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Dynamius the Patrician lived at a turning point in western civilization where the fragments of the old Roman Order were beginning to fade without the edifice of empire to support them. In his time as a legate, Dynamius, appears to have interacted with the of the significant political agents in the region and was influential enough to support some of his own agency with his friend Pope Gregory I the Great. His letters are addressed to those who might be able to sway the welfare of the church in his own age.

This document contains the words of the famous Frankish saint, Burgundofara, relating the the nunnery that she had founded on her father's aristocratic lands and with the blessing of the reigning Frankish king. This work contains both the original Latin, as well as the English translation.

The council of Markabta was the third ecumenical council for the Church of the East, and one that would be held in response to the lack of central authority within the eastern church. Mar Dadisho is responding to various episcopal authorities within the realm who refuse to bow to his royally sanctioned authority. Moreover, this council marks that no Persian bishop can request assistance from bishops within the Roman Empire without the expressed consent of the patriarch in Seleucia-Ctesiphon.

John Chrysostom (c. 347-407, Greek: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. His work here focuses on St. Paul's letter to Philemon. His exegesis would prove to be influential to all future Christian writers who have sought to interpret the text.

Origen writes that prayer is the way in which humans can know and have discourse with God. He notes the many ways prayer is depicted in the Bible, and then tackles the argument that prayer is superfluous. He describes the four purposes of prayer: requests, prayers (praise), intercessions, and thanksgivings.

The chief work of Severus is the Sacred History a summary of sacred history from the beginning of the world to his own times, with the omission of the events recorded in the Gospels and the Acts, "lest the form of his brief work should detract from the honour due to those events". It is a source of primary importance for the history of Priscillianism and contains considerable information respecting the Arian controversy. The book was a textbook, and was used as such in the schools of Europe for about a century and a half after the editio princeps was published by Flacius Illyricus in 1556.

The Jacobite Arab Synaxarium is a hagiographical volume on the life of the saints of the Jacobite church. This is commonly a collection of the saints that would be venerated in the Arabic or West Syriac churches, traditionally part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This synaxarium stands apart from other calendars of saints, as it is composed specifically for this church tradition, and has not previously been available in the English language. This third volume consists of the second month of the Coptic calendar- Hathor, corresponding roughly to the month of November.

The Jacobite Arab Synaxarium is a hagiographical volume on the life of the saints of the Jacobite church. This is commonly a collection of the saints that would be venerated in the Arabic or West Syriac churches, traditionally part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This synaxarium stands apart from other calendars of saints, as it is composed specifically for this church tradition, and has not previously been available in the English language. This first volume consists of the first month of the Coptic calendar- Thout, corresponding roughly to the month of September.

The Jacobite Arab Synaxarium is a hagiographical volume on the life of the saints of the Jacobite church. This is commonly a collection of the saints that would be venerated in the Arabic or West Syriac churches, traditionally part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This synaxarium stands apart from other calendars of saints, as it is composed specifically for this church tradition, and has not previously been available in the English language. This second volume consists of the second month of the Coptic calendar- Paopi, corresponding roughly to the month of October.

This is a collection of the five primary and canonical councils that were held by the Church of the East in Sassanian Mesopotamia in an effort to establish the Christology of the church, as well as its relationship to the Church of the Roman Empire. There are five councils in total, all presides over by the reigning patriarch at the time. These doctrines include the consolidation of power at the capital at Seleucia-Ctesiphon, creating uniformity of the bishops of the church, and establishing the episcopal autonomy of the church from its western counterpart.

Licinianus, one of the last bishops of Byzantine Africa offers his pastoral advise to his peer, and African deacon, as well as to Pope Gregory I in Rome. Much of his interest appears to be in discussing the nature of the soul, philosophical concerning relating to the material world, as well episcopal issues such as ordination.

This ecumenical council of the Persian church had only three canons, but it sought to reform issues specifically with the clergy and the prohibition of marrying multiple women. This would be the largest gathering of bishops in the Persian church since the Council of Markabta some fifty years earlier.

This second council of the Persian church was of a far smaller scope than its predecessor ten years prior. The intention was to both reduce some of the tensions that existed between them and the church in the Roman Empire, and to re-state some of the church canons which had been instituted under Mar Isaac, but had yet to be fully enforced by other episcopal authorities.

This work is composed by the Pope is response to an ongoing dispute taking place with the bishopric of the city of York. The local Mercian king, Aethelred, was on hand to arbitrate the dispute between two rival bishops and the chaos that ensued because of it. It is a landmark in the history of the early English church.

On First Principles is the most important surviving text written by third-century Church father, Origen. Origen wrote in a time when fundamental doctrines had not yet been fully articulated by the Church, and contributed to the very formation of Christianity.

The Secret History of the Court of the emperor Justinian by Procopius is a detailed description of the drama and various shady business of the royal notables of Byzantine Emperor Justinian's court.

John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities.

Licinianus, one of the last bishops of Byzantine Africa offers his pastoral advise to his peer, and African deacon, as well as to Pope Gregory I in Rome. Much of his interest appears to be in discussing the nature of the soul, philosophical concerning relating to the material world, as well episcopal issues such as ordination.

On First Principles is the most important surviving text written by third-century Church father, Origen. Origen wrote in a time when fundamental doctrines had not yet been fully articulated by the Church, and contributed to the very formation of Christianity.

Hilary of Poitiers was Bishop of Poitiers and a Doctor of the Church. He was sometimes referred to as the "Hammer of the Arians" (Malleus Arianorum) and the "Athanasius of the West", His name comes from the Latin word for happy or cheerful. In addition to his important work as Bishop, Hilary was married and the father of Abra of Poitiers, a nun and saint who became known for her charity.

The House of Fame is a Middle English poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, probably written between 1374 and 1385, making it one of his earlier works. It was most likely written after The Book of the Duchess, but its chronological relation to Chaucer's other early poems is uncertain.

Luther first focuses on the freedom of the inner man, "that we may see by what means a man becomes justified, free, and a true Christian; that is, a spiritual, new, and inward man." The soul's freedom is not tied to external factors that affect the body, for "what harm can ill health, bondage, hunger, thirst, or any other outward evil do to the soul?" Instead, "one thing, and one alone, is necessary for life, justification, and Christian liberty, and that is the most holy word of God, the gospel of Christ.

The story of Balin is recounted in the Old French Suite du Merlin and in Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Balin and Balan are the tragic brothers who, despite their nobility, wind up killing each other. Balin in particular seems cursed by fate.

Barlaam and Josaphat, also known as Bilawhar and Budhasaf, are legendaryChristian saints. Their life story was based on the life of the Gautama Buddha, and tells of the conversion of Josaphat to Christianity. According to the legend, an Indian king persecuted the Christian Church in his realm. After astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, the king imprisoned the young prince Josaphat, who nevertheless met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. After much tribulation the young prince's father accepted the Christian faith, turned over his throne to Josaphat, and retired to the desert to become a hermit. Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam.

The Constitution of the German Reich, usually known as the Weimar Constitution, was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era. The constitution declared Germany to be a democratic parliamentary republic with a legislature elected under proportional representation.

The Parlement of Foules (modernized: Parliament of Fowls), also called the Parlement of Briddes (Parliament of Birds) or the Assemble of Foules (Assembly of Fowls), is a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340s-1400) made up of approximately 700 lines. The poem, which is in the form of a dream vision in rhyme royal stanza, contains one of the earliest references to the idea that St. Valentine's Day is a special day for lovers. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance."

Ephrem the Syrian was a Syriac Christian deacon and a prolific Syriac-language hymnographer and theologian of the fourth century. Ephrem is especially beloved in the Syriac Orthodox Church, and counted as a Venerable Father in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His work here recount the nativity and birth of the Christ child.

On Nature and Grace is an anti-Pelagian book by Augustine of Hippo written in AD 415. It is a response to Pelagius's 414 book On Nature. Before this work, Augustine did not seem to see Pelagius as a heretic, but On Nature and Grace seems to be a turning point in the Pelagian controversy.

On the strength of his Aristotelian "Paraphrases" Themistius may be called a scholar, though hardly a philosopher as he himself claimed. Technically he was a Sophist: that is to say he gave public lectures (¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿), wrote exercises after the Sophistic pattern and went on embassies, which were entrusted to him solely on account of his persuasive charm. But he insisted that he was no Sophist, because he took no fees1 and styled himself a practical philosopher.2 He was indifferent to the Neo-Platonic philosophy,3 and, since Constantius made him a Senator, he cannot have betrayed any zeal for the Pagan religion. From Julian's Pagan restoration he seems to have held aloof, and, though Julian had been his pupil, probably at Nicomedia, he did not appoint him to any office. Under the Christian Emperor Theodosius he held a prefecture. There is no evidence for a positive coolness, such as Zeller4 assumes, between Themistius and Julian, and we know too little of their relations to assert with some critics that the respectful tone of this letter is ironical.5It was probably written after Julian had become Emperor, though there is nothing in it that would not suit an earlier date; it is sometimes assigned to 355 when Julian was still Caesar. The quotations from Aristotle are appropriately addressed to Themistius as an Aristotelian commentator.

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II.