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Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to operate. This is different from hardware, which is the actual component that does the real work. A software system is a system of interconnected software components that make up a computer system. Major categories of software systems comprise programming software, application software development, and system software. A few examples of software systems include database management systems, computer reservations systems, embedded systems, content management systems, and operating systems. A computer program refers to a set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute or understand. Source code is the human-readable version of a computer program. Compilers are used to convert source code into machine instructions creating an executable file. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the theories and methods related to computer programs and software systems. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Technological advancements have significantly transformed the tourism sector, allowing the travelers to book sightseeing excursions, hotel rooms, flights and other activities, as well as organize whole vacations from their smartphones. Apart from the mobile technology, some of the technologies which have significantly impacted the tourism industry are augmented reality, Internet of things, big data and virtual assistants. The use of e-commerce and IT solutions in hospitality, tourism and travel assist in saving time, lowering costs and automating travel. They also help in providing consumers with a seamless travel experience before, during and after a trip. This book provides comprehensive insights on the upcoming technology and systems with respect to tourism. It includes contributions of experts and researchers which will provide innovative insights into this subject. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

A programming language is a computer language which is utilized for communicating with computers by programmers. It comprises of instructions written in a particular language to accomplish a specific task. A programming language is primarily used to create mobile applications, desktop applications, software and websites. There are various types of programming languages including low-level programming language, middle-level programming language, and high-level programming language. Some of the popular programming languages are C#, R, Go, C++, Python, Ruby, C, JavaScript, Java, Swift and PHP. Modern programming languages are designed to take advantage of large data sets, modern computer hardware, rapid networking, mobile devices and cloud networking. Majority of the advanced programming languages also provide better developer ergonomics. This book contains some path-breaking studies on programming languages. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of computer science and software engineering.

Computer aided verification is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating tools and techniques to help programmers in verifying whether the software designed by them works correctly or not. These tools are being incorporated in the system design of firms. Computer aided verification strives to improve the quality of digital systems through the analysis of software designs using logical reasoning and software tools. The goal is to create a mathematical model of a system and then attempt to prove formal properties that either certifies the system's correctness or, at the very least aid in the detection of bugs. This book discusses the techniques and applications of computer aided verification. For all readers who are interested in computer aided verification, the studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The content which uses a combination of various content forms is known as multimedia. It can be in the form of digital audio, digital video and digital images. Electronic devices can be used to record, play, interact with or access multimedia. The varied types of multimedia can be broadly categorized as linear multimedia and non-linear multimedia. Linear multimedia, such as cinema, progresses without any navigational control for the viewer. Non-linear multimedia uses interactivity to allow the user to control the progress such as in video games and self-paced training. Multimedia is applied in various industries such as creative industries, education, journalism and in language communication. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of digital multimedia. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization is referred to as knowledge management. It is a multi-disciplinary field that focuses on the achievement of organizational objectives by using this information and knowledge. It is an integral part of business strategies, IT and human resource management departments. Some of the organizational objectives on which knowledge management generally focuses on are improvement in performance, competitive advantage, innovation integration and continuous improvement of the firm. This book presents the complex subject of knowledge management in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Such selected concepts that redefine this area have been presented herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Management science is an inter-disciplinary field that deals with problem solving and decision making in human organizations. It is closely associated to various fields such as economics, engineering, management consulting, etc. It makes use of scientific research based principles and strategies. It also makes use of analytical methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics and numerical algorithms. Management science applies all these methods and strategies for improving the ability of an organization to enact rational and accurate management decisions by providing optimal or near optimal solutions to complex decision problems. Some of the areas where concepts from this discipline are applied are manufacturing, airline industry, service organizations and military branches. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of management science. The topics included herein on this subject are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

The scientific study which focuses on mental processes is known as cognitive psychology. The processes which are studied under this domain are language use, memory, creativity, perception and thinking. Cognition is subdivided into two different styles of processing namely reasoning and intuition. Reasoning is based on conscious decisions and attitudes. It is slower and volatile. Intuition is faster than reasoning and automatic. It depends on formed habits and is difficult to change. Cognitive psychology finds applications in various fields such as social psychology, developmental psychology, abnormal psychology and educational psychology. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of cognitive psychology and related fields. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The scientific study of mental processes is known as cognitive psychology. Some of the various processes studied under this discipline are language use, attention, problem solving, memory and perception. Cognitive psychology generally sees cognition through the dual process theory. This theory states that cognition is made up of two styles of processing, intuition and reasoning. Cognitive psychology finds application in several fields such as abnormal psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, personality psychology and economics. Components of behaviourism were integrated with cognitive psychology to form cognitive behavioural therapy. It is an intervention which seeks to improve mental health and treat issues such as depression and anxiety. The topics included in this book on cognitive psychology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The term religion refers to a cultural system of appointed behaviors and practices, texts, worldviews, ethics and organizations that joins humanity to spiritual and supernatural elements. World religion is a category within the study of religion to separate the largest and most widespread religious movements. It generally includes religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism and Buddhism. Sometimes Sikhism and Zoroastrianism are also included in this category. This categorization is often used by research scholars to juxtapose them against other categories such as new religious movements and indigenous religions. The world religion paradigm treats religious movements as mutually exclusive and distinct. This has had a profound impact upon the categorization of religion. The topics included in this book on world religion and cross-cultural studies are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The systematic study of the form of valid inference and the most general laws of truth is known as logic. The situation where there is a definite relation of logical support between the inference and its conclusion is called a valid inference. The scope of logic includes classification of arguments, study of proof and inference, and the study of semantics and syntax. There are several types of logic such as syllogistic logic, propositional logic, predicate logic, and modal logic. The process of evaluation where logic is used to analyze facts and thereby form a judgment is known as critical thinking. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of logic and critical thinking. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on logic and critical thinking. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Comparative psychology is the scientific field that studies the mental processes and behavior of non-human animals. It also studies the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance and development of behavior. It uses many techniques to observe and understand the behavior of different species of animals such as dogs, pigeons, primates and dolphins. The main objective of comparative psychology is to establish principles of generality that focus on both proximate and ultimate causation. Research in this domain is closely related to the field of animal cognition, which studies attention, concept formation, memory, spatial cognition and time estimation in animals. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of comparative psychology. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Antenna is an array of conductors. It is the interface between radio waves which propagate through electric and space currents in metal conductors. They are required by transmitters and radio receivers to combine its electrical connection to electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves. They carry signals at the speed of light through air without any transmission loss. They can be classified by operating principles or applications. Antennas are classified as omnidirectional or directional. Other types include whip antenna, dipole antenna, etc. Antennas and propagation act as keys for any radio system. Wave propagation is the study of the ways in which waves travel. The study of radio wave's behavior while traveling from one point to another is known as radio propagation. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of antennas and wave propagation. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in antennas and wave propagation.

The process of imparting and exchanging information on a large scale with a wide range of people is known as mass communication. It is primarily used to transmit information to people who are geographically separated from the source of information. There are numerous mediums which are used by mass communication such as internet, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc. Journalism refers to the production and dissemination of reports on recent events, generally by using mass communication. Some of the different forms of journalism are photojournalism and tabloid journalism. Photojournalism refers to the practice of telling real stories using images. Tabloid journalism involves light hearted writing which is often written for entertainment purposes. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of mass communication and journalism, and how such concepts have practical applications. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The study of human activity through the recovery and investigation of material culture is known as archaeology. It is considered to be a social science. There are various objectives in archaeology such as understanding culture history, rebuilding past lifeways and documenting as well as explaining the changes in human societies over time. The different processes which are a part of this discipline are surveying, excavation and analysis of the collected data. There are several academic sub-disciplines within archaeology such as historical archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology, archaeometry and cultural resources management. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of archaeology. It has been compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of this discipline. This textbook will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Electronics are concerned with the flow, emission and control of electrons in matter and vacuum. It deals with its engineering aspects as well as their applications. Electronic devices primarily contain an electronic circuit which consists of active and passive electrical components. Electronic engineering deals with the use of active and nonlinear electrical components in order to design VLSI devices, electronic circuits and other electronic devices. Some of the commonly used electrical components in this field include transistors, integrated circuits and diodes. Electronics engineering also facilitates the implementation of the principles and algorithms developed in areas such as signal processing, telecommunications, computer engineering, etc. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of electronic engineering and its utmost significance in modern times. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this domain. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Geographic information system is the system that is specifically designed to capture, store, analyze, manage and present spatial and geographical data. GIS applications function as tools which allow users to create interactive queries, edit data in maps, analyze spatial information and present the results of such operations. The science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems is termed as geographic information science. Modern GIS technologies make use of digital information, which is obtained through various digitized data creation methods. The most common method of data creation is digitization in which a hard copy map is transferred into a digital medium by a CAD program and geo-referencing capabilities. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of geographic information system. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this area.

The fabrication process that is used to join materials such as metals and thermoplastics is referred to as welding. In this sculptural process, heat is used to melt the parts and left to cool that ultimately causes fusion. Various energy sources are used for welding, the most common of them are gas flame, an electric arc, an electron beam, friction and ultrasound. Shielding metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, electroslag welding, gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding are the most commonly used welding methods. Significant precautions should be made to avoid injuries during welding such as electric shock, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, burns, and intense ultraviolet radiation. The topics included in this book on welding are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on various techniques of welding have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The branch of psychology which focuses on human learning is known as educational psychology. It is associated with the study of memory, conceptual processes and differences between individuals for the purpose of formulating new strategies for learning processes in humans. Educational psychology relies heavily on another branch of psychology known as developmental psychology. This discipline studies how the feelings, behavior and thinking of an individual change throughout the life. Developmental psychology defines human cognitive development over different periods of development. Therefore, the developmental sequence of a student can provide information about the level and kind of knowledge which can be absorbed by them. This in turn can be useful in deciding the subject matter to be taught to them. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of educational and developmental psychology. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this field and related fields. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of language is termed as linguistics. It focuses on the analysis of the form of the language as well as its meaning and context. It particularly studies the interplay between sound and meaning. Some of the major subfields within linguistics are phonetics, syntax, morphology and semantics. Phonetics refers to the study of the speech and non-speech sounds. It studies their acoustic and articulatory properties. The field of study which focuses on the rules, principles and processes which govern the sentence structure within a language is termed as syntax. The formation of words and their relationship with other words in a given language are studied within morphology. The linguistic and philosophical meaning of language, as well as the relationship between signifiers and signified, are dealt with in semantics. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of linguistics which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This textbook will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The field of engineering which focuses on the development of spacecraft and aircraft is known as aerospace engineering. This field is closely related to the fields of aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. There are a number of areas which are studied under aerospace engineering such as radar cross-section, astrodynamics, avionics and aeroelasticity. Radar-cross-section measures the detectability of objects by radars. The practical problems regarding the motion of spacecraft are handled by astrodynamics through the use of ballistics and celestial mechanics. Avionics deals with the designing and programming of the computer systems in a spacecraft. Aeroelasticity studies the interaction between aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces. It takes place when an elastic body is exposed to fluid flow. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of aerospace engineering. It presents the complex subject of aerospace engineering in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The collection of instructions which tell a computer how to work is known as software. The branch of computer science which deals with the application of engineering to develop software in a systematic method is referred to as software engineering. It involves the designing and implementation of complex computer programs. It is also concerned with the maintenance of such computer programs. Software engineering is an umbrella field that has various sub-disciplines. The most common of them include software design, software development and software testing. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of software engineering and how such concepts have practical applications. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of this field. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The creation of the fundamental structures of a software system is referred to as software architecture. The architecture of a software system functions as a blueprint for the system and the developing project. It details the tasks necessary to be executed during the designing. There are four core activities in software architecture design that are performed iteratively at different stages of the initial software development life cycle. These activities include architectural analysis, architectural synthesis, architectural evaluation and architectural evolution. Some common components of software architecture are software architecture description, architecture description languages, architecture viewpoints, architecture frameworks and software architecture erosion. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of software architecture. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. The extensive content of this textbook provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Fuzzy logic is a type of many-valued logic which is used to handle the concept of partial truth. The truth value within this field can range from completely true to completely false. In fuzzy logic, the truth values of variables can be any real number between 0 and 1, where both extremes are inclusive. It depends on the observation that people make decisions on the basis of constant and non-numerical information. Fuzzy models are mathematical means for recognizing, representing, interpreting, manipulating and utilizing data and information that are vague and uncertain. It is applied in many fields such as control theory and artificial intelligence. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of fuzzy logic. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Data mining is a process which deals with the discovery of patterns in large data sets. It applies methods from the fields of statistics, database systems and machine learning. Data mining aims to transform the information derived from a data set into a comprehensible structure for further use. Data mining also includes the data management aspects, complexity considerations, visualization, online updating, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, and post-processing of discovered structures. It uses statistical models and machine-learning to uncover hidden patterns in a large volume of data. There are numerous fields where it is applied such as business, medicine, surveillance and science. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of data mining. Such selected concepts that redefine data mining have been presented herein. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

C++ is a general purpose programming language that is used for computer programming. It has various object-oriented, generic and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. C++ is always implemented as a compiled language. The two main components of C++ language are direct mapping of hardware features that is primarily provided by the C subset, and zero-overhead abstractions that are based on those mappings. The C++ standard consists of two parts that are the core language and the standard library. It is well suited for resource-constrained software and large systems. This book traces the progress of C++ Programming and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Human resource management is the tactical approach towards the effective management of people in an organization. It is used to maximize employee performance with respect to the employer's strategic objectives. It particularly deals with the management of employees within a firm, focusing on policies and systems. Human resource department oversees employee benefit design, as well as the recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal and reward management of the employees. It is also concerned with organizational changes and industrial relations. Some of the other initiatives where human resources play an integral role include mergers, talent management, labor relations, diversity and inclusion. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of human resource management. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The strategic approach to the effective management of people in a company or organization is known as human resource management, or HRM. This is usually done in order to enable the business gain a competitive advantage by maximizing the performance of the employees. The principle concerns of human resource management is the management of people within organizations while focusing on the systems and policies. There are several key roles within the organization which are performed by the HR department such as employee recruitment and performance appraisal. Reward management and overseeing employee benefits design are a few more areas which fall under this domain. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of human resource management in a strategic manner. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Brand management is a field of marketing that deals with the analysis and planning of the perception of a brand in the market. One of the integral aspects of brand management is the development of a good relationship with the target market. Some of its tangible elements are the product, its look, price and packaging. The intangible elements are the relationship of the consumers with the brand and their experience with it. Other important aspects of brand management include brand associations, brand attitude, brand awareness, brand equity, brand image, brand personality, self-brand congruity and brand preference. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of brand management and how such concepts have practical applications. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The pictures and films which are produced using computers are known as computer graphics. Some of the topics which lie within this discipline are sprite graphics, computer animation, geometry processing, user interface design, rendering and 3D modeling. The methodology of computer graphics has borrowed heavily from several other sciences such as geometry, perception, optics and physics. The study of computer graphics is a domain within computer science which studies ways of digitally manipulating and synthesizing visual content. Its focus is on the computational and mathematical basics of image processing and generation. There are several fields in which computer graphics is applied such as computer simulation, web-design, video games and infographics. Computer graphics is an upcoming field that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This textbook is compiled in such a manner that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.