Bøger af Jefferson Alex Maciel Cavalcante

Conservation biologists know that each species is a key part of evolution and its loss is a disaster. They look for resources in the natural and social sciences and in the practice of natural resource management. Studies can refer to a single species, taxonomic group, ecosystem or region; to evaluate public policies for systematic conservation planning, scenario modeling or assessment of the maintenance status of species of fauna and flora.

The archives are the sets of documents produced and received in the course of activities of any natural or legal person regardless of the support in which they are found. The Law No. 8159 of January 08, 1991, provides for the national policy of public and private archives and other provisions. The archival legislation is the set of legal norms related to archives and to professionals in the area. The stimulus to the management of public archival documents aims at: the organization of current, intermediate and permanent archives; the evaluation and selection of documents, according to the values they present; the preservation of documents that constitute the public archival patrimony; the guarantee of access to the information contained in the documents; the adequate training of human resources that carry out archival activities.

The Constitution is the highest hierarchy norm in a legal system, which organizes, structures and constitutes the State and individual rights and guarantees. Constitutions can be classified according to their content, form, mode of preparation, origin, stability, extent and purpose. Brazil's 1988 federal constitution is formal, written, dogmatic, promulgated, rigid, and analytical. The area of law is present and influencing all branches, guiding the interests of the state and the people who make up its people. No legal career may sever its ties with its higher legal order, under penalty of losing the highest aspirations of the human species and corrupting the efficiency of the legally constituted democratic representation.

We are living in an era of change, uncertainty and perplexity. The Information Age is bringing new challenges to organizations and, above all, to their management. Never as now, administrative theory has become so indispensable for the success of the administrator and the organizations. The constant need for innovation and renewal, the search for flexibility and agility to provide change and transformation, the adoption of new ideas. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the administrative theory formula. Its propositions in function of two basic conditioning factors: time (history) and space (distance), which is why we are concerned in offering a vision of organizations and their context throughout this book.

L'amministrazione è l'insieme degli organi che svolgono attività amministrative e non politiche. Concettualmente, il diritto amministrativo è l'insieme armonico dei principi che regolano le agenzie, gli agenti e le attività pubbliche. L'amministrazione ha il diritto di esercitare le proprie prerogative direttamente, senza dover ricorrere alla magistratura. Il diritto principale del contraente è quello di ricevere il prezzo, nei contratti di collaborazione, nei modi e nei tempi concordati, o allo stesso modo la fornitura di servizi da parte dell'amministrazione, nei contratti di incarico. Ha anche il diritto di mantenere l'equilibrio finanziario. Senza gestione e organizzazione non si può vivere in armonia, da qui l'importanza del Diritto Amministrativo per promuovere l'ordine e la dinamica dei settori pubblici e chiarire tutti i dettagli segmentati e compartimentati che regolano e si riferiscono ai numerosi e diversi settori, alle Leggi, alle Norme e al funzionamento di questi segmenti che servono il pubblico in generale come agente o cliente.

The administration is the set of bodies that perform administrative, not political, activities. Conceptually, administrative law is the harmonious set of principles that govern public agencies, agents, and activities. The administration has the right to exercise its prerogatives directly, without having to resort to the judiciary. The main right of the contractor is to receive the price, in collaboration contracts, in the manner and time agreed upon, or likewise the provision of services by the administration, in assignment contracts. It also has the right to the maintenance of financial equilibrium. Without management and organization we cannot live harmoniously, hence the importance of Administrative Law, in order to promote the order and dynamics of the public sectors and clarify all the segmented and compartmentalized details that govern and relate to the numerous and diverse sectors, the Laws, Standards, and the operation of these segments that serve the general public, as agent or customer.

The administration is the set of bodies that perform administrative, not political, activities. Conceptually, administrative law is the harmonious set of principles that govern public agencies, agents, and activities. The administration has the right to exercise its prerogatives directly, without having to resort to the judiciary. The main right of the contractor is to receive the price, in collaboration contracts, in the manner and time agreed upon, or likewise the provision of services by the administration, in assignment contracts. It also has the right to the maintenance of financial equilibrium. Without management and organization we cannot live harmoniously, hence the importance of Administrative Law, in order to promote the order and dynamics of the public sectors and clarify all the segmented and compartmentalized details that govern and relate to the numerous and diverse sectors, the Laws, Standards, and the operation of these segments that serve the general public, as agent or customer.

There is growing evidence that trees protect and exploit the environment more effectively than annual plants of small size or size. Evergreen (perennial) trees have an advantage over seasonal crops in that their leaf coverage is present throughout the year. Agroforestry provides a detailed explanation of the role trees play in both the environment and farming systems. The appreciation of the distinctive flavor of each variety has developed over the centuries. Today, gardens flourish, and people are familiar with home methods of preservation and cooking practice; they are also aware of the health benefits traditionally attributed to each fruit species. Yet most people have to make do with less fruit than they would actually like to consume, something that depends on the eating habits or financial condition of a population.

After the water has been used, both in households and in industry, it cannot be discarded in any way into the environment. It is important that this used water, also known as wastewater, goes through a treatment process. The last step of this whole process is the operation at the water treatment plant, but until it is time for this step many other things must have been done. During its circulation over the Earth's surface, water can be contaminated by humans and animals. This happens especially in cities, where sewage from homes, hospitals, and factories is discharged untreated into rivers, lakes, and seas.

It is necessary to evaluate a product in terms of its sensory suitability for the market, which is done through tests to assess sensory quality. In the current competitive market scenario, food industries seek to satisfy their consumers, and make them more loyal and adept to their products, winning them over sensorially. That's why sensory analysis has shown to be an important tool in this process, involving a set of techniques elaborated with the purpose of evaluating the sensory quality of a product in several stages of its manufacturing process. Thus, it can be understood as a science that aims, by means of detailed techniques, to study the perceptions, sensations and reactions of tasters about the characteristics of products, including their acceptance and rejection.

Food has been sweetened for centuries; the ancients used salt to preserve meats and fish, added herbs and spices to improve the flavor of food, preserved fruit with sugar, and preserved cucumbers and other vegetables with vinegar. They are substances with or without nutritional value intentionally added to food in order to prevent alterations, maintain, impart, or intensify its aroma, color, and flavor; and modify or maintain its physical state. Preservatives, colorings, and flavors are the best known additives, but antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, gelling agents, thickeners, and sweeteners are also commonly used. A food additive is considered to be any substance or compound incorporated into a food product, and can be considered Intentional or Non-intentional. Thus, it can be said that food additives correspond to any substance present by intentional addition, or not, in technologically processed foods.

Most of our planet is covered by water located in oceans, seas, rivers, lagoons, reservoirs, etc. Developing cartography for the analysis of submerged areas in order to ensure navigation has always been a challenge. Nautical charts can have their bathymetric information easily outdated due to the dynamics of hydric systems regarding their bathymetric information; therefore, the frequent registration of information generated by this service is very important, besides enabling comparisons and future analysis; due to the dynamics of hydric systems with the occurrence of erosion processes and deposition in rivers, lakes and coastal areas.

One of these chains of great importance for agro-extractivist populations in the state of Pará concerns the extraction and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, oils, and resins, where families cultivate or extract in their individual or collective areas, for use or to sell in the municipalities' headquarters or in the state capital. In addition to this, several specialized companies have settled in the region and have been acquiring these bioactives. However, these populations most of the time have difficulties in relating to the market, being always at a disadvantage.

Shifting agriculture, slash and burn, is a common practice among farmers in the Amazon region, which generates pressure on primary forest areas, because the area opened for the production of white farming (subsistence farming) can be cultivated for two or three years, when the farmer then abandons the area due to loss of soil fertility and infestation by invasive plants, leaving it fallow or turning it into pasture, and opens a new area. The agroforestry systems (SAF), if well managed, can be an alternative for the recovery of degraded areas and for the forest replacement of already opened areas. They can also enable permanent agriculture, allowing the production of several crops in the same area, for many years, without the use of fire, with short, medium, and long term returns. In principle, SAF should serve as a tool to reforest already open areas and recuperate degraded soils, as opposed to, as many think, replacing primary forest areas.

Water (H2O) is a limited and renewable natural resource through the hydrological cycle. It is a fundamental input for life, appearing as an irreplaceable element in various human activities, besides maintaining the balance of the environment. The world's accelerated population growth has led to an increase in the demand for water, which has caused water scarcity problems in several regions. It is worth pointing out that two thousand years ago, at the time of Christ, the world population was around 3% of today's and the availability of water resources was the same as today, this means that in the Earth x Atmosphere system no water enters or leaves the system, all the water circulates through the process of the hydrological cycle.

When an alteration occurs, and with it the degradation of the air, the photosynthetic processes are compromised and the terrestrial and aquatic vegetation is harmed; the nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon cycles are harmed, causing climatic changes; there is a decrease in the intensity of light; the water and the soil are affected, damaging the health of humans and animals. It is important to point out that, even if the emissions are maintained, the quality of the air can change as a function, basically, of the meteorological conditions that determine a greater or lesser dilution of the pollutants. This is why it worsens during the winter months, when weather conditions are more unfavorable to the dispersion of pollutants. The interaction between the sources of pollution and the atmosphere will define the air quality level, which in turn determines the appearance of the adverse effects of air pollution on the receptors.

The recent process of Brazilian urbanization has taken place with a larger growth of medium-sized cities and a smaller growth of metropolises. The troubled urbanization process has acted negatively on the city's water resources such as, for example, the drainage system. This accelerated and disorderly occupation of the soil often occurs disrespecting the natural water drainage system, favoring the filling up of the margins of the water bodies and the occupation of the flood buffer areas, making the problems of urban flooding frequent. For the preventive control of these impacts, the Laws of Land Use and Occupancy are regulated and defined, which constitute management instruments that discipline and define the spatial distribution of socioeconomic activities.

Satellites, cameras, telescopes, and even our eyes are tools used to analyze objects at a distance. The study of objects at a distance is known as: remote sensing (RS) or remote sensing. SR is the way of studying the earth from instruments; such as: cameras and other sensors, from bodies in the air, in space, etc. It can be considered a science; because it applies concepts of: statistics, wave programming, computer science, and mathematics; with the purpose or objectives of interpreting and mapping the Earth's surface features. New possibilities have opened up in the application of data generated from the SR techniques, creating alternatives for the development and application of other techniques, now called geoprocessing techniques or simply geotechnologies.

In urban areas the main water polluting agents are sewage, which is most often discharged directly into water bodies. Facing the intense degradation of water bodies, the sewage from several Brazilian cities has been treated in Sewage Treatment Plants (STP), which operate in different technological systems. Some constituents of wastewater, such as metals and helminth eggs, when passing through the sewage treatment plant, are concentrated in the sludge. Several organic (humic acids) and mineral (nitrogen and phosphorus) components confer fertilizing characteristics to the sludge; however, other constituents are undesirable as: heavy metals, organic pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms; for their health and environmental risk.

Urban cleaning, in particular, is sometimes seen predominantly as a factor of street beautification. In fact, the treatment of waste, refuse, and its appropriate final destination are essential to the elimination of sources of disease and the preservation of the environment. For a specialized institution such as the World Health Organization (WHO), sanitation is the control of all factors in the physical environment where man lives that exert or may exert harmful effects on his mental and/or social well-being. There are several wrong ways found in the final disposal of garbage, being practiced by Brazilian cities, among them are: the use of raw garbage as fertilizer or feed; the release into the water of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans; the release in the open air on land, streets or avenues, etc.

The collection and treatment of sewage is still a worldwide challenge. The use of water for public supply and the consequent return of the same, discharged or served to the water body, is an important source of pollution. Domestic sewage presents fecal contamination and a high concentration of detergents, oils, grease, etc. Sanitation is the control of all factors in the environment that have or can have harmful effects on human physical, mental, and social well-being. Domestic effluent is that which comes mainly from residences, commercial establishments, institutions, or any building that has facilities such as bathrooms, laundries, and kitchens. It is a function of the use to which it has been subjected and varies with: the climate, the social and economic situation, and the habits of the population. The parameters define the quality of the sewage. Domestic effluents are composed by the presence of: sand, gravel, garbage from rain drainage and dissolved mineral substances.