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Clinical Pharmacy, A Practical Manual is designed for Pharmacy Practice students who visits to hospital and performs the practicals with a role of clinical pharmacist.

Abstract from the year 2018 in the subject Medicine - Other, grade: A, , language: English, abstract: Drug Interactions are an important cause of drug related problems and this includes significant morbidity and mortality. The ability to recognise and manage drug interactions is a crucial role of the pharmacist in optimising patient outcomes. An important skill is to be able to recognise clinically significant drug interactions and provide management advice to the patient and their doctor. This advice may include discussing dose alteration strategies or alternative non-interacting drug combinations.

Lecture Notes from the year 2018 in the subject Pharmicology, grade: A, , language: English, abstract: Tuberculosis [TB] is an infectious disease that can affect any part of the body, mainly an infection of the lungs.In a Neo-Latin word, tuberculosis is termed as 'TUBERCLE' which means round nodule and 'OSIS' which means condition.The causative organism for tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human and Mycobacterium bovis in animals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The other causative organisms are Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium microti. The non-mycobacterium genuses are Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium asiaticum. The M.Tuberculosis complex consists of M.africanum, M.bovis, M.canetti, and M.microti.According to WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO), in 2012 they estimated around 8.6 million cases in which women were found approximately around 2.9. Most cases were found in Africa (27%) and Asia (58%), with the highest incidence in India (2.0-2.4 million), China (0.9-1.1 million); and total accounted the number of cases is 38%.

Supra Ventricular Tachycardia refers to rapid rhythm of heart for a reason other than exerscise, high fever and stress. This kind of faster heart beats originates and is sustained in atria or atrioventricular nodal tissue, and then transmits improper electrical activity from upper part of the heart through the bundle of His and cause rapid ventricular response. They may start either from the atria and atrioventricular node. The heart beats in a normal healthy individual will be atleast a 100 beats per minute but in SVT there may be a heart beat reaches upto 300 beats per minute. Generally many persons with these tachyarrhythmias have structurally normal hearts. SVT may start and stop quickly, and you may not have symptoms. SVT becomes very complicate when it happens often and lasts for a long time or causes its symptoms.

Drug Interactions are an important cause of drug related problems and this includes significant morbidity and mortality. The ability to recognise and manage drug interactions is a crucial role of the pharmacist in optimising patient outcomes. An important skill is to be able to recognise clinically significant drug interactions and provide management advice to the patient and their doctor. This advice may include discussing dose alteration strategies or alternative non-interacting drug combinations. Typically, interaction between drugs comes to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions can also present in between drugs & foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs & herbs (drug-herb interactions). These may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge on the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.

A drug interaction is defined as a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic influence of drugs on each other, which may result in desired effects, in reduced efficacy and effectiveness or in increased toxicity. A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own. Variability in pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) means that even clinically significant interactions are often unpredictable in the magnitude of their effect. There are several mechanisms by which drugs interact with other drugs, food, and substances. An interaction can result when there is an increase or decrease in the absorption of a drug into the body; distribution of the drug within the body; alterations made to the drug by the body; and elimination of the drug from the body. One notable system involved in metabolic drug interactions is the enzyme system comprising the cytochrome P450 oxidizes. This system may be affected by either enzyme induction or enzyme inhibition.

Script from the year 2018 in the subject Medicine - General, grade: A, , course: PHARM.D, language: English, abstract: Supra Ventricular Tachycardia refers to rapid rhythm of heart for a reason other than exercise, high fever and stress. This kind of faster heart beats originates and is sustained in atrial or atrioventricular nodal tissue, and then transmits improper electrical activity from the upper part of the heart through the bundle of His and cause a rapid ventricular response. They may start either from the atria and atrioventricular node.The heart beats in a normal healthy individual will be at least a 100 beats per minute but in SVT there may be a heartbeat reaches upto 300 beats per minute. Generally, many persons with these tachyarrhythmias have structurally normal hearts [1]. SVT may start and stop quickly, and you may not have symptoms. SVT becomes very complicate when it happens often and lasts for a long time or causes its symptoms.

Script from the year 2018 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, grade: A, , course: Pharm. D, language: English, abstract: The WHO defines an "Adverse Drug Reaction as any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and which occurs or doses normally used in a man of prophylaxis diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiologic function."Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are types of Adverse Drug Events (ADEs). Adverse Drug Events include ADRs, prescription errors, medication errors and other drug-related problems. ADEs are the negative consequences' of drug misadventures. Henri Manasse defined drug misadventure as the iatrogenic hazard that is an inherent risk when drug therapy is indicated.The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) defines significant ADRs as an unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a drug that includes the following.

Pharm. D under graduates will be allotted in hospital postings in various departments designed to complement the lectures by providing practical clinical discussion; attending ward rounds; follow up the progress and changes made in drug therapy in allotted patients; case presentation upon discharge. For the need of documentation during their hospital postings, institutional hospital activity forms will be more helpful. So that learners will be able to develop the skills of self learning critical thinking, problem identification and decision making. The institutional activity forms has been designed to focus on learning process of solving drug therapy problems, rather than simply finding the scientific answers to the problems themselves. Learners learn scientific facts during the resolution of case study problems, but they usually learn more of them from their own independent study and from discussions with their peers than they do from the instructor.

QT interval is estimated from the beginning of Q wave to the end of T wave on ECG. This can be explained due to the shortening or lengthening of the ventricular repolarization. The study has performed to assess QT interval prolongation due to drugs and drug-drug interactions resulting QT interval prolongation. This study reveals some of the specific drugs causing QT interval prolongation. The study also reveals that QT interval prolongation occurs in almost all therapeutic classes of drugs (like tricyclic antidepressants, anti-emetics, prokinetic agents, antifungals, cardiovascular drugs etc) among which cardiac drugs were majorly causing the prolongation. This research work founded five major causes that lead to QT interval prolongation. The study also discusses about risk factors which are considered as a causative factor to prolong QT interval.