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Waste management refers to the actions and activities through which waste is managed from its origin to its final disposal. It involves the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. Different kinds of wastes such as solid, liquid or gaseous waste are treated and disposed through different management processes. Industries and households are the major sources of chemical and biological wastes. Waste management aims to reduce the harmful effects of waste, and protect human health and the environment. Landfill and incineration are two major disposal methods used for waste management. It also includes recycling and re-using waste. Recycling refers to the collection and re-use of waste materials. Re-use includes various processes such as biological reprocessing, energy recovery and pyrolysis. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of waste management. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of waste management. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Water treatment is the process of improving water quality by removing contaminants and other undesired components, so that it becomes suitable for specific end-use. There are two types of water treatment, namely, drinking water treatment and industrial water treatment.The process used for removing contaminants from sewage and wastewater is known as wastewater treatment. The treatment aims at converting the wastewater into effluent so that it can be returned to water cycle. Water reclamation is the process of converting wastewater into water which can be reused. Wastewater treatment plant is the facility where the process takes place. There are various processes which are used for treatment of wastewater, such as phase separation, sedimentation, biochemical oxidation, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to water and wastewater treatment. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of water and wastewater treatment. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

The branch of engineering, which deals with the processes related to the production of hydrocarbons is known as petroleum engineering. These hydrocarbons could either be in the form of natural gas or crude oil. Petroleum engineering focuses on estimating the volume of hydrocarbon reservoir which can be recovered. This is done with the help of a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of water, oil and gas within porous rock at intense pressure. Some of the sub-disciplines of petroleum engineering are reservoir engineering, drilling engineering and petroleum production engineering. There are various other disciplines, which contribute knowledge to this field such as formation, evaluation, economics and artificial lift systems. Petroleum engineering is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth is known as global warming. It also refers to the ongoing increase in global surface temperature which is happening primarily due to human activities. The foremost cause of global warming is the rising levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. There are various adverse changes which are caused due to global warming such as extreme weather events, expansion of deserts, rising sea levels and irregular precipitation. Change in temperature is observed to be the most severe in the arctic region, which has subsequently led to the retreat of glaciers, sea ice and permafrost. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of global warming and the recent researches in this field. The topics included herein about this problem are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Wastewater management is a procedure that is used to remove contaminants from sewage or waste water and convert it into an effluent that can later be reused. The main objective of waste water treatment is disposing or reusing water. The treatment of wastewater takes place in wastewater treatment plants where the pollutants are broken down or removed. The wastewater treatment process involves various steps like phase separation, sedimentation, filtration, oxidation and polishing. The biological processes which are used for treating wastewater include aerated lagoons, activated sludge and slow stand filters. The treatment of wastewater also involves the separation of solids from liquids, by the process of sedimentation. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of wastewater management as well as its theory and practice. It also presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The acquisition of information regarding a phenomenon or an object without establishing physical contact is called remote sensing. It allows the collection of data from inaccessible and unsafe areas. Some of the fields, which make use of remote sensing are hydrology, ecology, geology and meteorology. It is broadly divided into two categories - active and passive. Active remote sensing involves the emission of a signal by a satellite or aircraft and then detecting its reflection by an object. Passive remote sensing detects reflection of electromagnetic radiation from other sources such as sunlight. The data which is obtained through remote sensing is analyzed and processed using computer software. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of remote sensing along with its concepts and applications. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Solar power is a form of usable energy that is acquired by converting the energy from sunlight into electric energy. The two main methods used in the conversion of solar energy into electricity are utilizing photovoltaic solar panels and using concentrated solar power. The photovoltaic effect is used by the photovoltaic cells to convert light energy into electric current. Photovoltaic modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells and thin-film cells. Lenses, mirrors and tracking systems are used in the concentrated solar power system to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The topics included in this book on solar power are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of solar power. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The study of the ocean and its biological and physical aspects is known as oceanography. It is an earth science that includes a wide range of topics such as ocean current, ecosystem, and geophysical fluid dynamics. It also encompasses the study of plate tectonics as well as the geology of the sea floor. It examines different physical properties and chemical substances found in the ocean and across its boundaries. It blends the understanding of the processes within a number of disciplines like biology, chemistry, climatology, geology, geography, hydrology, physics and astronomy in order to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the oceans. Biological oceanography and chemical oceanography are two primary branches of oceanography. Biological oceanography includes the ecology of marine organisms. The study is done on the basis of the ecological characteristics of an individual organism and the physical, chemical and geological aspects of its ocean environment. The chemistry of the ocean is studied under chemical oceanography. It is concerned with the understanding of seawater properties. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around biological and chemical oceanography. It includes contributions made by international experts. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on these disciplines.

The study of the biological and physical aspects of the ocean is known as oceanography. It is a sub-discipline of Earth science. There are various aspects, which are studied within oceanography such as geophysical fluid dynamics, plate tectonics, ocean currents and ecosystem dynamics. There are primarily four sub-disciplines within oceanography, namely, chemical oceanography, biological oceanography, physical oceanography and geological oceanography. Chemical oceanography further involves ocean acidification where the pH level of the ocean is studied. Some of the numerous fields where oceanography is applied are geography, climatology, chemistry, biology, astronomy and hydrology. The topics included in this book on oceanography are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Oceanography is a fundamental study of physical and biological aspects of ocean. It is an important branch of earth science. It covers a range of topics such as ocean currents, ecosystem dynamics, waves, plate tectonics, fluxes of physical properties and chemical substances within the ocean and across its boundaries, etc. The four main branches of oceanography are biological, chemical, geological and physical oceanography. Biological oceanography deals with the investigation of the ecology of marine organisms. It involves the physical, chemical and geological characteristics of their ocean environment and the biology of individual marine organisms. Chemical oceanography studies the chemistry of ocean which includes the study and understanding of seawater properties and its changes. Geological oceanography deals with in-depth study of geology of ocean floor which also includes study of plate tectonics and paleoceanography. The study of ocean's physical attributes fall under physical oceanography, which involves the studies of temperature-salinity structure, surface waves, internal waves, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of oceanography. It also traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

A major adverse event that results from natural processes of the Earth is known as natural disaster. It includes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and other geological processes. Natural hazards often cause major loss of lives and damage to property. They are classified into geological disasters, hydrological disasters, meteorological disasters, and wildfire and space disasters. Geological disasters include avalanches, landslides, sinkholes, etc. Hydrological disasters include tsunami, floods, limnic eruptions, etc. Meteorological disasters include cyclonic storms, blizzards, hailstorms, ice storms and heat waves. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on natural hazards and disasters have been included in this book. It provides comprehensive insights into this field. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or other planet like bodies is referred to as seismology. It also includes the environmental effects of the earthquake such as tsunamis. The elastic waves that propagate in fluid or solid materials are known as seismic waves. Some of the different types of seismic waves studied within this field are body waves, surface waves and normal modes. Body waves travel through the interior of the materials. Surface waves travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials. Normal modes are a form of standing wave. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of seismology and related fields. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. Experts and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The study and practice of making maps is referred to as cartography. It is mainly concerned with the modeling of reality such that effective communication can take place regarding spatial information. This discipline can be broadly divided into two categories, namely, general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography caters to a general audience and thus can contain a variety of different features. Thematic cartography focuses on using specific geographic themes which are aimed at a selected target audience. Modern cartography uses computer software such as CAD, GIS and specialized illustration software for making maps. Some of the symbols which are used in maps are legend, compass rose, bar scale and title. The topics included in this book on cartography are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Herbal medicine, also known as herbalism, is the study of plants which have medicinal uses. It also involves the cultivation of herbs, diagnosis of health conditions as well as the preparation and dispensation of herbal medicines for treating different conditions. There are various forms through which drugs can be administered such as herbal teas, infusions, decoctions and tinctures. Herbal teas are made by decocting herbs in hot water. Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs. Decoctions are long-term boiled extracts of substances like bark or root. Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs. Herbal medicine sometimes also includes fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and some specific animal parts. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of herbal medicine. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Yoga is a group of spiritual, mental and physical practices. It traces its origin to ancient India, where it is an integral part of Hindu philosophical traditions. The branch of yoga which focuses on exercise is known as hatha yoga. It comprises of various postures which are termed asanas. A few examples of different asanas are Bhujangasana, Tadasana, Balasana and Uttanasana. The transition between different asanas is known as vinyasas. Occasionally vinyasas are also accompanied by breathing exercises which are called pranayama. This book outlines the processes and applications of yoga in detail. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of parasites and their hosts is referred to as parasitology. It also includes the study of the relationship between them. It is a biological field that draws on techniques from various fields such as bioinformatics, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, ecology, immunology, molecular biology and evolution. Some of the branches of parasitology are medical parasitology, veterinary parasitology and structural parasitology. Medical parasitology deals with the parasites that infect humans and the diseases caused by them. It also focuses on various methods used to diagnose, prevent, control and treat such diseases. The study of parasites that leads to economic losses in agriculture and aquaculture operations infecting the companion animals fall under veterinary parasitology. This book explores all the important aspects of parasitology in the present day scenario. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

The branch of biology that deals with the study of the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in different systems of a cell is referred to as molecular biology. It includes the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis along with the regulation of these interactions. Molecular biology also makes use of techniques and concepts from the fields of genetics and biochemistry. Some of the techniques used within this field are molecular cloning, polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis and allele-specific oligonucleotide. There are numerous processes which are studied within molecular biology such as replication, transcription and cell function. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of molecular biology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This textbook will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Genes are the functional units of heredity that direct the production of proteins. The field of genomics is concerned with the collective quantification and characterization of genes, as well as the analysis and sequencing of genomes using bioinformatics and high throughput DNA. It also studies intragenomic processes like heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy, etc. Some of the research areas in genomics are the study of gene translation, transcription and protein-protein interactions, 3D structures of the protein encoded by a genome, epigenetic modifications on a cell's DNA, and bacterial and viral genomes. Advances in genomics have furthered the understanding of complex biological processes. It has also revolutionized the sectors of medicine and biotechnology. Genomics is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. It elucidates new techniques in a multidisciplinary manner. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Proximate DNA sequences on a chromosome are inherited together during sexual reproduction. This tendency of DNA sequences is called genetic linkage. On a chromosome, the closer two genes are, the higher are their chances of being inherited together and lower are the chances of recombination between them. Gene mapping refers to the set of methods that allow the identification of the locus of a gene as well as the distances between genes. It offers evidences regarding the genes that are responsible for the inheritance of disease from parent to child, and also provides clues regarding the location of the genes and the chromosome where they are located. DNA sequencing is the process that determines the nucleic acid sequence or the order of nucleotides in the DNA. It encompasses all methods that can determine the order of the four bases- thymine, guanine, adenine and cytosine. The development of genetic maps and the successful sequencing of the human genome have advanced the frontiers of genetics and medical science. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of genetic mapping and DNA sequencing and the recent researches in these domains. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to these fields. This book will prove immensely beneficial to geneticists, genetic engineers, students and researchers associated with these areas of study.

Livestock are the domesticated animals that are raised in an agricultural setting for the production of labor and commodities such as milk, meat, fur, leather and wool. The branch of agriculture which deals with the raising, selective breeding and maintenance of livestock is termed as animal husbandry. It is necessary to maintain animal health to maximize the production of livestock and the products derived from them. Livestock management also includes the control, treatment and prevention of diseases which can be caught by livestock such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and scrapie. The farming practices in livestock management are broadly classified as intensive or extensive. Intensive livestock farming involves housing animals in high density conditions, focusing on maximizing output while minimizing costs. Animals are left to roam at will or under the supervision of a herdsman under extensive livestock farming. This book explores all the important aspects of livestock production and management. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

The study of chemical processes related to living organisms is referred to as biochemistry. It is a sub-field of both biology and chemistry. It is divided into fields like molecular genetics, protein science, and metabolism. Biochemistry focuses on how biological molecules give rise to processes that occur within and between the living cells. It also helps in the study and understanding of tissues and organs of an organism. Biochemistry focuses on the structures, functions, and interactions of biological macromolecules such as nucleic acids, carbohydrates, protein, and lipids. The topics included in this textbook on biochemistry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. In this textbook, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of biochemistry as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

The study of ecological processes that are applied to agricultural production is referred to as agroecology. The basic unit of study in agroecology is an agroecosystem. The study of living and non-living components that are involved in that unit as well as their interactions is also conducted within this domain. A variety of agroecosystems are studied under agroecology. Some of the system properties of agroecosystems that are studied in this field are sustainability, stability, productivity and equitability. It is a multidisciplinary field which includes various sciences such as ecology, agronomy, economics, sociology and many others. Agroecology uses these sciences in order to understand the elements of ecosystem such as plant-insect interactions and soil properties. It also uses social sciences to understand the effects of farming practices on rural communities, economic constraints to developing the production methods and the cultural factors which determine the farming practices. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of agroecology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Fisheries management is an activity that focuses on the protection of fishery resources to enable sustainable exploitation. It involves the application of concepts from fisheries science. The management of fisheries is an integrated process which includes planning, consultation, information gathering, analysis, allocation of resources as well as the formulation and implementation of regulations and rules which govern fishery activities. It seeks to ensure continued productivity of the resources and the accomplishment of other objectives of the fisheries. Some of the primary objectives of fisheries management are the maximizing of sustainable biomass yield, maximizing sustainable economic yield and increasing export income. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to fisheries management. It picks up individual concepts and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

The scientific study of animal behavior is conducted under the domain of ethology. It primarily focuses on the behavior of animals under natural conditions and views it as an evolutionary adaptive trait. It generally focuses on behavioral processes instead of particular animal groups. Understanding of animal behavior plays an important role in animal training. Some of the learning characteristics which are studied within this field are habituation, associative learning, imprinting and observational learning. Ethology also studies animal communication and emotions in animals. Communication in animals refers to the transfer of information from a single animal or a group of animals to one or more animals. Such information generally affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of animal behavior which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

The branch of medicine which seeks to enhance and restore functional ability to the people suffering from physical impairments is known as physical medicine and rehabilitation. This field deals specifically with restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the nervous system, muscles, bones or ligaments. The major concern of this field is to enable the person to function optimally within the limitations placed upon them. These limitations can be caused by a disabling impairment or a disease process for which there is no known cure. There are various subspecialties within this discipline such as neuromuscular medicine, pain medicine, pediatric rehabilitation medicine and sports medicine. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of physical medicine and rehabilitation. It is an upcoming field of medicine that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book includes contributions of experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals is known as veterinary medicine. It has a broad scope, ranging from domesticated animals to wild animals. It covers a wide spectrum of conditions which can affect different species. Professional care in veterinary medicine is mostly led by a veterinary physician. Other paraveterinary workers such as veterinary nurses and technicians can also provide professional veterinary care. The effectiveness of treatment in veterinary medicine is determined with the help of randomized controlled trials. Research in this domain is focused on wildlife and ecosystem health, human-animal interfaces and zoonotic diseases. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of veterinary medicine using an evidence based approach. It unravels the recent researches in this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on veterinary medicine as well as for experts.

Animal health refers to a concept in agriculture which is involved in ensuring that farm animals are healthy, cared for and free from diseases. It also deals with the implementation of government policies regarding the management and prevention of the outbreak of animal diseases. The well-being of nonhuman animals falls under the domain of animal welfare. It is involved in issues related to how the animals are slaughtered, how they are used in scientific research and how they are kept as pets. The effect of human activities upon the welfare and survival of wild species is also studied within animal welfare. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of animal health and welfare. Also discussed herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The branch of science, which deals with the study of food as well as the fundamental phenomena that are directly linked to its production, is known as food science. It makes use of biological and physical sciences as well as engineering to study the principles behind food processing, the causes of deterioration and the nature of foods. There are various fields which contribute knowledge to food science such as physiology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics and microbiology. Food chemistry, food engineering, food microbiology and food preservation are some of the sub-disciplines of this field. Food chemistry studies the various chemical activities and interactions which take place between the varied non-biological and biological constituents of food. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of nutrition and food science. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of the function, structure and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems by using the methods of mechanics is known as biomechanics. It is a broad field which can be divided into various sub-fields such as biofluid mechanics, biotribology, comparative biomechanics, computational biomechanics, continuum biomechanics, plant biomechanics and sports biomechanics. It ranges from the study of the inner working of a cell to the movement and development of limbs. Biomechanics also studies the mechanical properties of soft tissues, and bones. It is used in various other areas including orthopedic industry, as well as in the study of human musculoskeletal system. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of biomechanics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of biomechanics. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Sustainable development refers to the organizing principle to meet the human development goals while concurrently sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide ecosystem services and natural resources. The three main spheres where it is applied are environment, economics and society. Environmental sustainability deals with the natural environment and how it can remain diverse and productive. In terms of economics, sustainability involves ecological economics, environmental economics and sustainable energy. Environmental politics and environmental governance are a few focus areas related to social sustainability. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of sustainable development. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.