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Solid Matter, Revised Edition uncovers many of the discoveries that led to the scientific interpretation of matter in the solid state. Supported by a generous quantity of full-color illustrations, Solid Matter, Revised Edition introduces the fundamental characteristics and properties of solid matter. This reference describes the cosmic connection of the elements, leading readers through several key events in human prehistory that resulted in advanced uses of matter in the solid state. Solid Matter, Revised Edition is designed to help any student or teacher with an interest in the mysteries of matter: what it is, where it came from, how scientists measure and characterize it, and how knowledge of its fascinating properties and characteristics has shaped the course of human civilization. Chapters include: Solid Matter: An Initial Perspective Physical Behavior of Matter The Gravity of Matter Fundamentals of Materials Science Rocks and Minerals Metals Building Materials Carbon: Earth's Most Versatile Element Sand, Silicon, and Ceramics Polymers, Soft Matter, and Composites.

Billions of dollars have been spent and hundreds of reactors have been built, but not a watt of usable power has been produced by a controlled fusion device. Unlike fission systems, precise prediction of fusion system behavior by mathematical means has proven difficult. Still, the advantages of this ultimate source of limitless power are too great to abandon. As energy problems of the world grow, work toward fusion power continues at a greater pace than ever before. The topic of fusion is one that is often met with the most recognition and interest in the nuclear power arena. Written in clear and jargon-free prose, Fusion, Revised Edition explores the big bang of creation to the blackout death of worn-out stars. A brief history of fusion research, beginning with the first tentative theories in the early 20th century, is also discussed, as well as the race for fusion power. This updated, full-color resource examines the various programs currently being funded or planned as well as the reality of fusion power and the magnitude of the challenge for future scientists and engineers.

The discovery and application of nuclear power is one of the most profound scientific accomplishments of the 20th century, beginning with tentative explorations of the structure of matter, expanding into a rapid succession of unexpected discoveries, and finally settling into a seamless transition from theoretical science to applied engineering. There were many changes to nuclear power during this century--science transitioned from an academic pursuit to an industry, the use of uranium changed from an occasional orange or green dye in ceramics to major power-fuel, and public safety concerns shifted from boiler explosions on steamboats to nuclear reactor explosions on continents. Written in clear and accessible language, The History of Nuclear Power, Revised Edition describes the sequence of these changes, as science and technology rapidly matured more than a hundred years and as the scale of civilization and its energy needs expanded. Providing a fundamental introduction to this complicated subject, this updated, full-color resource is ideal for high school and college students interested in the future through a study of the past.

Praise for the previous edition: "This fun-to-read source will add spice for economics and business classes..."--American Reference Books Annual "...worthy of inclusion in reference collections of public, academic, and high-school libraries. Its content is wide-ranging and its entries provide interesting reading."--Booklist "A concise introduction to American inventors and entrepreneurs, recommended for academic and public libraries."--Choice American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries, Revised Edition profiles more than 300 important Americans from colonial times to the present. Featuring such inventors and entrepreneurs as Thomas Edison and Madame C. J. Walker, this revised resource provides in-depth information on robber barons and their counterparts as well as visionaries such as Bill Gates. Coverage includes: Jeffrey Bezos Michael Bloomberg Sergey Brin and Larry Page Michael Dell Steve Jobs Estée Lauder T. Boone Pickens Russell Simmons Oprah Winfrey Mark Zuckerberg.

Newly conceived, safer reactor designs are being built in the United States (and around the world) to replace the 104 obsolete operating nuclear power reactors in this country alone. The designs--which once seemed exotic and futuristic--are now 40 years old, and one by one these vintage Generation II plants will reach the end of productive service in the next 30 years. The Future of Nuclear Power, Revised Edition examines the advanced designs, practical concepts, and fully developed systems that have yet to be used. This eBook introduces readers to the traditional, American system of units, with some archaic terms remaining in use. Ideal for students and teachers interested in the technology of energy production in the next 100 years, this updated, full-color resource provides clear explanations of the terms and expressions used almost exclusively in nuclear science and the direction in which nuclear power is expected to go.

Despite the many practical ways to make electrical power using nuclear reactors, the world seems to have settled on using water heated to a boil by nuclear fission as the method of choice. There are several sub-types of nuclear reactors presently being used as energy sources worldwide. Nuclear Fission Reactors, Revised Edition attempts to make sense of the technical chaos by breaking it down into small parts and explaining the purpose and function of each one. Readers are taken on a tour of a General Electric boiling water reactor plant, giving them a thorough understanding of nuclear power production. Covering such topics as air pollution, thermal pollution, the ultimate availability of uranium, fuel reprocessing, and the bottom-line cost of nuclear power, this updated, full-color resource gives a detailed analysis of nuclear fission reactors. Although nuclear reactors have more moving parts, pipe-runs, and information-gathering systems than could be imagined decades ago, this comprehensive reference makes this complicated technique understandable, filling in the thin spots in our collective knowledge.

Written in engaging and accessible prose by experts in the field, this reference introduces readers to the "hidden" history of women in America from 1938 to 1960, bringing their achievements to light and helping them gain the recognition they deserve. Chapters include: Arts and Literature Business Education Entertainment Family Health Politics Science and Medicine Society.

The most dangerous component of nuclear science has always seemed to be radiation, the bio-destructive byproduct of fission. The act of fissioning a uranium or plutonium nucleus releases energy, and about 10 percent of this energy is in the form of intense, penetrating radiation. The entire measure of energy from fission can take thousands of years to fully materialize, and therein lies the problem. Long after the fission has occurred to produce power in a nuclear reactor, the power plant has worn out and been torn down, and the ground on which the power plant sat has been seeded in grass and returned to nature, a weak echo of the power production can still occur in the remaining fission byproducts. It is this lingering hint of danger that must be studied and understood for a complete survey of nuclear power and the technology that makes it possible. Radiation, Revised Edition explains the nature of radiation in its many forms. It explores what is and isn't dangerous about radiation, explaining its effects in matter in both living and non-living things. This comprehensive resource also examines the many industrial uses of radiation, from smoke detectors to dental X-rays; the many techniques used to detect and measure this invisible phenomenon; practical measures of radiation protection; and ways of treating radiation exposure. Complete with full-color photographs and illustrations, Radiation, Revised Edition is a timely guide written in accessible language that will appeal to high school and college students alike.

Written in engaging and accessible prose by experts in the field, this reference introduces readers to the "hidden" history of women in America from 1861 to 1899, bringing their achievements to light and helping them gain the recognition they deserve. Chapters include: Arts and Literature Business Education Entertainment Family Health Politics Science and Medicine Society.

Written in engaging and accessible prose by experts in the field, this reference introduces readers to the "hidden" history of women in America from 1900 to 1937, bringing their achievements to light and helping them gain the recognition they deserve. Chapters include: Arts and Literature Business Education Entertainment Family Health Politics Science and Medicine Society.

Written in engaging and accessible prose by experts in the field, this reference introduces readers to the "hidden" history of women in America from 1961 to the present, bringing their achievements to light and helping them gain the recognition they deserve. Chapters include: Arts and Literature Business Education Entertainment Family Health Politics Science and Medicine Society.

Written in engaging and accessible prose by experts in the field, this reference introduces readers to the "hidden" history of women in America from its beginnings to 1860, bringing their achievements to light and helping them gain the recognition they deserve. Chapters include: Arts and Literature Business Education Entertainment Family Health Politics Science and Medicine Society.

Scientists categorize the chemical elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids largely based on the elements' abilities to conduct electricity at normal temperatures and pressures, but there are other distinctions taken into account when classifying the elements in the periodic table. The alkali metals, for example, are metals, but have such special properties that they are given their own classification. The same is true for the alkaline earths. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals, Second Edition presents the current scientific understanding of the physics, chemistry, geology, and biology of these two families of elements, including how they are synthesized in the universe, when and how they were discovered, and where they are found on Earth. With information pertaining to the discovery and naming of these elements as well as new developments and dilemmas, this newly updated eBook examines how humans use alkalis and alkaline earths and their benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment. Lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are only a few of the topics covered in this full-color resource. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals, Second Edition provides students and scientists with an up-to-date understanding of each of the nonmetals--where they came from, how they fit into our current technological society, and where they may lead us.

Praise for the previous edition: "Every reference library...should have a copy...Highly recommended."--Book Report "...a useful, dependable, and attractive encyclopedia."--American Reference Books Annual Now in its third edition, this highly acclaimed and comprehensive reference offers a wealth of information on African-American history, politics, and culture. Chronicling more than a millennium of history, the encyclopedia traces the rich and varied tapestry woven by Africans--from those who remained on their ancestral continent to those who were forced to leave their homes and begin again in a new land. Coverage includes: People: scientists, civil rights leaders, artists, explorers, politicians, athletes, and key figures in ancient African history Places: nations and major cities of Africa, as well as former empires and kingdoms Culture: the Harlem Renaissance, jazz, the Negro Baseball League, rhythm and blues, calypso, and rap Politics: key political groups, movements, and events, including the voting rights struggle in the United States and the victory of the African National Congress over apartheid in South Africa History: major events of the African-American past, including slavery and resistance to it, the abolitionist and civil rights movements, Reconstruction, and Pan-Africanism.

While scientists categorize the chemical elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids largely based on the elements' abilities to conduct electricity at normal temperatures and pressures, there are other distinctions that are taken into account when classifying the elements of the periodic table. The post-transition metals, for example, are metals, but have such special properties that they are given their own classification. The same is true for the metalloids. Metals and Metalloids, Second Edition presents the current scientific understanding of the physics, chemistry, geology, and biology of these two families of elements, including the post-transition metals and metalloids. Examining how these elements are synthesized in the universe, when and how they were discovered, and where they are found on Earth, this newly updated, full-color resource clearly details how metals and metalloids are used by humans, as well as the resulting benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment. Metals and Metalloids, Second Edition provides readers with an up-to-date understanding regarding each of the post-transition metals and metalloids and where they may lead us.

The general public may not be familiar with lanthanides, actinides, and transactinides, but these elements comprise approximately 35 percent of the total number of known elements. Attempts to produce new elements--or new isotopes of known elements--constitute an active area of scientific research. Providing high school and college students with an up-to-date understanding of these elements, Lanthanides and Actinides, Second Edition explains how they were discovered, as well as the practical applications that these elements have in today's scientific, technological, medical, and military communities. Actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, and the transuranium elements are just some of the elements covered in this comprehensive resource. Coverage also includes past, present, and future uses of lanthanides and actinides in science and technology.

Praise for the previous edition: "...a solid addition to a high school and public library science collection. Recommended."--Library Media Connection Materials that are poor conductors of electricity are generally considered nonmetals. One important use of nonmetals is the ability to insulate against current flow. The Earth's atmosphere is composed of nonmetallic elements, but lightning can break down the electron bonds and allow huge voltages to make their way to the ground. Water in its pure form is nonmetallic, though it almost always contains impurities called electrolytes that allow for an electric field. With an exploration of the benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment, Nonmetals, Second Edition provides readers with new developments in the research of nonmetals, including where they came from, how they fit into our current technological society, and where they may lead us. Written in an easy-to-read format, this newly updated full-color resource discusses new developments and dilemmas; past, present, and future uses of nonmetals in science and technology; and much more. Nonmetals explored in this title include hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium.

In spite of their adjacency in the periodic table, halogens and nonmetals have very different properties. Halogens are among the most chemically reactive elements in the periodic table, exhibiting a diverse chemistry in terms of the large numbers of compounds they can form. On the other hand, noble gases are the least chemically reactive elements. In fact, before the 1960s, chemists referred to these elements as inert gases, because it was believed that they exhibited no chemistry whatsoever. Providing the basics of these elements, including their role in history and some of the important scientists involved in their discovery, this newly updated, full-color resource features up-to-date scientific understanding in a clear and accessible format. Halogens and Noble Gases, Second Edition examines the ways humans use halogens and noble gases and the resulting benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, helium, and krypton are covered in this eBook, along with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics as well as possible future developments in halogen and noble gas science and its applications.

More so than any of the other major groups of elements in the periodic table, the transition metals have shaped human history and have been the workhorses of industry. The discovery of metallic copper ended the Stone Age and ushered in the Bronze Age. Alloys of iron (especially steel) later took over, and the Iron Age replaced the Bronze Age. Copper, silver, and gold--and, more recently, platinum--have been the precious metals from which coins and jewelry have been made from ancient times to the present. Each chapter in the newly updated, full-color Transition Metals, Second Edition discusses a group of elements, including their similarities and differences and current research and applications. Ideal for high school or college students interested in chemistry and physics, this straightforward resource is devoted to the chemical and physical properties of transition metals and how they are useful in everyday life. Some of the transition metals covered include scandium, titanium, manganese, cobalt, and zinc.

Praise for the previous edition: "This encyclopedia...allows the student to realize the richness and diversity of the Native American beliefs to the forefront of the world religions...Highly Recommended."--Book Report "...recommended for public library, school, and undergraduate reference collections."--Booklist "...the wealth of information...make this useful for both public and academic libraries."--Library Journal Despite a long history of suppression by governments and missionaries, Native American beliefs have endured as dignified, profound, viable, and richly faceted religions. Encyclopedia of Native American Religions, Third Edition is the go-to reference for the general reader that explores this fascinating subject.More than 1,200 cross-referenced entries describe traditional beliefs and worship practices, the consequences of contact with Europeans and other Americans, and the forms Native American religions take today. Coverage includes: Biographies of figures such as Thomas Stillday Jr., an Ojibway and the first Indian chaplain in the Minnesota State Legislature Court cases concerning prisoners' religious rights National and state legislation, such as the Native American Church Bill and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act Religious rights in the military Sacred sites, such as Snoqualmie Falls, and the sacred use of tobacco Tribal court cases involving the participation of non-Indians in Native American religious ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance.

Praise for the previous edition: "This inexpensive, well-written source is ideal for general readers wanting further information about the disease or clearer explanations of medical terminology associated with the condition. Recommended."--Choice "Recommended for academic and public libraries."--Library Journal "...useful...a good choice for consumer-health collections."--Booklist Diabetes includes two diseases: Type 1, in which the body does not produce insulin, and Type 2, in which the body can no longer use the insulin it produces. Each one follows different courses of progression and requires different types of treatments. The occurrence of Type 2 diabetes--linked to diet, obesity, and inactivity--is on the rise. More than 30 million American children and adults suffer from diabetes, and approximately 1.5 million new cases are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Diabetes Association. As doctors and researchers learn more about the causes of diabetes and develop new medications and forms of treatment, many patients can get their illness under control and avoid the worst of its consequences. The Encyclopedia of Diabetes, Third Edition is a complete guide to the different types of this disease, signs and symptoms, and management and treatment. More than 250 entries explain the causes of diabetes, how the disease affects the body, and how it impacts daily life. Key topics include: Carbohydrate and carbohydrate counting Complications of diabetes Diabetic eye diseases Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy Emergency issues Gestational diabetes Insulin and insulin pumps Lifestyle adaptations Medications.

When Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata was banned from distribution through the mail (except for first class) in 1890, New York street vendors began selling it from pushcarts carrying large signs reading "Suppressed!" In 1961, the United States Supreme Court pondered whether D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was lewd or literary. In 1969, the novel was required reading in many college literature courses. Changing sexual mores have moved many formerly forbidden books out of locked cabinets and into libraries and classrooms. Literature Suppressed on Sexual Grounds, Fourth Edition examines the issues underlying the suppression of more than 120 works deemed sexually obscene. Entries include: America: The Book (Jon Stewart) An American Tragedy (Theodore Dreiser) The Arabian Nights (Sir Richard Burton, trans.) The Art of Love (Ovid) The Bluest Eye (Toni Morrison) Forever (Judy Blume) Gossip Girl series (Cecily von Ziegesar) How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents (Julia Alvarez) Lady Chatterley's Lover (D.H. Lawrence) Lolita (Vladimir Nabokov) Looking for Alaska (John Green) Rabbit, Run (John Updike) Snow Falling on Cedars (David Guterson) Song of Solomon (Toni Morrison) This Boy's Life (Tobias Wolff) Ulysses (James Joyce) and more.

Censorship of religious and philosophical speculation is as old as history and as current as today's headlines. Many of the world's major religious texts, including the Bible, the Talmud, the Koran, and others, have been suppressed, condemned, or proscribed at some time. Works of secular literature that touch upon religious beliefs or reflect dissenting views have also been suppressed. Literature Suppressed on Religious Grounds, Fourth Edition profiles the censorship of many of these works. These include the frequently challenged Harry Potter series, which critics accuse of promoting witchcraft and anti-family themes, as well as Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy and Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code. Entries include: The Age of Reason (Thomas Paine) The Analects (Confucius) The Battle for God (Karen Armstrong) The Bible Children of the Alley (Naguib Mahfouz) Critique of Pure Reason (Immanuel Kant) The Da Vinci Code (Dan Brown) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo Galilei) Discourse on Method (Rene Descartes) Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra) The Harry Potter series (J.K. Rowling) His Dark Materials (Philip Pullman) The Jewel of Medina (Sherry Jones) The Koran The Last Temptation of Christ (Nikos Kazantzakis) On the Origin of Species (Charles Darwin) The Satanic Verses (Salman Rushdie) The Talmud Thirteen Reasons Why (Jay Asher) and more.

Literature Suppressed on Social Grounds, Fourth Edition discusses the many works that have been banned over the centuries because they offended or merely ignored official truths; challenged widely held assumptions; or contained ideas or language unacceptable to a state, religious institution, or private moral watchdog. Entries include: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (Sherman Alexie) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mark Twain) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Lewis Carroll) Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl (Anne Frank) As I Lay Dying (William Faulkner) Beloved (Toni Morrison) The Color Purple (Alice Walker) Drama (Raina Telgemeier) Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury) The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald) Howl and Other Poems (Allen Ginsberg) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (Maya Angelou) The Kite Runner (Khaled Hosseini) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Ken Kesey) Of Mice and Men (John Steinbeck) To Kill a Mockingbird (Harper Lee) and more.

Throughout history, tyrants, totalitarian states, church institutions, and democratic governments alike have banned books that challenged their assumptions or questioned their activities. Political suppression also occurs in the name of security and the safeguarding of official secrets and is often used as a weapon in larger cultural or political battles. Literature Suppressed on Political Grounds, Fourth Edition illustrates the extent and frequency of such censorship in nearly every form of writing. Entries include: Animal Farm (George Orwell) The Appointment (Herta Müller) Born on the Fourth of July (Ron Kovic) Burger's Daughter (Nadine Gordimer) Cancer Ward (Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn) Doctor Zhivago (Boris Pasternak) The Fugitive (Pramoedya Anata Toer) Girls of Riyadh (Rajaa Alsanea) The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck) Gulliver's Travels (Jonathan Swift) The Hate U Give (Angie Thomas) The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) Kiss of the Spider Woman (Manuel Puig) Manifesto of the Communist Party (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) Les Misérables (Victor Hugo) Mein Kampf (Adolf Hitler) Slaughterhouse-Five (Kurt Vonnegut Jr.) Snow (Orhan Pamuk) The Struggle Is My Life (Nelson Mandela) The Things They Carried (Tim O'Brien) The Vaněk Plays (Václav Havel) and more.

An informative, fascinating resource suitable for students, researchers, and general readers, this biographical dictionary is a "who was who" of world and space explorers, giving readers a sense of the human drama--the achievements and the challenges--that those who go where few or none have gone before must face. The explorers covered include Jacques Cousteau, Sir Vivian Fuchs, John Glenn Jr., Aleksei Leonov, Annie Peck, Valentina Tereshkova, and many more.

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty dedicated to the reconstruction of facial and body defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns, and disease. The most common plastic surgery procedures include tumor removal, scar revision, hand surgery, and breast reduction, while the most popular cosmetic surgeries are Botox(R), breast augmentation, chemical peel, dermabrasion, liposuction, and rhinoplasty. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, more than 17.7 million surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States in 2018 alone, and the number of surgeries is rising steadily each year.In more than 800 entries, The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, Second Edition provides sound information on cosmetic and plastic surgery for students and professionals alike. This comprehensive reference covers all aspects of this popular topic, detailing surgical techniques and practices, medical conditions, social controversies, and the history of cosmetic and plastic surgery, plus it includes a list of websites for plastic surgery resources. Entries cover: Aging and cosmetic surgery Biographies of current and historical figures in the field of cosmetic surgery Body organs and systems involved in and affected by plastic surgery Diseases and disorders treatable with plastic surgery Drugs, chemicals, and tools used in plastic surgery Historical advances in plastic surgery Nonsurgical alternatives to cosmetic and plastic surgery Plastic surgery procedures, techniques, and practices Popular cosmetic surgeries--from Botox injections and face-lifts to breast implants and liposuction and more.

A nuclear accident can involve an explosion, destroying equipment or an entire building and spreading radioactive material over a wide area. When readers think of an explosion, they imagine a large, orange fireball and a great deal of yellow flame. In reality, that is not an accurate depiction of an explosion anywhere except in an oil refinery. Movie directors tend to enhance the drama of an explosion by including a few barrels of gasoline, so that there is a lot of color and a big ball of fire. The results of a nuclear explosion are equally as devastating, but there is no fireball. Written in easy-to-understand language, Nuclear Accidents and Disasters, Revised Edition is an examination of the learning process that has occurred over the last half century regarding the nuclear power industry. This updated, full-color resource features information on the massive reactor explosion at Chernobyl in Ukraine, Jimmy Carter's experience with a reactor meltdown in Canada, and the ghost village of Pripiyat, Russia. It also examines the various lessons learned from a half century of mishaps and how the nuclear power industry has changed operating procedures and equipment designs due to detailed accident analysis.

Contemporary Poetry, Volume 2 is a collection of scholarly essays and recent reviews of the best of contemporary poetry. The book reviews and essays include: "About Kevin Young" by Robert Arnold "Frederick Seidel, Nice Weather" by Eric Powell "Not Oprah's Book Club: Motherland Fatherland Homelandsexuals" by Ava Kofman "Disassociated Selves: Vijay Seshadri's 3 Sections" by Bhisam Bherwani "Reconsidering Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric. A Symposium, Part I" by Roderick A. Ferguson, Evie Shockley, Maria A. Windell, and Daniel Worden.

Contemporary Poetry, Volume 1 is a collection of scholarly essays and recent reviews of the best of contemporary poetry. The book reviews and essays include: "Musings: History, Memory, Myth (On Gregory Djanikian, Eavan Boland, Charles Wright, and Henri Cole)" by Jay Rogoff "About Terrance Hayes: A Profile" by Robert N. Casper "Frank Bidart's 'Inauguration Day'" by Steven Gould Axelrod "To a Green Thought: Garth Greenwell on Poetry: Varieties of Wildness: on Stephanie Pippin, Greg Wrenn, and Natalie Diaz" by Garth Greenwell "Repetition as Voyage and Transfiguration: On Recent Work by Ben Lerner, Kristy Bowen, and Elizabeth J. Colen" by Kristina Marie Darling.