Bøger udgivet af Callisto Reference

The natural resources of water that can be used for different purposes are referred to as water resources. It can be used in various household, industrial, agricultural and environmental activities. The management of different parts of the water cycle is known as water engineering. It aims to maximize the use of potable water as a precious and finite resource. Water engineering focuses on creating designs that are sustainable, safe and appropriate to the location, supportive to the local ecology, appropriate to the project's current future requirements and sensitive to anticipated shifts in climate. Water engineering also includes water treatment, hydraulic modeling and network modeling. The various sub-fields of water resources engineering along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Food processing is a process that transforms agricultural products into food or one kind of food to other forms. Grinding grain to make raw flour, home cooking to complex industrial methods that are used to make convenience food are some of the forms that are involved in food processing. There are three types of food processing methods- primary, secondary and tertiary. The aim of primary food processing is to make food edible, while secondary food processing deals with the conversion of the ingredients to familiar food. Food preservation is a method that prevents the growth of microorganisms. It also stops oxidation of fats that cause rancidity in food. It involves preventing processes which results in visual deterioration such as enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables after being cut. Some of the methods for food preservation are cooling, freezing, pickling, boiling, pasteurization, vacuum packing, irradiation, etc. These methods help in maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavor of the food. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of food processing and preservation. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern methods of food processing and preservation. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The contamination of an ecosystem and its surroundings through different types of pollutants is known as environmental pollution. The pollutant can be a substance existing as a solid, liquid or gas. It can also be a form of energy such as heat, sound or radioactivity. The different types of pollution are generally categorized according to the environment into air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. It typically has a negative impact on the wildlife as well as human health. There are numerous causes of environmental pollution such as oil spillage, smoke from industries and soil erosion. There are various techniques and methods which are used to remove the pollutants from the environment. These fall under the domain of environmental remediation. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to environmental pollution. Most of the topics introduced herein cover the causes, impacts and remediation techniques to counter this problem. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The propagation of noise which has harmful impacts on the animal life or human activity is known as noise pollution. Some of the common sources of noise pollution are machines, airplanes, loud music and construction. There are a lot of adverse health effects associated with it pertaining to both animals and humans. In animals, it can interfere with reproduction and navigation, and also cause permanent hearing loss. In humans, noise pollution can increase the occurrence of coronary artery disease. Additionally, it can have serious adverse effects on the physical and psychological health of children. The set of strategies, which are aimed at lowering noise pollution or reducing the impact of noise falls under the area of noise control. The topics included herein on noise pollution are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of noise pollution. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Any gas which absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range is known as a greenhouse gas. These gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect. A few of the greenhouse gases which exist within the Earth's atmosphere are carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide. The various factors, which have led to the sudden increase in the emission of greenhouse gases are deforestation, soil erosion, changes in land use, and combustion of fossil fuels. The effects of greenhouse gases can be mitigated through different methods, which are broadly classified as natural processes and negative emissions. Natural processes generally make use of a natural sink to remove the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Negative emission technologies aim to convert and store carbon dioxide as geologic formations. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and its utmost significance in modern times. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Landscape architecture is involved in the designing of outdoor areas, landmarks and structures in order to achieve environmental and social-behavioral outcomes. It focuses on the systematic investigation of the processes of the landscape as well as the social, ecological and soil conditions. It also focuses on the design of interventions to produce the desired outcome. Some of the various aspects which are dealt with under this discipline are site planning, stormwater management, erosion control, environmental restoration, landscape design, and parks and recreation planning. It is also an important contributor to urban design, pedestrian schemes, waterfronts and city squares. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of landscape management. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The contamination of the biological and physical components of the environment to an extent where normal environmental processes are severely affected is termed as environmental pollution. The pollutants can be chemical substances or a form of energy such as heat, noise and light. The severity of a pollutant is determined by its concentration, chemical nature and persistence. Air pollution, thermal pollution, water pollution, plastic pollution, noise pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, light pollution and littering are the major forms of environmental pollution. It can be caused by various natural and anthropogenic sources such as construction, combustion, agriculture, mining and warfare. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of environmental pollution. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Forest conservation refers to the practice of planning and maintaining forested areas. It also focuses on looking after the natural resources in a forest which are beneficial for the ecosystem and human beings. There are numerous types of forests which are dealt with under this field such as boreal forests, temperate forests and sub-tropical forests. Forest management is a field of forestry that deals with the overall administration of forests including economic, legal, social, scientific and technical aspects such as protection, silviculture and forest regulation. It includes the management of aesthetics, recreation, fish, water, wilderness, wood products, forest genetic resources and wildlife. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of forest conservation and management, and how such concepts have practical applications. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core of these subjects. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Forestry is the science and craft of managing, creating, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands, and related resources for environmental and human benefits. It is majorly practiced in plantations and natural stands. Forestry makes use of elements from biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. A broad range of concerns fall under modern forestry such as multiple use management, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, landscape and community protection, biodiversity management, etc. Since forest ecosystem is seen as the most important component of the biosphere, forestry has emerged as a craft, technology and a vital applied science. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of forestry and environment. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The branch of public health that delves into an analysis of the different aspects of the natural and built environment to determine how they affect human health is termed as environmental health. The assessment and control of all environmental factors which have negative impact on human health, as well as the creation of health-conducive environments and prevention of disease, are under the purview of this field. Some of the health concerns addressed within this field are air quality, climate change, food safety, waste disposal, biosafety, hazardous materials management, etc. Such studies are collectively approached from the sub-domains of environmental science, epidemiology, environmental and occupational medicine, and toxicology. The book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of environmental health and its utmost significance in modern times. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of this area of study. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges the land which is generally dry. It can occur due to various factors such as overflow of water from water bodies, accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood or when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel. Flood modeling is a process where the effects of floods are simulated using mathematical formulas and equations. Flood forecasting involves the use of forecasted precipitation and streamflow data to forecast flow rates and water levels. It is an important element of flood warning. It makes use of real-time flood forecasting models for early warning and prevention from disaster. Construction of floodways, diversion canals, dams, flood plains, coastal defences and temporary perimeter barriers are a few examples of flood control methods that play a vital role in preventing the damaging effects of flood waters. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of flood modeling and its utmost significance in modern times. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and chemical engineering. It is the domain of engineering that makes use of diverse branches of science like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology and mathematics. The aim of environmental engineering is to create solutions that will protect the health of living organisms, improve the quality of environment and protect the ecosystem. It also focuses on waste water management, air and water pollution control, water disposal, etc. This discipline also studies the effects of technologies on the environment. Some of the effects include acid rain, global warming, water pollution, air pollution, automobile exhaust, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of environmental engineering. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The field of biology which focuses on the interactions between the biophysical environment and the organisms which dwell in it is known as ecology. It is closely related to the sciences of genetics, ethology and evolutionary biology. This field of science seeks to understand the effect which biodiversity has on ecological function. There are a number of fields which employ principles from ecology such as agroforestry, conservation biology, agriculture, community health, economics and natural resource management. The actively interacting systems which are made up of organisms, their communities as well as the non-living elements of their surroundings are known as ecosystems. The topics included in this book on ecology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The branch of informatics which deals with the application of information and communication technologies in addressing the problems related to the use of water is referred to as hydroinformatics. It primarily focuses on the problems of equitable and efficient use of water for various purposes. One of the closely related fields of hydroinformatics is computational hydraulics. Hydroinformatics primarily focuses on the numerical simulation of water flows and related processes. It makes use of the techniques of artificial intelligence such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, etc. Hydroinformatics is a vast field which draws on various fields such as hydrology, hydraulics and environmental engineering. It is applied in urban drainage and water supply systems. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. The topics included herein on hydroinformatics are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Energy conservation refers to the reduction in the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service. It includes the efficient use of energy as well as the reduction in the amount of services used. Energy conservation seeks to increase the environmental quality. It also reduces energy costs by preventing future resource depletion. One of the major ways of improving conservation of energy in buildings is through conducting an energy audit. It is concerned with an analysis and inspection of energy flow and consumption for energy conservation in a building, system or process. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of energy conservation which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of energy conservation. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The use of nuclear reactions that generate heat by releasing nuclear energy is known as nuclear power. This heat is often used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and nuclear decay reactions. The nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium is responsible for producing the majority of electricity from nuclear power. The processes of nuclear decay are used in various applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators, medical imaging devices, etc. Nuclear power is considered to be one of the cleanest sources of energy in the world and has the lowest level of fatalities per unit of energy generated compared to other energy sources. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to nuclear power. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied types of nuclear plants that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The variability of life on earth is known as biodiversity. It is primarily concerned with the measurement of the variation at the genetic, species and ecosystem level. Important sub-fields of biodiversity include terrestrial biodiversity and marine biodiversity. Terrestrial biodiversity is found in the areas near the equator due to warm climate and high primary productivity. The diversity of all living beings is based on their habitat and factors such as temperature, altitude soils, geography, soils, and precipitation. The field known as biogeography is also related to the biodiversity. It is the study of the spatial distribution of organisms, species and ecosystems. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of biodiversity. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in this book. The topics covered in it offer the readers new insights in this field.

The process which includes the extraction of valuable minerals and other geological materials from the Earth is known as mining. Minerals and other materials are usually extracted from an ore body, vein, seam, lode, and reef or placer deposit. Ores that are recovered through mining include coal, oil, metals, gemstones, dimension stone, potash, gravel, chalk and clay. Mining is an important activity as it is required to get any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes or created artificially. It primarily includes the extraction of non-renewable resources such as petroleum, natural gas and water. Modern mining includes prospecting for ore bodies, extraction of the desired materials and reclamation of the land after the mine is closed. This textbook outlines the processes and applications of mining in detail. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Hydropower refers to the power that is obtained from the energy of falling and fast running water. It is a renewable energy source which can be used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices including gristmills, sawmills, trip hammers, textile mills, domestic lifts and ore mills. It is also used to produce hydroelectricity. Hydroelectric power plants can have a reservoir through which the energy of falling water can be converted into electricity. The kinetic energy of running water can also be converted into electricity through run-of-the-river hydroelectricity generation plants. Another form of electricity generation through hydropower is through tidal stream generators which make use of tidal power from oceans and rivers. This book presents the complex subject of hydropower in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It provides comprehensive insights into this field. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Geoinformatics is a field of science and technology that is concerned with the use and development of information science infrastructure for developing solutions in cartography, geosciences and geography. At its core, the field encompasses technologies that enable the acquisition, analysis and visualization of spatial data. Geospatial analysis and modelling, information system design, geospatial databases, human-computer interaction, etc. are applied to geoinformatics studies. Geoinformatics also uses geovisualization and geocomputation for analysis of geoinformation. The applications of geoinformatics are diverse, from public health, urban planning and land use management to meteorology, climate change, and environmental modelling and analysis. There has been rapid progress in the field of geoinformatics and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Isotope hydrology is a field of hydrology which is concerned with the utilization of isotope dating to estimate the age and origins of water. It also studies the movement of water within the hydrologic cycle. Water consists of water molecules carrying unique fingerprints located in part on different proportions of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. Isotope hydrology helps in creating an elaborated picture of earth's water resources. It is primarily involved in using stable isotopes to determine the age of ice or snow. Its techniques are also used for conserving water supplies, controlling pollution and mapping aquifers. This book outlines the processes and applications of isotope hydrology in detail. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The earth science which deals with the solid earth, the rocks of which the solid earth is made up of, and the processes which are involved in their change is called geology. Along with Earth, geology also deals with the solid features of other planets and natural satellites. There are various methods which are used in geology such as geophysical techniques, numerical modeling, rock description and chemical analysis. Some of the practical applications of this field are providing insights into past climate change, evaluating water resources, remediating environmental problems, and mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. Geology is also involved in the dating of different rocks and fossils. The methods which are used for dating are broadly divided into two types, namely, relative dating and absolute dating. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of geology. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The branch of science which deals with the study of physical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere is referred to as Earth science. It encompasses various fields of natural science that are related to planet Earth. It includes the study of the Earth's physical characteristics. The lithosphere, the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere are the four main areas of study within this field. It is closely related to planetary science which studies planetary systems, moons, planets, as well as their formation. Some of the major subdisciplines within this field are planetary astronomy, planetary geology and comparative planetary science. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theories and concepts of Earth and planetary science. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under these categories. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the fields of Earth and planetary science.

The rupture in the crust of a planet such as Earth, which allows hot lava, gases and volcanic ash to escape from a magma chamber beneath the surface, is called a volcano. The discipline which is involved in the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and other related geophysical, geological and geochemical phenomena is called volcanology. It also studies the formation of volcanoes along with current as well as historic volcanic eruptions. There are various aspects related to volcanoes which are monitored under this field. A few of these are seismic observations, surface deformation monitoring and gas emission monitoring. Seismographs are deployed near volcanic areas to make seismic observations. Surface deformation monitoring observes the bulges near the volcanic center's surface which can indicate magma upwelling. Gas emissions are observed using equipment such as portable ultra-violet spectrometers to monitor changes in gas compositions, which can signal an impending volcanic eruption. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of volcanology. The topics included herein on this subject are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The branch of biology which deals with the study of the function and structure of the cell is referred to as cell biology. It focuses on the physiological attributes, metabolic processes and life cycle of the cell. It also studies the signaling pathways, chemical composition and interactions of the cell with their environment. It encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Research in this field is conducted on both microscopic and molecular levels. The knowledge of the components of cells as well as their functioning plays a vital role in the studies related to different bio-medical fields. This textbook is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of cell biology. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The study of the processes through which plants and animals grow and develop is referred to as developmental biology. It encompasses various areas of study such as biology of regeneration, metamorphosis, asexual reproduction as well as the growth of stem cells in the adult organisms. The developmental processes of organisms are divided into two major categories, namely, cell differentiation and regeneration. The process in which different functional cell types arise during development is known as cell differentiation. The ability to regrow a missing part is known as regeneration. Some of the other processes studied within this field are regional specification, morphogenesis and growth. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of developmental biology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein on this subject are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Entomology is a branch of zoology that focuses on the study of insects. It is a taxon based category and covers all the scientific studies which are related to insects. Some of the common insect categories which are dealt with in this field are Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. One of its major sub-disciplines is economic entomology, which studies the harmful and beneficial effects of insects on humans and their activities. Entomology plays a vital role in the study of biodiversity and in analyzing the environmental quality. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of entomology and how such concepts have practical applications. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of entomology as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Genetics can be defined as the study of genes, inheritance of traits and variation in living organisms. It is an essential aspect of biology and provides insights into how evolution occurs. The inheritance of traits in genetics is understood with the tools of pedigree charts, Punnett squares and twin studies. The understanding of genes requires comprehension of gene expression, extra nuclear inheritance, mutation, epigenetics and control of development. Some of the modern focus areas of genetics are alternative splicing, mobile genetic elements, genomics, genetic engineering and horizontal gene transfer. The genetics of human behavior is another area of constant research. The genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia, autism, ADHD and drug abuse are some of the conditions that are being actively investigated. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to genetics. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the concepts and applied principles of genetics.

Immunology is a domain of biology that is concerned with the study of immune systems in different organisms. It is involved in measuring and contextualizing the physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and diseased state. It also studies the malfunctions of the immune system during immunological disorders as well as the chemical, physical and physiological characteristics of the constituents of immune system. There are various fields of immunology such as classical immunology, clinical immunology, developmental immunology, diagnostic immunology, reproductive immunology and theoretical immunology. It plays a vital role in diverse fields of medicine such as organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, bacteriology, parasitology, virology, psychiatry and dermatology. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of immunology. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The scientific study of organisms in the sea is referred to as marine biology. It classifies the species on the basis of the environment rather than on taxonomy. There are various habitats which are studied in marine biology such as kelp forests, coral reefs, thermal vents, seagrass meadows and tidepools. There are a wide range of organisms that are studied in marine biology, from zooplankton and phytoplankton to cetaceans. There are many sub-fields of marine biology. A few of them are ichthyology, phycology, invertebrate zoology, etc. Marine biology also studies the physical effects of continual immersion in sea water, adaptation to a salty environment, as well as the effects of various changing oceanic properties on marine life. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of marine biology and how such concepts have practical applications. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.