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Business process management is a field in operations management which is involved in the discovery, analysis, modeling, measurement, improvement and automation of business processes through various methods. It also focuses on the improvement of corporate performance by the management of business processes. These processes can be structured and repeatable as well as unstructured and variable. The activities that are performed in business process management are grouped into categories such as design, execution, modeling, monitoring and optimization. Process designing deals with the identification of current processes as well as the designing of future processes. This textbook is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of business process management. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The practical skill that involves the ability of a person or organization to guide other people, teams, or organizations is termed as leadership. The method of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people is termed as a leadership style. It depends upon the personal experiences, philosophy and personality of the leader. A few of the common leadership styles are autocratic, participative, paternalism, free-rein, task-oriented and relationship-oriented. There are several qualities common in most leaders such as assertiveness, authenticity, character strengths, emotional intelligence, etc. One of the primary practices which are associated with leadership is team building. This involves assembling a group of individuals and turning them into a team where each member is committed to each other as well as to a common purpose. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the area of leadership. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The administration of a business organization is known as business management. It involves the setting of strategies of the organization as well as coordinating the efforts of its employees for the successful accomplishment of its objectives. The management of most large organizations is divided into three levels, which are arranged in a hierarchal, pyramidal structure. These levels consist of senior managers, middle managers and lower managers. The board of directors and the CEO generally constitute the senior managers. The middle managers are the branch managers and regional managers. Lower managers include the team leaders and supervisors who oversee the work of regular employees. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to business management. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Financial management is a discipline that focuses on equities, ratios and debts. It is used for portfolio management, distribution of dividend, hedging and looking after fluctuations in foreign currency, capital raising and product cycles. It is also involved in the research and decisions related to the capital which should be obtained in order to fund the company's assets. It seeks to maximize the value of the firm for all the stakeholders. Financial management specifically deals with a company's financial strategy. It focuses on the ways to raise the capital and to allocate capital through capital budgeting. It also focuses on long and short term budgeting such as current liabilities. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of financial management. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Cost accounting refers to the group of procedures used to record and report measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and services in detail. There are various cost accounting approaches including activity-based costing, environmental accounting, project accounting, resource consumption accounting, standard cost accounting and life cycle costing. Cost accounting provides the management with the detailed cost information for controlling current operations and planning for the future. It enables the optimization of the business processes and practices on the basis of capability and cost efficiency. The fundamental elements of this field are materials, labor and expenses. Materials are broadly divided into direct and indirect materials on the basis of their cost and visibility in the final product. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to cost accounting. It picks up individual branches and explains their needs and contribution in the context of a growing economy. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The scientific study of how feelings, thoughts, and behavior of people are influenced by the actual, implied or imagined presence of others is known as social psychology. It states that humans are malleable to social influences even when they are alone. It deals with the explanation of human behavior as a result of interaction of social situations and mental states. Social psychology primarily deals with the conditions under which feelings, beliefs, intentions, thoughts and goals are cognitively constructed and how these mental representations affect people's interaction with each other. A few of the important areas in social psychology include attribution, self-concept and social cognition. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of social psychology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in it. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Social science is an umbrella term for a category of academic disciplines. These disciplines are generally concerned with the society as well as the relationships between individuals within the society. There are numerous branches of social science such as sociology, anthropology, psychology, political science, philosophy and ethics. Sociology refers to the study of society, culture and social interaction. The branch of study which focuses on humans, their behavior and societies of past and present is termed as anthropology. The study of the conscious and unconscious phenomena, thoughts and feelings is known as psychology. Political science is involved in the study of the systems of governance as well as the analysis of political behavior, political thoughts and political activities. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core subjects of social science. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The study of society as well as the patterns of social relationships, culture and social interaction of everyday life is referred to as sociology. It is a social science that includes the utilization of various methods of critical analysis and empirical investigation to get knowledge about the social order, change, acceptance or social evolution. It is also defined as the general science of society. The most common traditional focus of sociology includes social class, secularization, social mobility, religion, social class, sexuality, gender and deviation. It has also expanded its focus to other areas such as economy, health, the Internet, social capital, education as well as the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. The topics included in this book on sociology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Philosophy deals with the study of fundamental and general questions regarding values, mind, existence, reason, knowledge and language. Some of the major categories of philosophy are epistemology, metaphysics, value theory, ethics, logic, mathematics and science. Epistemology refers to a branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of knowledge, justification and the rationality of belief. Various academic disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics and linguistics emerged out of philosophy. There are a number of methods which are used in philosophy. These include rational argument, questioning, critical discussion and systematic presentation. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of philosophy. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of science which studies behavior and mind is known as psychology. It deals with the analysis of conscious and unconscious phenomena, thoughts and feelings. Some of the diverse mental and behavioral processes studied within this field are cognition, perception, emotion and motivation. There are numerous branches within this field such as social psychology, behavioral psychology and cognitive psychology. Social psychology is involved in the study of how people's thoughts, behaviors and feelings are affected by the actual, implied and imagined presence of others. Behavioral psychology studies the cognitive processes within humans and other animals. The study of mental processes such as language use, attention and creativity falls under the domain of cognitive psychology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the concepts and application of psychology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The science of behavior and mind is referred to as psychology. It is concerned with the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena as well as feeling and thought. Psychology aims to understand the emergent properties of brains as well as the diverse phenomena that are related to those properties. It deals with the patterns of behavior, thought and emotion in individuals. Some of the mental processes studied within this field are cognition, perception, emotion, attention, intelligence, subjective experiences, etc. Psychology also studies the unconscious mind and the psychological traits that are influenced by genetics and environment. It is classified into various sub-fields such as abnormal psychology, evolutionary psychology, forensic psychology and comparative psychology. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of psychology. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The restoration and conservation of art and culture refer to protecting and taking care of artworks, archaeology, architecture, and museum collections. The activities related to the conservation of art and culture involve preventive conservation, examination, documentation, treatment and research. It is often combined with conservation science, and curation. Conservation science plays a major role in the restoration and conservation of art and culture. It uses scientific inquiry to protect and preserve cultural heritage. It involves the restoration of cultural heritage using effective methods to keep properties in their original condition. It examines and analyzes the artwork, studies the causes of its deterioration and understands the materials and techniques used by the artists. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the restoration and conservation of art and culture. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of the fundamental and general questions about values, existence, knowledge, reason, mind and language is referred to as philosophy. The methods in philosophy include critical discussion, rational argument, questioning, and systematic presentation. Philosophy can be divided into various categories such as metaphysics, epistemology, value theory, logic, science and mathematics, and philosophy of religion. Metaphysics deals with the examination of the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between potentiality and actuality, between mind and matter, and between substance and attribute. Some of the academic fields that emerge out of philosophy are sociology and psychology. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of philosophy and the recent researches in this field. It seeks to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Thermal engineering is a sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that focuses on the movement and transfer of heat energy. The energy is transformed between two mediums. It can also be transferred into other forms of energy. Thermal engineering makes use of thermodynamics, which is a branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature. It involves the process of converting the generated energy from thermal sources into mechanical, chemical and electrical energy. Thermofluids is an associated field of thermal engineering. It draws on concepts from thermodynamics as well as thermal engineering. This book presents the complex subject of thermal engineering in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It explores all the important aspects of thermal engineering in the present day scenario. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The field of study which deals with the application of optics is referred to as optical engineering. It focuses on the design of optical instruments including lenses, telescopes, microscopes and other equipment that use the properties of light in physics and chemistry. Some of the other devices which use principles from optical engineering are optical sensors and measurement systems, laser, fiber optic communication systems and optical disc systems. Optical engineering metrology is a subfield of optical engineering which utilizes optical methods for the measurement of micro-vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer. This book explores all the important aspects of optical engineering in the present day scenario. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and studies related to this field have been included herein. This textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The scientific study which deals with humans and human behavior, as well as their societies, is known as anthropology. Major branches of anthropology include social, cultural, linguistic and biological anthropology. Social anthropology observes the patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural norms and values. Linguistic anthropology includes the study of languages and how they influence social life. Biological anthropology is the branch of anthropology that focuses on the biological, evolutionary and demographic study of humans and non-human primates. It also examines the biological and social factors that influence the evolution of humans and other primates. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of anthropology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Electronic components are discrete devices in electronic systems that affect electrons and electric fields. They can be active, passive or electromechanical. Active components include triode vacuum tubes, transistors and tunnel diodes which rely on a source of energy, while passive components are resistors, inductors, transformers and capacitors. Electromechanical components, such as piezoelectric devices and crystals drive an electrical operation with the use of moving parts or electrical connections. Electronic components can have a number of electrical leads or terminals. These connect to an electrical circuit that delivers a particular function. This book outlines the varied components of an electronic circuit and their applications in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Scientists and students actively engaged in electronic engineering will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The branch of electrical engineering, which deals with analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals is known as signal processing. The two subfields within this field are digital signal processing and analog signal processing. The use of digital processing in order to perform various signal processing operations is known as digital signal processing. Devices such as computers or more specialized digital signal processors can be used for digital processing. It finds application in varied areas such as digital image processing, statistical signal processing, biomedical engineering, speech processing, radar and control systems. Digital signal processing can be applied to both static and streaming data. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of digital signal processing. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Machines which are used to transport people and cargo are known as vehicles. Some of the most common types of vehicles are motor vehicles, watercraft, amphibious vehicles, aircraft and spacecraft. Vehicles need a source of energy to drive them. Some of the common types of technologies which are used to propel vehicles are internal combustion engines, electric motors and gas turbines. The heat engines where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber are referred to as internal combustion engines. Gas-turbine engines employ a gas as the working fluid used to turn a turbine. The topics included in this book on vehicular technologies are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on vehicular technologies.

Signal processing is the field that is concerned with the analysis, modification and synthesis of signals that represent information about the behavior or characteristics of some phenomenon. It is a subfield of information engineering, electrical engineering, and mathematics. Signal processing techniques serve to improve signal transmission fidelity, subjective quality, storage efficiency, and detect or emphasize signal characteristics that are of particular interest. Signal processing can be of different kinds based on its application, such as analog signal processing, discrete-time signal processing, continuous-time signal processing, digital signal processing, etc. Such techniques are useful in image and video processing, wireless communication, process control and audio signal processing, besides several other important applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on signal processing have been included in this book. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A complete electrical network in the form of a closed loop which gives a return path for electric current is known as an electrical circuit. There are various classifications of circuits such as on the basis of arrangement, type of current flowing through it, and the components. On the basis of arrangement, circuits are broadly divided to parallel circuits and series circuits. Circuits are classified as AC circuits and DC circuits, on the basis of the type of current which is flowing through it. System refers to the set of interacting entities which function together as a single unit. Study in the field of circuits and systems focuses on the analysis, theory and design of interconnected devices and components. The topics included in this book on circuits and systems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It explores all the important aspects of these fields in the present day scenario. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The use of physical hardware along with software and educational theory to aid learning is known as educational technology. It also seeks to improve performance through the creation, usage and management of appropriate technological resources and processes. Educational technology enables education to be individualized, thereby allowing the students to work and gain mastery of the curriculum at their own pace. There are several domains within this field such as learning theory, computer-based learning, m-learning and online learning. The designing of educational technology takes into consideration several pedagogical perspectives or learning theories. These perspectives are studied under E-learning theory. There are three main theoretical schools into which these perspectives are classified. These are behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of educational technology. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A spacecraft is a machine that is created to fly in the outer space. There are numerous purposes for which spacecrafts are used, such as space colonization, communications, meteorology, navigation, transportation, Earth observation, etc. There are two types of spacecrafts crewed and unmanned. Spacecraft engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the development and creation of spacecraft. The designing of spacecraft involves various technological and engineering disciplines such as aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, manufacturing and structural analysis. The interaction between these technologies is known as spacecraft engineering. Some of the elements of spacecraft engineering include astrodynamics, aircraft structures, aeroelasticity, fluid mechanics, aeroacoustics, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of spacecraft engineering. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of spacecraft engineering. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for expert.

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to recognize and comprehend any language is known as language learning. It includes the learning of structures, rules and representation of a language. There are numerous tools which can be used to learn the English language such as morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics and vocabulary. Some of the major approaches towards language learning are emergentism, empiricism, relational frame theory, social interactionism, etc. Emergentism states that the learning of a language is a cognitive process which happens as a result of the interaction between the environment and biological pressures. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to English language and learning. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies and advanced studies on these areas have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Library and information science, or library or information studies, is the combination of information science and library science. Its function is to design and develop knowledge-organization systems. It uses tools of management and information technology to organize, collect, disseminate and preserve information resources. A primary aspect of this domain is the organization of information to serve the specific needs of readers. It is also concerned with the acquisition, evaluation and application of information by users within and outside libraries. Some of the significant areas of study in this discipline are interactive information retrieval, scholarly communication, bibliometrics, digital literacy, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of library and information science. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impacts as a modern tool for the growth of this field. This textbook is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

The final stage of formal learning which occurs after the completion of secondary education is known as higher education. It plays a vital role in providing trained and educated personnel. Higher education is broadly divided into general, professional and vocational. General higher education involves significant theoretical and abstract elements, with few applied aspects. Some of the areas of study within it are liberal arts, engineering and performing arts. Professional higher education focuses on the application of learning and seeks to diversify learning opportunities, stimulate innovation and enhance employability. Vocational higher education focuses on training in practical skills with relatively less theory, and takes place in institutions known as trade schools. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of higher education. It elucidates quantitative research methods and educational policies. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The study of algorithms that use numerical approximation for the problems of mathematical analysis is known as numerical analysis. Some of the major areas of study within this field are computing values of functions, interpolation, extrapolation, regression, optimization, evaluating integrals and differential equations. The major methods that are used in numerical analysis are direct and iterative methods. Direct methods compute the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps and are able to give the answer if they are performed in infinite precision arithmetic. Iterative methods form successive approximations that converge to the exact solution only in the limit. Numerical analysis is applied in all fields of physical sciences and engineering as well as in social sciences, medicine and life sciences. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of numerical analysis. The topics included herein on numerical analysis are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The system software which manages the hardware and software resources of a computer is known as operating software. It acts as an intermediary between programs and computer hardware, particularly for hardware functions such as input and output, and memory allocation. Some of the different components of an operating system are kernel, user interface and computer network. Kernel, also called the core of the operating system, provides the most basic level of control over all the hardware resources in the computer. User interface, also known as a shell, is the component of the operating system which is integral for a human to interact with the computer. Command line interface and graphical user interface are the two major types of user interface. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of operating systems and related fields. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Educational and developmental psychology are the two branches of psychology that are respectively concerned with the scientific study of human learning, and the processes and reasons through which human beings change over time. Educational psychology focuses on learning processes from both behavioral and cognitive perspectives. It helps to understand the differences between individuals in terms of cognitive development, intelligence, self-regulation, motivation, as well as their role in learning. It relies on quantitative methods such as measurement and testing. It aims to enhance educational activities related to classroom management, instructional design and assessment. Developmental psychology seeks to explain how feeling, thinking and behaviors change throughout life. It primarily focuses on the physical development, cognitive development and socio-emotional development. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of educational and developmental psychology. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of these fields. This book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

The on-demand availability of computer system resources without direct active management by the user is known as cloud computing. It is usually used to refer to the data centers, which are available over the Internet to many users. A few major types of clouds are enterprise clouds, public clouds and hybrid cloud. Enterprise clouds, also called private clouds, are usually limited to a single organization while public clouds are available to many organizations. A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing service, which is made up of a fusion of public, private and community cloud services. Cloud computing majorly relies on sharing of resources to achieve economies of scale and coherence. Cloud computing is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Different approaches, concepts and technologies related to this field have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.