' experience, including guidance on the application of SAT methodology. The increasing use of digital and web-based tools to enhance competence development for implementation of decommissioning programmes is also discussed.

The effectiveness of nuclear regulatory systems is enhanced by portraying transparency and openness in communicating all matters relating to safety to the public and stakeholders.

This is the 42nd edition of Reference Data Series No. 2, which presents the most recent reactor data available to the IAEA.

This publication provides Member States with a structured approach to developing an effective human resource management (HRM) strategy, which can be adapted to suit the nature and scope of the national nuclear power programme.

This proceedings publication presents the outcome of an IAEA conference on occupational radiation protection. The conference provided an important opportunity to review recent technical and regulatory developments concerning occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in all facilities and activities. It brought together experts from a wide range of countries and international organizations to report on and discuss the progress made in identifying, quantifying, and managing the radiological risks associated with workplaces. The revision of international basic safety standards, which was completed during the period since the last conference, provided an important backdrop to the presentations and discussion. The publication includes the conference summary, opening addresses, and presentations from the twelve topical sessions and four round table discussions.

As an integral part of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), several collaborative projects were established by its members.

Communication and stakeholder involvement are essential components for a successful disposal programme.

Engaging in a nuclear power programme is a major undertaking with long term implications for at least hundred years.

This Safety Guide provides specific recommendations on protection against internal and external hazards in the operation of nuclear power plants. It provides new or updated recommendations derived from enhanced understanding of operational aspects of hazards and combinations of hazards. Operating experience gained from incidents and accidents in nuclear power plants around the world has demonstrated that fire can be an important risk contributor in many Member States. However, there are other internal and external hazards that have also to be considered in the design and operation of nuclear power plants. This Safety Guide supersedes and expands the scope of lAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS- G-2. 1, Fire Safety in the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants, to include recommendations on these other hazards.

This publication documents the results of an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP)on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for nuclear power plant design. The main objective was to benchmark CFD codes, model options and methods against CFD experimental data under single phase flow conditions. This publication summarizes the current capabilities and applications of CFD codes, and their present qualification level, with respect to nuclear power plant design requirements. It is not intended to be comprehensive, focusing instead on international experience in the practical application of these tools in designing nuclear power plant components and systems. The guidance in this publication is based on inputs provided by international nuclear industry experts directly involved in nuclear power plant design issues, CFD applications, and in related experimentation and validation highlighted during the CRP.

Cancer centres are a major resource in ensuring a comprehensive approach to cancer treatment and its planning. As part of a new roadmap developed by WHO and IAEA to help countries design national cancer control programmes, this publication proposes a framework to develop a cancer centre and/or to strengthen the provision of services in an existing cancer centre. The publication provides the features of multidisciplinary cancer care and details the infrastructure, human resources and equipment for different services. This framework is expected to be used as a guide to implementation, taking into consideration the local context and resources.

This publication describes the practices and challenges related to risk aggregation for various hazards, various operational states, and considering all sources of potential radioactive releases at a nuclear installation site. It provides a methodology and technical basis for risk aggregation and describes the good practices and practical examples of risk aggregation developed by IAEA Member States. The description of practices is supplemented by the detailed discussion on risk communication and use of aggregated risk results to support decision making processes

Engaging with stakeholders is an essential part of any complete nuclear programme. Involving stakeholders in decision making processes, even those stakeholder groups that do not have a direct role in making those decisions, can enhance public confidence in the application of nuclear science and technology and strengthen communication among the key organizations in a nuclear programme. This publication provides theoretical and practical guidance on the development and implementation of stakeholder engagement programmes and activities. The key principles of stakeholder engagement are identified in it. It also includes tools such as templates to help establish a stakeholder engagement programme and identify associated activities, including tools for stakeholder analysis. The guidance provided can be further developed and adjusted to each specific type of facility, moment in its life cycle, and/or the group of stakeholders with which to engage. The publication demonstrates the importance of stakeholder engagement throughout the life cycle of all nuclear facilities, including operating and new reactors, all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle, from uranium mining to spent fuel and radioactive waste management, decommissioning, and non-power applications.

In recent years there has been an evolution in numerical models used to compute tsunami propagation and run-up. Many models currently available offer a wide array of choices to the users. In parallel with the development of such numerical models, it is important that the user only applies the verified and validated numerical models that have undergone a benchmark analysis. This publication provides information and benchmark problems to enable engineers and regulators to select the most appropriate tsunami analysis software and modelling for the evaluation of tsunami hazards for nuclear installations to ensure their safety against those events. In addition, the benchmark problems will enable such users to become familiar with the limitations of the tsunami analysis modelling available in research and commercial software.