Bøger af P. Yarram Reddy

Frauen sind in der Lage, sich vor der Last zu schützen, mehr Kinder zu bekommen und aufzuziehen. In den unteren Schichten der Gesellschaft ist die Situation noch schlechter. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse werden im Folgenden erläutert: Die Mehrheit (60,7 %) der Befragten sind Analphabeten. Außerdem sind mehr als die Hälfte (57,3 %) der Ehepartner der Befragten Analphabeten. Daher sind in der Studienpopulation formale Bildungsprogramme erforderlich. Fast drei Viertel (74,0 Prozent) der Befragten heirateten innerhalb einer Beziehung. Daher sind die Menschen über die Folgen einer Heirat innerhalb der Beziehung aufgeklärt. Ein Drittel (33,4 Prozent) der Befragten hatte seine erste Geburt im Alter von 17-18 Jahren. Daher kann das Bewusstsein für die negativen Auswirkungen früher Schwangerschaften gefördert werden. Sowohl das Bildungsniveau als auch die Fruchtbarkeit der Befragten stehen in einem umgekehrten Zusammenhang. Daher ist eine sozioökonomische Entwicklung erforderlich, um das Bevölkerungswachstum zu kontrollieren. Außerdem ist die Akzeptanz der Familienplanung bei permanenten Methoden höher als bei temporären Methoden. Daher ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die Öffentlichkeit durch die Gesundheitsämter und andere Behördenmitarbeiter über das Alter der temporären Methoden informiert wird.

Women are able to protect themselves from the burden of conceiving and rearing more children. It is poorer in lower section of the society. The major finding are discussed hereunder majority (60.7percent) of respondents are illiterate. Further, more than half (57.3 percent) of respondent¿s spouses (Husbands) are illiterate. Therefore, formal education programmes are needed in the study population. Nearly three fourth (74.0 percent) of respondents married within relationship. Therefore, people are educated on consequences of marriage among the relationship. One ¿ third (33.4 percent) of respondents had their first birth at the ages of 17-18 years. Therefore, awareness on evil effects of earlier pregnancies can be propagated. Educational level as well as of the respondents are fertility is inversely related. Hence, socio-economic development is needed for control population growth. Moreover, adoption of family planning is also high in permanent method then temporary methods. Hence, advantage temporary methods age pained to the public by health revenue and other department¿s staff.

The people who live in slums belong to lower socio-economic classes and have migrated to the city with the hope of better means of livelihood. Having basically no education, skill and work experience, they have no choice in the competitive job market and pick up lowly paid jobs such as construction labourer, domestic servants, casual factory workers and petty trading business. With their meager income, they are forced to live in slum areas in the most unsanitary and unhygienic conditions, and are carrying out their existence with the barest necessities of life. Even if people have some money, they do not invest it in house improvement, because of its temporary status or illegal occupation of the public lands and constant threat of eviction. Therefore, the housing of the slum dwellers is of lowest quality. Poor housing conditions, over crowded environment, poor sanitation, occupational hazards, group rivalries and clashes, stressful conditions together with lack of open space for children¿s recreation etc. are detrimental to the health of people in the slums. There are three groups of factors that are harmful to the health of the urban poor.

There are three groups of factors which are harmful to the health of the urban poor. The first includes the direct effects of poverty i.e. low income, limited education and insufficient diet. The second factor relates to the man-made conditions of the living environment including poor housing, overcrowding, pollution and an increased exposure to infectious diseases. The third factor involves social and psychological problems encompassing instability and insecurity. The excessive vulnerability of the urban poor and their exposure to pathogenic agents means that infectious diseases and malnutrition are severe health problems in slums. The socio-economically disadvantaged in general tend to be more vulnerable, both physically and economically, and this needs to be considered when interpreting environmental health differentials. With their greater levels of exposure to poor sanitation, overcrowded living conditions, inadequate nutrition, social stresses, exposure to environmental pollutants and limited access to health care, they are more likely both to get sick and suffer prolonged periods of illness.

Slums are pockets of poor houses, poor people and poor environment either in the middle or in the periphery of a big city. Dirt, filth and stink fill the whole terrain. In one room the human beings of three generation are huddled together like sardines. The same room is used for cooking, co-habitation and breeding. The area of health and welfare is conspicuous by its absence. Slum has been variously described as a cancer on the body of a city, a veritable hell and utmost form of human degradation. Crimes, vices, diseases and illiteracy consistently show higher degree of occurrence in such surroundings. There are abundant cases of starvation, malnutrition of children, women and the old, unemployment and under employment, exploitation, torture, delinquency, desertion, and heinous crimes. They are devoid of food, sanitation water, electricity, privacy, quietude, and protection against diseases, health, medical care and above all any help. The incidence of low birth weight babies is much higher in slums as compared to average. Consequently, infant death rate is also higher. Low birth weight babies are three times more likely to die in infancy than babies of normal weight at birth.