Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Nutrition can improve the performance of athletes. The vitamin and mineral needs of an athlete can be covered by a well-planned nutrient-rich diet. The diet should also include adequate protein to support muscle growth and repair. It should comprise of appropriate amounts of micronutrients and macronutrients, along with fluids which are essential for hydration and supporting the athletic growth and performance. A nutrition regimen of an athlete should take into account their nutritional preferences, particular sport, goals and practical challenges. Sports nutrition improves athletic performance by reducing tiredness and the risk of injury and illness. It also allows athletes to optimize training and recover more quickly. The nutritional practices of athletes are influenced by a variety of factors, including their nutritional expertise, habits and culture. This book explores all the important aspects of sport nutrition in the modern day. It strives to provide a fair idea about the role of sport nutrition in health and performance. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Skin diseases refer to various diseases affecting the skin. There are several types of skin diseases, such as pemphigus, atopic dermatitis, eczema, skin cancer, vitiligo, acne, rosacea, psoriasis, and alopecia areata. Some types of skin diseases that are rare include actinic prurigo, argyria and chromhidrosis. Acne is a common inflammatory disorder in which the hair follicles under the skin are clogged. Pemphigus is an autoimmune skin disease that leads to blistering of the skin and inside several organs such as mouth, nose, throat, eyes and genitals. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic disease that generally appears during childhood. It causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin. A number of clinical methods are available for the treatment of skin diseases, which include medications, laser skin resurfacing, steroid pills, creams or injections, and surgical procedures. This book unravels the recent studies on skin diseases. It includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights into these diseases. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Sleep disorders are a group of medical conditions that impair the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. Some common signs and symptoms of sleep disorders are irregular sleep and wake cycle, breathing in an unusual pattern, and falling asleep at inappropriate times. Insomnia is a common type of sleeping disorder that can be caused by stress and anxiety, jet lag, hormones, or digestive problems. Polysomnography (PSG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) are used to diagnose sleep disorders. The treatments for sleep disorders include medications such as sleeping pills and melatonin supplements, breathing device and surgery. Cognitive behavioral therapy or relaxation techniques can also help to reduce anxiety about getting enough sleep. This book outlines the basic science and clinical aspects of sleep disorders. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in sleep medicine. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Sleep medicine is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the normal sleep patterns. There are various factors that can contribute to the development of sleep disorders that include age, caffeine, alcohol, and an irregular schedule. Medications, genetics and ageing also play a key role in disturbing the sleep patterns. The most common types of sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Polysomnography (PSG) is a diagnostic test that evaluates oxygen levels, brain waves and body movements during sleep. The treatment of sleep disorders includes medical counseling, medications, and good sleep hygiene. Some of the preventive measures for sleep disorders include avoiding tobacco, alcohol, diet pills, caffeinated drinks and antidepressants. This book explores the principles and practice of sleep medicine in the management of sleep disorders. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of sleep medicine.

Skeletal muscle is one of the three major muscle tissues found in humans. It is made up of thousands of muscle fibers encased by connective tissue sheaths. It is present throughout the body and responds to stimuli by contracting. It serves many functions including maintenance of body position and posture, joint stabilization, storage of nutrients, production of movement and regulation of body temperature. Insufficient dietary protein can cause muscle damage through a variety of mechanisms. Furthermore, intense training can lead to skeletal muscle breakdown which can be worsened by a lack of protein in the diet. Insufficient hydration can reduce blood flow to working muscles that makes them more vulnerable to injury. This book explores all the important aspects of skeletal muscle physiology in the present day scenario. It also provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the role of nutrition. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Dermatology is a medicinal branch concerned with the management of skin diseases. Those conditions that cause rashes, itchiness, and skin changes are referred to as skin diseases. There are different kinds of skin diseases, which include acne, psoriasis, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, etc. Some common causes of these diseases are viruses, diabetes, sun exposure, genetics, and fungus. The major symptoms of skin diseases are dry skin, scaly or rough skin, open sores, lesions or ulcers, and abnormal pigmentation. Skin diseases can be diagnosed by tests such as biopsy, skin patch test, diascopy and dermoscopy. Furthermore, treatment methods such as medications, laser skin resurfacing, surgical procedures, steroid pills, creams or injections depending on the type of skin condition can also be used. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to skin diseases and disorders. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of medicine as well as for experts.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) refers to a field of study and medical care. It investigates the sexual well-being and condition of a person's reproductive system in all stages of their life. Sexual wellbeing is a state of total mental, physical as well as social well-being and not only the absence of infirmity and diseases. It also comprises the capability of humans to have pleasant and safe sex, while having the freedom to decide how and when to do so. Inequalities related with education level, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnicity and resource accessibility can affect the reproductive health of the public. Furthermore, people having lower income may not have access to proper health knowledge and services to maintain their reproductive health. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of sexual and reproductive health. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this area of study from a public health perspective. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Sirtuins refer to a class of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation. They are members of the class III family of NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (HDAC). They are involved in a variety of physiological processes ranging from metabolism and endocrine function control to immune coordination and cellular responses to stress. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) plays an important role in epigenetics, immunology, and endocrinology. SIRT1's diverse roles include energy sensing metabolic homeostasis regulation, and deacetylation of histone and non-histone proteins in numerous tissues. It also facilitates neuro-endocrine regulation through hypothalamus-pituitary axis stimulation, and synthesis and maintenance of reproductive hormones via steroidogenesis. Some of the other functions involve maintenance of innate and adaptive immune systems via T and B cell maturation regulation, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. This book provides significant information of sirtuin biology as well as its importance in endocrinology and metabolic disease. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Schizophrenia refers to a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking are its major symptoms. Apathy, social withdrawal and decreased emotional expression are also observed in the patients of this disease. The mechanisms of schizophrenia, which underline the development of the disorder, are complex. The link amidst altered function of brain and the symptoms for the development of the disorder are based on hypotheses including glutamate hypothesis and dopamine hypothesis. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia comprises oxidative stress, dysfunction of interneurons, abnormalities in myelination and the immune system. Antipsychotic medication is the most common treatment for schizophrenia. They are commonly used in conjunction with psychosocial interventions and social support. Psychological, pharmacological, social, educational and employment-related interventions, directed at recovery and lowering the impact of schizophrenia on quality of life, social functioning, and longevity are commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia. This book strives to provide a fair idea about mechanisms, pathophysiology and health impacts of schizophrenia, and will help develop a better understanding of this disorder. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness, which involves relapsing and continuous incidences of psychosis. The genetic risk factor of schizophrenia is the occurrence of disease in a first degree family member. Environmental factors that lead to schizophrenia comprise infection, oxygen deprivation, prenatal stress, and malnutrition in the course of prenatal development. Adverse childhood experiences such as being abused or bullied, and the death of one of the parents can result in toxic stress and surge the risk of psychosis. The earliest and most repetitive sign of schizophrenia is cognitive deficits. They are commonly evident in early childhood and long before the beginning of illness in the prodromal stage. Cognitive deficits worsen during the initial episode of psychosis, then return to baseline and stay constant throughout the disease. An antipsychotic is the first-line cure for schizophrenia. Various psychological interventions which comprise psychotherapy can prove useful in treating schizophrenia, such as group therapy, family therapy, cognitive remediation therapy, metacognitive training and cognitive behavioral therapy. This book provides detailed explanation of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Safety pharmacology deals with the detection and analysis of the potential adverse pharmacodynamic and pharmacological effects of new chemical entities (NCEs) on physiological processes, apart from the desired therapeutic effects. Such adverse effects of NCEs can be dangerous, especially in people who have damaged or reduced organ system functions. Safety pharmacology is vital throughout the process of drug discovery and development. There are three main goals of non-clinical safety pharmacology evaluations. First goal is to protect phase I clinical trial volunteers from acute drug side effects; second goal is to protect patients (including patients in phase II and III clinical trials), and last goal is to reduce the risk of failure during drug development and post-marketing phase due to undesirable pharmacodynamic effects. It is a fast-growing area of study in pharmacology and requires regulatory guidance. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in safety pharmacology. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for students and researchers.

Salutogenesis is an approach to human health that focuses on factors that support human health and well-being rather than on factors that cause disease. It studies the origins of health and also the multidimensional causes of higher levels of health. Different models associated with salutogenesis involve a holistic approach with respect to different aspects such as physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, vocational, and environmental aspects. Health promotion is based on a salutogenic concept of health, since it aims to empower people and populations to better regulate and manage their health and well-being. The focus of health promotion concentrates on the mechanism of stress management and staying well, thereby having a positive impact on mental health. It also involves increasing this belief in this own potential and building this confidence. The majority of services are health-related, dealing with the treatment, and care of those who are sick. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of salutogenesis which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights within this field.

Salutogenesis is an approach to human health that focuses on factors that support human health and well-being rather than on factors that cause disease. It studies the origins of health and also the multidimensional causes of higher levels of health. Different models associated with salutogenesis involve a holistic approach with respect to different aspects such as physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, vocational, and environmental aspects. Health promotion is based on a salutogenic concept of health, since it aims to empower people and populations to better regulate and manage their health and well-being. The focus of health promotion concentrates on the mechanism of stress management and staying well, thereby having a positive impact on mental health. It also involves increasing this belief in this own potential and building this confidence. The majority of services are health-related, dealing with the treatment, and care of those who are sick. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of salutogenesis which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights within this field.

Rheumatology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. There are more than hundred types of rheumatic diseases. Some of the common ones include osteoarthritis, tendinitis, capsulitis, palindromic rheumatism, Sjögren syndrome, dermatomyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatic diseases can cause severe damage to essential organs including lungs, heart, nervous system, kidneys, skin and eyes. These diseases may even lead to difficulty in performing simple routine activities including bathing, dressing and walking. The intake of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is considered to be effective in treating rheumatic diseases. Rheumasurgery refers to surgical methods for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, and includes synovectomies and corrective interventions such as joint replacement. The study of such conditions and the development of therapeutic interventions for these disorders falls under the scope of rheumatology. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of rheumatology. Various advancements in this domain related to clinical principles and practice have been looked at in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors, which will provide innovative insights to the readers.

Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. It is the most common cause of diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. It is contagious and most commonly affects infants and young children across the world. Some common symptoms of rotavirus are fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain followed by diarrhea. It causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. There is no treatment for a rotavirus infection. Rotavirus vaccine is the most efficient method of preventing the rotavirus disease. It is highly recommended that the parents get their children vaccinated against rotavirus, as it will make the symptoms less severe in case the child is infected with this virus. This book outlines the role of rotavirus vaccine in the management of rotavirus infection. Researchers and students associated with the study of this virus and its management will find this book full of crucial and unexplored topics.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refers to an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. It usually causes painful, swollen and warm joints. The joints of knees, hands and wrists are affected by RA. In addition to damaging the joint tissues, RA can also affect other organs, including the eyes, heart and lungs as well as other tissues all over the body. There are various signs and symptoms of RA, which includes fever, stiffness in several joints, weight loss, tiredness or fatigue. Smoking, aging, obesity and genetics are its major risk factors. The diagnosis of this disorder is done through assessing symptoms, physical examination and by performing lab tests and X-rays. The objectives of treatment are to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain and enhance overall functioning. Self-management techniques as well as medications can effectively manage and treat RA. This book unravels the recent studies on rheumatoid arthritis. It elucidates the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of this disease. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

Rheumatology refers to a subspecialty of pediatrics and internal medicine that focuses on the joints, soft tissues and heritable connective tissue disorders. This discipline is also concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, gout, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, polychondritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Physical examination including multiple joint examination and musculoskeletal inspection along with specialized tests such as general musculoskeletal exam (GMSE) and screening musculoskeletal exam (SMSE) can be utilized for diagnosing rheumatic diseases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), analgesics, methotrexate, steroids, as well as monoclonal antibodies like adalimumab and infliximab are used to treat the majority of rheumatic diseases. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical rheumatology in the modern day. It strives to provide a fair idea about rheumatic diseases and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in their clinical management. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Rheumatic diseases or rheumatism are disorders that cause inflammation of the joints or connective tissue. The main cause of rheumatic disease is the malfunctioning of the immune system that attacks body's own tissues, affecting the joints, tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones and organs. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, capsulitis, palindromic rheumatism, etc. are among the most common types of rheumatic disorders. Osteoarthritis is a type of degenerative joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The major factors that lead to it are previous joint injury and abnormal joint or limb development. The diagnosis of rheumatic disorders is done through physical examination and specialized laboratory and imaging tests. These include blood test, urine test, creatinine level test, uric acid test, and the ESR and CRP tests. This book provides significant information to help the readers develop a good understanding of the clinical perspectives of rheumatic diseases. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts. Those with an interest in the treatment and study of rheumatic diseases would find this book helpful.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints on both sides of the body. Some of its common symptoms are tenderness, pain and swelling in more than one joint, stiffness, weakness, fatigue and fever. There is no specific cause of rheumatoid arthritis, but factors like emotional or physical stress, smoking and infection may result in the immune system attacking the joints. The diagnosis includes physical exam based on symptoms and medical history. Blood tests like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), along with imaging tests such as X-rays, ultrasounds and MRI scans are used to diagnose RA. Its treatment aims to prevent or improve joint function and damage. There are several medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 inhibitors, corticosteroids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that help to relieve the symptoms of RA. Treatment of severe RA includes surgeries, like synovectomy and total joint replacement to correct the deformity. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about rheumatoid arthritis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for clinicians and medical students.

Respiratory diseases are a group of pathological conditions that affect parts of respiratory system and lungs. These diseases can be classified into three categories, namely, obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung diseases and chronic respiratory disease. Obstructive lung diseases are respiratory conditions characterized by obstruction of air flow. They include diseases like chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis. Restrictive lung diseases are diseases classified by a loss of pulmonary compliance. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, muscular dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are some common restrictive lung diseases. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are a group of long-term diseases that affect the structures and airways of lungs. CRDs include diseases like occupational lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension. Diet and nutrition play a major role in the management of respiratory diseases. The intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals has potential advantages in the management of respiratory conditions. The various advancements in study of respiratory diseases are glanced at and the role of dietary and metabolic factors is looked at in detail within this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Humans can breathe due to the presence of the respiratory system which comprises nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs), commonly called respiratory infections, occur when the parts of the body that are involved in breathing such as sinuses, throat, airways and lungs are infected. The underlying cause of RTIs may be viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms of the RTIs include cough, throwing-up phlegm, sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, headaches, muscle aches, breathlessness, tight chest, fever, and a general feeling of being unwell. They can be diagnosed using physical examination, lung X-ray, lung CT scan, lung function test, nasal swab test, throat swab test and sputum test. The treatment of the RTI depends on its cause. The RTIs caused by viruses clear up by themselves and do not require antibiotics. However, the treatment for RTIs caused by bacteria involves the usage of antibiotics. The risk and severity of respiratory infections such as seasonal and pandemic influenza, COVID-19, pertussis, pneumococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), etc. can be reduced by conducting immunization or vaccination drives. This book discusses the fundamentals and advanced studies on the vaccines and treatment of respiratory infections. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for students, researchers and medical practitioners.

The craniofacial complex encases the brain along with other organs for vital functions of the body, such as taste, mastication, vision, smell, breathing, hearing and balance. The fusion, patterning, outgrowth and shaping tissues with heterogeneous developmental origins are necessary for craniofacial development. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to be used in the repair of craniofacial tissues, because these cells are adept at changing into cartilage, tendon, bone, muscle and fat. Craniofacial bone reconstruction is significant when it comes to craniofacial repairs, because it provides support to nearby soft tissues. Furthermore, it provides anchorage for dental structures which guide facial appearance, as well as structural stability. The regeneration of craniofacial tissue and organs is possible using bio-ink along with various stem cells and biomaterials in 3D bio printers. This book unravels the recent studies on craniofacial tissues and organs. It aims to shed light on the processes of repair and regeneration of these tissues and organs. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

Reproductive medicine refers to a branch of medicine that studies the female and male reproductive systems. Family planning, infertility, sexual education, diseases of the reproductive system, puberty, sexual dysfunction and birth control are the issues addressed by this branch of medicine. It deals with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, such as cancer, endocrine disorders, infectious diseases and congenital abnormalities. It also deals with ovulation, menopause, menstruation and pregnancy in females, along with the gynecological conditions that affect fertility. Reproductive medicine has enabled the development of artificial reproductive techniques (ARTs), which have provided a solution to human infertility and are now being utilized in wildlife conservation and agriculture. These involve therapeutic approaches and novel technologies for enhancing IVF outcomes and preventing ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome. This book strives to provide a fair idea about reproductive medicine and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances and clinical practices in this field. It covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Respiratory diseases and infections refer to those diseases that inhibit the lungs and respiratory system from functioning normally. These conditions negatively impact the tissues and organs which are responsible for exchanging gas in lungs. Respiratory diseases include conditions like influenza, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer and acute asthma. Respiratory infections are conditions such as pharyngitis, common cold, laryngotracheitis and epiglottitis. These diseases and infections can be diagnosed by the performance of various tests, such as blood test, chest X-ray, pleura or lung biopsy, pulmonary function test, CT scan, ventilation-perfusion scan and ultrasound scanning. Treatment generally includes antipyretics, decongestants, bed rest and consumption of sufficient fluids. Severe respiratory diseases can be treated with lung transplantation. Preventive measures like quitting smoking, eating well and getting vaccinated can help to reduce the progression of respiratory diseases and infections. This book provides comprehensive insights on respiratory diseases and infections. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of diagnosis and treatment of these medical conditions. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Epilepsy is a brain condition in which a person experiences repeated seizures. It is a common and non-communicable neurological disease that affects both males as well as females of all ages across the globe. It is characterized by recurrent and spontaneous seizures caused by the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures are of two types. Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain, whereas focal seizures affect a particular part of the brain. Both hereditary and environmental factors can cause epilepsy. The resistance of excitatory neurons to fire is reduced in epilepsy. This could be due to malfunctioning inhibitory neurons or alterations in the ion channel, which results in seizures. Another mechanism of epilepsy could be the up-regulation of excitatory circuits or the down-regulation of inhibitory circuits after an incidence of brain injury. Gene therapy is being investigated as a potential and promising treatment option for epilepsy. The book presents researches and studies on epilepsy. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Osteoimmunology is the study of the correlation between bone and immune cells. It emphasizes the two sided communication that takes place among the immune cells and bones. The interactions taking place between the immune system and bone are critical in maintaining skeletal homeostasis. The bone marrow cavity is essential for the growth of the immune system. It also houses crucial stem cells for maintaining the immune system. Immune cells create cytokines, which have crucial effects on the modulation of bone homeostasis. There are a few critical cytokines, which are produced by the immune system, such as TNF-α, RANKL, IFNs, M-CSF and ILs. These affect the activity and differentiation of bone resorption and osteoclasts. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of osteoimmunology. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Skeletal muscles are organs of the vertebrate muscular system that are commonly connected to bones of the skeleton by tendons. They are present throughout the body and respond to stimuli by contracting. They are also found in the eye socket, tongue, upper esophagus and diaphragm. Skeletal muscles have a variety of functions, such as maintaining the position and posture of the body, nutrient storage, generating movement, joint stabilization, and regulating body temperature. These muscles comprise muscle and nerve fibers, connective tissue and blood vessels, which allow humans to move and carry out daily tasks. Additionally, they are also critical for breathing mechanics. The dysfunction in skeletal muscles can cause a variety of medical diseases ranging from dysphagia to tremors, myopathies, weakness, tendon ruptures, ataxia, etc. This book explores the recent studies on skeletal muscle physiology. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Cancer refers to a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division resulting in the development of abnormal cells which may infiltrate and destroy the normal body cells. There are more than a hundred different forms of cancer. Lung cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, and stomach cancer are a few major types of cancers. Presently, treatment options for cancer include radiation, surgery, medicines, immunotherapy, and other therapies, which aim at curing, diminishing or stopping cancer progression. In the fight against cancer, new techniques have come closer to finding a cure for cancer. Due to the availability of modern medicine and improved technology for cancer treatment, the diagnosis rates as well as survival rates have improved. Cell therapy (CAR-T cell therapy), personalized vaccines, gene editing, and microbiome treatments are four promising technologies that have the potential to shape the future of cancer care. This book unravels the recent studies on cancer treatment. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid developments taking place in this important area of study.

The disorders which affect the brain and which are caused by an injury are treated within the field of brain injury medicine. It encompasses medical, physical, cognitive, sensory, and behavioral disorders. Acute injury refers to any severe injury that happens suddenly or spontaneously. Sudden injury to the brain is known as acute brain injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alternatively, the death or degeneration of brain cells is known as neurotrauma or brain damage. Several internal and external events can cause brain damage. The severity of acute brain injury is estimated by determining how the normal brain function has been affected, the duration of loss of consciousness, the period of apnea (cessation of breathing), and the time it takes for the self-righting reflex to recover. An inflammatory response to TBI within the brain or spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation. It is caused by generation of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secondary messengers. Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive atrophy (a condition in which a body portion, cell, organ, or other tissue shrinks in size) and loss of neuronal functions which is usually observed in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of brain injury. It will provide comprehensive knowledge with respect to the recent advancements in brain injury medicine.

Cancer is a life threatening disease and it can be treated with anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been developed over the years, from natural substances primarily from minerals and green plants to chemically manufactured chemotherapeutic agents. New drug discovery is a time-consuming, difficult, challenging and costly process. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) has grown as a promising and potent technique for designing drugs that are quicker, less expensive and more successful. Recent developments in computational technologies for drug discovery have illustrated a major and remarkable impact on the design of anti-cancer drugs. These developments have also yielded useful insights into the field of cancer therapy. A few categories of drugs effective in the treatment of cancer include hormone therapies, steroids, immunotherapy or biological therapies, general chemotherapeutic drugs, and bisphosphonates. This book contains some path-breaking studies on anti-cancer drug discovery. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.