Bøger udgivet af Clanrye International

Geomathematics is the application of mathematical methods to solve problems in geosciences, including geology and geophysics. It is also called mathematical geophysics. There are several applications of geomathematics in different areas such as data assimilation, geophysics, terrestrial tomography, crystallography, geomorphology, glaciology and geophysical statistics. The field of geomorphology involves the application of geomathematics by using mathematical methods related to soil and water. It includes the application of various mathematical concepts such as Darcy's law, Stoke's law, stream power and differential equations. Seismic tomography, a technique used for the imaging of the subsurface of the Earth by using seismic waves, also makes extensive use of geomathematics. This book provides a detailed explanation of geomathematics. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the theory and applications of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A logistics system (LS) refers to a network of information, individuals, assets, entities and activities concerned with the physical movement of goods from supplier to customer. The three primary functions of LS are order processing, inventory management and freight transportation. It is a part of supply chain management that is used to efficiently move and store relevant information, services and goods from point of origin to point of consumption in order to satisfy the needs of consumers. Warehousing is crucial in LS due to the delivery of appropriate levels of customer service in conjunction with other logistics activities. Transportation is also an essential component of the LS and effective supply chains depend on quick, adaptable as well as reliable transportation. This book contains some path-breaking studies on logistics systems. It outlines an interdisciplinary and multimodal analysis of these systems in detail. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Geomathematics is the application of mathematical methods to solve problems in geosciences, including geology and geophysics. It is also called mathematical geophysics. There are several applications of geomathematics in different areas such as data assimilation, geophysics, terrestrial tomography, crystallography, geomorphology, glaciology and geophysical statistics. The field of geomorphology involves the application of geomathematics by using mathematical methods related to soil and water. It includes the application of various mathematical concepts such as Darcy's law, Stoke's law, stream power and differential equations. Seismic tomography, a technique used for the imaging of the subsurface of the Earth by using seismic waves, also makes extensive use of geomathematics. This book provides a detailed explanation of geomathematics. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the theory and applications of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A differential equation is an equation in which an equality is expressed in terms of a function of one or more independent variables and derivatives of the function with respect to one or more of those independent variables. These equations play a prominent role in signal and system analysis because they describe the dynamic behavior of continuous-time (CT) physical systems. There are several applications of differential equations in different fields such as applied mathematics, science and engineering. The equation in which an equality is expressed in terms of a function of one or more independent variables and finite differences of the function is referred to as a difference equation. Differential and difference equations, both are essential for signal and system analysis because they can explain the dynamic behavior of discrete-time (DT) systems. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies, and advanced studies on differential and difference equations have been included in this book. Its extensive content will provide the students of advanced mathematics with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Symmetry can be defined as a type of invariance. It refers to the property of a mathematical object remaining unchanged under a set of operations or transformations. Symmetry deals with the identification and use of invariants for any of the various transformations for any paired dataset and characterizations associated with it. In mathematics, all kinds of structures have their own kind of symmetry. For instance, a matrix is symmetric if the original matrix is equal to its transposed version. An integration of applied mathematics with symmetry may work as a powerful instrument for reducing and solving varied problems. There are several applications of symmetry in mathematics. Some of these include matrices, groups, tensors, quantum mechanics, probability theory, and differential equations. This book investigates the role of symmetry in mathematics in detail. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of study. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with the application and study of symmetry will benefit alike from this book.

The derivatives market refers to the financial market where the trade of derivative products takes place. Hedgers, speculators, arbitrageurs and margin traders are major participants in a derivatives market. There are four major forms of financial derivative contracts which include options, futures, forwards and swaps. Options are a type of financial derivatives in which the buyer has the right but not the obligation to buy or sell the principal asset at a specific price called the strike price. There are two types of options, namely, call option and put option. Exchange-traded derivatives and over the counter (OTC) derivatives are the two ways of trading in a derivatives market. Hedging is a form of risk management in which the investors protect shares through the use of derivatives. This book provides significant information of the derivatives market to help develop a good understanding of its valuation and risk management. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied aspects that fall under this category. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Titanium alloys are made up of titanium and other chemical elements. These alloys have high tensile strength and toughness. They are light-weight, have excellent corrosion resistance, and can sustain high temperatures. They are used in medical devices, jewelry, aircraft, and spacecraft. They are also used in highly stressed components of sports cars as well as some premium consumer electronics and sports equipment. Titanium alloys are commonly divided into four categories which include alpha alloys, near-alpha alloys, alpha and beta alloys, and beta and near beta alloys. These alloys are heat treated for a variety of purposes, the most important of which is to improve strength by solution treatment and aging for optimizing specific properties, like fatigue strength, fracture toughness, and high temperature creep strength. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of titanium alloys. It explores all the important scientific and technological aspects of these alloys in the modern day. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

An alloy refers to a mixture of chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. It is typically created by melting a mixture of ingredients. An alloy can be a mixture of metallic phases or a solid solution of metal components. Chromium, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum and nickel are some of the most common alloying elements. Alloys are generally harder and stronger, less ductile and malleable as well as more corrosion-resistant than the alloy's core metal. They are widely utilized in a variety of industries including industrial, manufacturing, military, medical, and aircraft construction. Alloys with copper, stainless steel, nickel, titanium, and aluminum have particular uses in a variety of tools, machinery, buildings and industries. Brass, 14k gold, stainless steel, white gold, sterling silver, and bronze are a few prominent examples of alloys. This book explores all the important aspects of alloys including their engineering and technology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Electrical measurements are the calculations, methods, and devices utilized for measuring electrical quantities. Electrical and electronic measurement as a discipline deals with the measurement methodologies and procedures by utilizing electric and electronic technologies. It also focuses on the implementation, testing, characterization, design, and calibration of measurement systems. The measurement of electrical quantities is used for determining a system's electrical parameters. Physical properties like pressure, force, temperature, and flow can be transformed into electrical signals by using transducers to measure and record these properties. In day-to-day industrial practice, less exact measurements are required, whereas high precision measurements are utilized in experiments for determining speed of light, charge of an electron and more. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of electrical and electronic measurements. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Indigenous people refers to the members of an ethnic group who are the oldest or originally known residents of a country or geographical region. The culture and customs of several indigenous peoples are conspicuously absent from the historical narratives produced by people who came after them and colonized the areas. Indigenous studies is a discipline that attempts to correct this historical inequality. It uses ideas from history, anthropology and sociology for promoting experiences of indigenous people. The aim is to ensure that the stories of indigenous people must be conveyed and all people should be acknowledged for their contributions. Indigenous research methodologies refer to the research methodologies used by and for indigenous people, deriving the methods and techniques for research from the traditions and knowledge of those people. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students on indigenous research methodologies. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Modern art refers to the art created between the late nineteenth century and mid-twentieth century, and includes styles such as impressionism, expressionism and fauvism. It can be seen as the creative world's response to the rationalist practices and perspectives of the new lives and ideas provided by the technological advances of the industrial age. This caused contemporary society to manifest itself in modern ways compared to the past. Artists created works to portray their experience of the novelty of modern life in inventive ways. Some of the prominent artists of modern art are Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. These artists played an essential role in the development of modern art as they strived to express their views of the world around them using the visual medium. Modern art is characterized by the artists' intent to portray a subject as it exists in the world based on his or her unique perspective and is typified by a rejection of accepted or traditional styles and values. This book explores the important historical aspects of modern art and modernism. Researchers and students engaged in the study of modern art will be greatly assisted by it.

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion founded on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. The four largest branches of Christianity are the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Protestantism, and the Oriental Orthodox Church. Judaism is an ethnic, Abrahamic and monotheistic religion that encompasses the Jewish people's collective culture, civilization, and religious and legal tradition. They both accept the Hebrew Scriptures as the authoritative Word of God; though, Christianity also embraces the New Testament. Furthermore, Protestant-Jewish religious encounters have shaped anti-Semitism, Protestant philosemitic post-Holocaust theology and Jewish Reform movement. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the relationship between Judaism and Christianity through this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Public administration encompasses the implementation of public policy, public governance and administration of non-profit establishment. It plays a significant role in ensuring civil rights, law and regulations, health and safety codes, and municipal budgets, which are implemented for the purpose of protection of the community. Public administration incorporates the three branches of government, which include the judiciary, the executive and the legislature. Some of the major subfields within public administration are policy analysis, public budgeting and ethics. Policy analysis focuses on the study of available options in order to implement the goals of laws. This book outlines the critical issues in governance with respect to public administration and society. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in public administration. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Russia is a transcontinental country that spans Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. It is the largest country in the world and accounts for one-tenth of all the terrestrial area on Earth. The landscape of Russia is diverse, ranging from desert to icy shoreline, high mountains to huge marshes. It is home to a wide range of beliefs, lifestyles, people and values. Russia has a strong cultural heritage of music and art as well as a long history and rich traditions. The history of the country, its geographical location and vast size, its social and religious traditions and western influence have contributed to the formation of Russian culture. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the socio-cultural heritage of Russia. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area of study at various levels.

Education refers to a structured approach to learning. It is the process by which a society passes on the knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. Learning is a lifelong process of converting information and experience into knowledge, behaviors and skills. It is essential for personal and social growth at all stages of a person's life. Sustainable learning refers to the educational practices that support a healthy, dynamic learning environment where information is developed jointly and is shared within a community. The goal of sustainable education is to motivate students to be able to adapt to different learning environments for initiating an efficient, effective, and sustainable learning process. This book presents a sustainable approach towards learning and education in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this topic as well as for experts.

Lithography refers to a planographic technique of printing that was formerly based on the immiscibility of water and oil. The printing is done on a smooth-surfaced stone or metal plate. Due to the requirement of high functional miniaturized systems in diverse fields, techniques of lithography have been developed and implemented for their intended goals in numerous fields. These include biomedical researches, semiconductor development, and chemical and biological analysis. Lithography plays an important role in nanofabrication and microfabrication techniques. Microfabrication is the technique of fabricating microscopic structures on the micrometer and smaller scales. Nanofabrication refers to a technique utilized for creating one, two or three-dimensional nanostructures in the size range of 1-100 nanometers. Microfabrication and nanofabrication are critical to the growth of miniaturized systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to lithography and its application in microfabrication and nanofabrication. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field of study.

Condensed matter physics refers to the branch of physics which studies the microscopic and macroscopic physical properties of matter. It particularly deals with the solid and liquid phases that originate from electromagnetic forces among atoms. The Bose-Einstein condensate originating in ultracold atomic systems, superconducting phase revealed through certain materials at low temperatures, and the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms are some of the exotic condensed phases. The magnetic, elastic, optical, thermal and electrical properties of liquid and solid substances are also studied in condensed-matter physics. Its study comprises the principles of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. There are various applications of condensed matter physics in developing devices such as solid state laser, liquid crystal display and optical fiber. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on condensed matter physics. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the scientific study of organic compounds that contain covalently bonded carbon atoms. It is primarily involved in the study of properties, reactions and synthesis of organic compounds. Carbon is an element that exhibits the unique property of catenation wherein it is able to form stable bonds with other carbon atoms. This ability helps in the formation of stable molecules with relatively complex structures. Therefore, the magnitude of organic chemistry can be attributed to this property of carbon. Advancements in this field have made numerous contributions to the human society, such as the synthesis of several drugs, polymers and other natural products. Some materials that are composed of organic compounds are agrichemicals, coatings, cosmetics, detergent, food, fuel, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics and rubber. This book provides significant information for developing a good understanding of organic chemistry. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers interested in the study of the structure, mechanism and synthesis of organic compounds.

Optical sensors are a broad class of devices that are designed to detect and convert incident light rays into electrical signals. The most common types of optical sensors include transmission-type photo-interrupters, reflective photosensors, photoconductive devices, photodiodes, and phototransistors. Transmission-type photo-interrupters detect the presence of objects by intercepting light. These are used in position sensing and measuring the speed of rotation. Reflective photosensors detect the motion of objects by measuring the reflection of light across them. Optical sensors are ubiquitous components in electronic devices and equipment having several applications in industrial, consumer, healthcare and automotive fields. Biomedical devices for breath analysis and heart rate monitoring are some biomedical applications of optical sensors. They are also helpful in detecting liquid levels in process engineering facilities, such as petroleum levels in tank farms and hydrocarbon refineries. This book outlines the processes and applications of optical sensors in detail. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this subject.

An autonomous vehicle (AV) refers to a type of vehicle that is able to drive itself. It is a ground vehicle that can sense its surroundings and move safely with little or no human input. Self-driving cars use a range of sensors to sense their surroundings including GPS, inertial measurement units, radar, sonar, thermographic cameras and lidar. Sensory information is interpreted by advanced control systems to determine applicable signage, hurdles and proper navigation paths. They are also unaffected by human factors such as lack of attention and fatigue. This book provides significant information of autonomous vehicles to help develop a good understanding of its role in the future of mobility. Those in search of information to further their knowledge on automotive vehicles will be greatly assisted by it.

The term geopolitics refers to the investigation of geographic influences on the power relationships in international relations. It is a policy that involves political, geographical, and economic factors between two or more nations. Countries form geopolitical agreements, treaties, and policies over issues of trade, pollution, business, education, cultural or media influences, war, and travel. The basic philosophy behind critical geopolitics is that intellectuals of statecraft, including academicians, politicians, and government officials, construct ideas about places that influence and reinforce political behaviors and policy choices. These ideas have a major impact on people's perceptions of places and politics. Critical geopoliticians deal with questions relating to geopolitical discourses, geopolitical practice, and the history of geopolitics. This book provides significant information about critical geopolitics and regional re-configurations to help develop a good understanding of the subject. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional (3D) network of hydrophilic polymers with the potential to swell in water and hold a large amount of water. These polymers can maintain the structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. Hydrogels possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue due to their significant water content. The presence of hydrophilic groups such as -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -CONH2, - CONH -, and -SO3H are responsible for the hydrophilicity of the network. Hydrogels undergo a significant volume phase transition or gel-sol phase transition as a reaction to certain physical and chemical stimuli. The examples of physical stimuli include temperature, electric and magnetic fields, solvent composition, light intensity, and pressure. The chemical or biochemical stimuli include pH, ions and specific chemical compositions. Hydrogels are capable of returning to their initial state after a reaction as soon as the trigger is removed, therefore such transitions are reversible. The topics included in this book on the characterization and applications of hydrogels are of utmost significance and have applications in multiple industries. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about hydrogels through it.

The ability to process data and perform complex calculations at high speeds is referred to as high performance computing (HPC). Supercomputers are one of the most prominent forms of HPC solutions. The three main components of HPC solutions are compute, network and storage. These components seamlessly operate together to complete a diverse set of tasks. Computer servers are networked together into a cluster to create a high performance computing architecture. Algorithms and software programs are run at the same time on the servers in the cluster. HPC helps the scientists in understanding the evolution of the universe, predict and track storms and create new materials. HPC also has several applications in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. It can be used to detect credit card fraud, provide self-guided technical support, and teach self-driving vehicles. This book presents research works that deal with the algorithms and applications of high performance computing. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Electroplating is an electrodeposition process that involves coating a surface with a metal by means of an electric current. Several materials are used for electroplating including copper, nickel, gold, silver and zinc. This process is used to create elements that conduct a larger current such as a micro electrical coil. Electroplating can be applied to deposit relatively thick films of magnetic material to create a larger magnetic force. This mechanism is commonly used in magnetic separation or magnetic force-based actuators. Electroplating can be classified into several types depending on the materials used such as copper plating, silver plating, zinc plating and gold plating. Copper plating is extensively used to prevent case hardening of steel on specified parts. Silver plating is done on tableware, engine bearings and electrical contacts. The most prominent use of gold plating is on jewelry and watch cases. The corrosion of steel articles can be prevented by zinc coatings. The objective of this book is to give a general view of electroplating and its applications. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to all the readers.

Radiobiology is a field of medical science that studies the action of ionizing radiation on biological tissues and their cellular and molecular components. Ionizing radiation can cause severe harmful impacts in living beings but it can also provide health benefits for treating cancer and thyrotoxicosis through radiation therapy. Ionizing subatomic particles can be classified into five types, namely, alpha particles, beta particles, positrons, gamma rays and X-rays. The most common impact of ionizing radiation is that it may induce cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. The administration of high doses of ionizing radiation can cause visually dramatic radiation burns and may prove fatal due to acute radiation syndrome. Therefore, controlled doses of ionizing radiation are administered for medical imaging and radiotherapy. There are four factors that determine the success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment. These factors include repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of radiobiology. Scientists and students actively engaged in the study of ionizing radiation will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Language contact refers to the interaction between speakers of two or more languages or dialects that influence one another. Contact linguistics is the study of language contact. It is common for languages to influence one another when speakers of different languages communicate closely. Code-switching, pidgins, mixed languages and creoles are the common products of language contact. In many other circumstances, contact between speakers takes place but the long-term impacts on the language are less obvious. Nonetheless, they may include loan words, calques, or other kinds of borrowed material. Language is characterized by variation, as there are multiple ways to say the same thing. Speakers can have different syntax, word choice, morphology and pronunciation. Variationist linguistics studies the effect of linguistic, social and individual factors to understand the choices which speakers of a language make while choosing between different variations of the same word. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to contact and variationist linguistics. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Assembly design, formally known as design-for-assembly (DFA), refers to a set of best practices for manufacturing a product aimed at making it easier to assemble and manufacture a product, reducing the part count, minimizing the stages of assembly process, and mistake-proofing the assembly process as far as possible. The most important application of assembly design is product manufacturing. Assembly design techniques can be applied to products assembled manually or automatically. Assembly design makes use of one or the other type of assembly line for manufacturing products. In an assembly line, different machines and workers are arranged in a pre-defined sequence. Each location on the assembly line where a worker processes a product using the given machine is called a workstation. The products or the semi-finished products move from one workstation to another while they are being built. The use of assembly lines help in reducing the ergonomic strain and high labor costs. Automation of assembly lines is commonly done using highly rigid kinematic structures in special machines to ensure accuracy. There are two basic assembly design methodologies namely bottom-up design and top-down design. This book outlines the methodologies and applications of assembly design along with its planning aspects. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

Haptics is a kind of human-computer interaction technology that uses tactile feedback or other physiological sensations to guide activities or processes in a computer. A haptic interface refers to a type of system that enables human beings to interact with computers using movements and bodily sensations. It is most commonly used in virtual reality settings, where people can interact with virtual items and elements. It uses specially designed sensors to transmit an electrical signal to the computer in response to various sensory movements or interactions. The computer interprets each electrical signal in order to carry out an action or process. The haptic interface, in turn, transmits a signal to the human body or organ in the form of rapid movement and vibration. This book explores the science, engineering and design aspects of haptic interaction in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Software engineering is the application of engineering principles for maintaining, designing and developing of software. There are two parts of software engineering, which include software and engineering. Software is basically a collection of triggers, codes and documents, which perform a certain task and meet a specific need. Engineering is the process of creating products by applying best methods, practices and principles. Some of the major subdivisions of software engineering are software design, software construction, and requirements engineering. Software design involves defining the components, architecture, interfaces, and other properties of a system or component. Software construction involves integration testing, programming, unit testing and debugging. This book attempts to understand the discipline of modern software engineering and the practical applications of its concepts. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided in its advancement. The book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Space transportation system (STS) refers to a partly reusable rocket-launched vehicle, which is designed to travel into orbit throughout the Earth. It is utilized for transporting individuals and cargo to and from orbiting spacecraft and for gliding back to the Earth's surface. STS are critical for transferring satellites from the Earth and installing them in certain orbits based on the requirements. It is also capable of rendezvousing with an orbiting spacecraft, which allows the astronauts to board, resupply, service, and return to Earth. There exist limitations in current technologies, due to which STSs are configured in multiple stages and vehicle subsystems are completely automatic and autonomous. In order to lower the cost of launching satellites with an STS, it needs to deliver the greatest payload mass into the prescribed orbit with extreme precision. The vehicle must be extremely durable, which places competing demands on the design of each subsystem. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of space transportation system which will be crucial for future research. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.