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This edited collection conceptualizes professional basketball not just as a sport but as an historically, culturally, and economically embedded entity. The chapters analyse the fact that the sport of basketball contains alternative logics that can easily clash, and by treating professional basketball as the negotiation place of these multiple demands, ideas, and logics, the editors have identified three areas in which these clashes manifest: the realization of the game; the cultural impact of professional basketball and the global outreach of professional basketball. The book is explanatory and qualitative, offering new perspectives and touching on topics including gender, diversity, racism, and minority experiences within professional basketball. As such it will be of interest to sport sociologists, as well as those researching the history of sport, sports marketing and cultural studies.
Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,7, Bielefeld University (Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft), language: English, abstract: Why was there such a public outcry about American Psycho? To add further dimensions to this question, this paper will try to provide a deeper insight on the functions of violence in American Psycho. To pursue that goal, this paper follows a certain structure: After providing background information on the author, historical context and also the creational process of the book itself, violence as portrayed in American Psycho will be analyzed. Therefore, a theoretical framework, which ascribes specific functions to certain forms of violence, will be created. In a second step, the forms of violence as presented in American Psycho will be discussed and classified on the basis of the previously constructed framework.After having found, named and classified distinct features of violence and their functions in the novel, it will be investigated to what extent the horror Bret Easton Ellis has created differs from traditional illustrations of violence and horror. The overarching question of this segment will be: What did Bret Easton Ellis do differently which would explain the audience¿s intensive feeling of horror? The introductory hypothesis is that American Psycho was able to use violence on various levels and with multiple functions. Violence is not solely used to assign certain character traits to the protagonist and the society he lives in but also serves as vehicle to overcome the protagonist¿s problems, namely anonymity of the cold-hearted world presented in the novel. Furthermore, violence also serves as a symbol for a constant and omnipresent threat, which creates the feeling of horror.Additionally, violence is also used as a provocation while simultaneously hinting at the absence of ethics, which then again turns out to be social criticism of the protagonist¿s world. In addition to this, the horror Bret Easton Ellis creates unites well-known concepts, brands, locations, etc. and combines those with an, until then, unknown feature, namely irrational and thereby uncontrollable violence. This creates a feeling of realism which, together with the absences of ethics, moral judgment and rationality, leaves the reader behind in a more vulnerable state than solely explicit violence in a surreal setting. This hypothesis will be taken up by the end of the paper and will then be verified, falsified or further modified.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich Psychologie - Wirtschaftspsychologie, Note: 1.0, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Fokus im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll auf der Betrüger-Opfer-Kommunikation liegen und diese mithilfe von spieltheoretischen Kommunikationsmodellen besser erklären und aufzeigen, mithilfe welcher Informationen die Täter ihren Betrug perfektionieren und Vorteile gegenüber ihrem Opfer generieren.Um dies zu bewerkstelligen werden einige Konzepte vorgestellt und miteinander verknüpft. Eingangs wird der "Nigerian Scam" vorgestellt, historisch eingeordnet, erklärt und aufgezeigt unter welchen Bedingungen er lukrativ ist. Hierzu wird ebenfalls kurz der Mechanismus der Selbstselektion durch Änderung der Anreizstruktur diskutiert. Nachdem der Betrug angemessen dargestellt wurde, wird darauffolgenden die spieltheoretische Frage diskutiert, unter welchen Bedingungen ehrliche Kommunikation eine evolutionäre stabile Strategie (ESS) ist und unter welchen Umständen unehrliche oder betrügerische Signale Erfolg versprechen. Hierfür werden die Konzepte des "costly signalling" und "honest signalling" beziehungsweise des "handicap signalling" im Detail besprochen. Abschließend werden die Erkenntnisse zusammengeführt, mit dem Ziel erklären zu können an welchen Stellen die Internetbetrüger vermeintlich stabile Strategien für ihre Zwecke ausnutzen.
Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Sociology - Social System and Social Structure, grade: 1.3, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: This paper wants to contribute by taking a closer look at the inter-linkages of different forms of inequality and how they influenced and caused each other in different stages of the disaster. Therefore, the time before the hurricane, the time-span of re-migration, and New Orleans¿ long-term development will be analyzed with regard to their specific importance for the exacerbation of inequalities.Some scholars argue that ¿[c]limate change has become part of high politics¿. The scientific community agrees that climate change is partly responsible for the increase of extreme weather phenomena even though climate change¿s impact factor cannot be exactly determined. People all around the world are exposed to extreme weather conditions and it can generally be assumed that ¿[t]here will always be crisis, catastrophes and uncertainty¿. People try to lessen the impact of natural hazards and while almost all communities and countries are statistically affected by those hazards, their responses differ massively. One strategy to lessen the impact of those ¿[r]are, if not unique, and as striking rarely and without warning¿ phenomena is migration. ¿Environmental migration is not a new phenomenom. [...] However, global climate change threatens to significantly increase human movement, both within states and across international borders¿. A lot of research has been dedicated to identifying and differentiating between mitigation and adaption strategies, however, less attention has been invested into the resettlement of and in urban areas. Further, it should be noticed that due to the on-going trend of urbanization, the city as a matter of analysis of climate-induced migration will steadily gain importance and due to rising sea levels, coastal cities are more affected by climate change and thereby by climate-induced migration than the inland. Even though numbers vary massively depending on the employed definitions concerning climate-induced migration, it can nonetheless be stated that ¿the populations of coastal megacities have skyrocketed¿ in the last couple decades and, on the basis of those tendencies, it can be concluded that more people will consequently be affected by climate-related phenomena in the future.
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2014 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 2.0, Bielefeld University, language: English, abstract: This paper aims at comparing the illustration of elites in two different temporal episodes. The novels, which will be the basis for this comparison, are F. Scott Fitzgerald¿s The Great Gatsby and Bret Easton Ellis¿ American Psycho. The explanation of the literary choices will be delivered in the next section. Both, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Bret Easton Ellis, have created characters larger than life which partly represent the perversion of the upper classes but both also provide literally, symbolically and figuratively different approaches to escape the problems they are facing.May it be Jay Gatsby or Patrick Bateman; they both feel uncomfortable in their respective environments and strive for something their current life cannot provide. Those desires reflect the bygone and contemporary decoupling of the upper classes lives and thereby comment on society as a whole in their respective temporal context.After explaining what makes those novels predestinated for a comparison, New York as a social and cultural concept and its history will be depicted. Considering that both novels take place in New York and the geographical space clearly has an impact on the progression of the plot but also the mindset of the protagonists, New York needs to be understood first, to then derive sense from the novels taking place there. Afterwards, the term elites will be defined and set into context.After having created a working definition of the term elites, the work on the two novels will start with a temporal contextualization of the novel and the authors¿ lives. After doing so, the actual illustration of the elites will be analyzed. In a second step, the two novels and their depiction of the upper classes will be compared and contrasted. After identifying both, differences but also uniting factors, the conclusion will pick up the hypothesis from the beginning and on the basis of that, new questions for further research will be raised.Media and artists had and still have enhanced interest in the life and doings of elites. The reasons for that might be diverse and range from pure voyeurism to complex social criticism. Nonetheless, elites occupy artists¿ minds ever since and the list of authors who incorporated elites into their plays, stories or novels is long and prestigious. Even until today, the concept of elites has an undeniable impact on both, society and art.
Master's Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: USA, grade: 2.0, , language: English, abstract: This work examines when which kind of risk in the field of nuclear energy was perceived as relevant by politics and the industry and whether a shift concerning this risk perception can be identified. It also clarifies which of the involved actors ¿ public or private ¿ had and still have to cover the different risks. The division into public and private actors results from the circumstances that nuclear energy was not created out of the industry¿s desperate search for a new energy source but the historical fact that nuclear energy was a state-sponsored technology transfer from the military sector into the civil sector of energy production.This work deals with Risk and Risk Evaluation, the Role of Nuclear Energy in the United States, the Entanglement of the Public and Private Sector, Risk Distribution among Private and Public Actors in different Fields of Nuclear Energy and gives an Outlook on Potential Future Research. As it can be deduced from this itemization, this work becomes gradually narrower and leads to the main corpus of this work ¿ the fifth block on risk-distribution among private and public actors in different fields of nuclear energy. In the section concerning risk and risk evaluation it will be tried to lead over to the theoretical basis of this work. The section however starts with "The Changing Nature of Risk", in which the general risk discourse will be discussed and it will be shown that risk has developed from a purely natural to a technological phenomenon and, in its later perception, is perceived as a hybrid threat of the two aforementioned, in which natural disasters unveil the weaknesses of mankind¿s constructions and the catastrophes become significantly more disastrous ¿ as seen in Fukushima. After the introduction of this relatively abstract risk discourse, the technological process of creating nuclear energy and its risks will be presented. Especially the latter mentioned will serve, at the end of this work, as an additional basis for comparison.
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