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Professor Celal K¿rca explains along these pages the impact of religious knowledge in the way people practice and live their lives according to their Islamic faith and how that knowledge arrives through the influence of family, educational institutions, written and visual media, and books. The focus then is to explain the correct understanding of religious topics such as the creation of man, the day of Judgement, Koranic style or the relationship between Religion and Science, among others.

In this book, Deism, the effects of Deism in the West and the East, the relationship and differences between Deism and Islam are discussed from an Islamic perspective in the light of historical and modern data. Deism has been criticized with explanations about the existence of God, the necessity of prophecy, life after death and similar issues.

The Journal of Language Relationship is an international periodical publication devoted to the issues of comparative linguistics and the history of the human language. The Journal contains articles written in English and Russian, as well as scientific reviews, discussions and reports from international linguistic conferences and seminars.

This study choses Arabic as the subject of research with the aim to determine where it stands within the framework of typological classification and language universals. It establishes the place of Arabic among the world languages, including its development and geographical spread, to then explain the linguistic framework that will apply to the study of Arabic, including its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.

Buddhist Hybrid Sanskri is not a deteriorated Sanskrit (as many believed at the discovery of Buddhist texts in Sanskrit), but, following the theoretical foundations underlying the pioneering work of Franklin Edgerton, a language with its grammar and vocabulary sui generis implemented rather consequently, which for a long period of time was used to spread the teaching of Buddha. The Reader is meant as a textbook for advanced students with an interest in non-standard Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan. A substantial novelty of the Reader is that it includes extracts from representative texts either recently critically re-edited on the basis of new manuscripts or from the texts unknown at the time of Edgerton's publications. All extracts are accompanied by commentaries explaining their grammatical peculiarities as well as by selections of specific lexical items.

The life and work of Origen (c186-c254 CE) have always been considered important in relation to the transmission of the New Testament text. This is not just because he was a prolific writer who referred constantly to biblical texts, but also because of his geographical location in two of the most important centres of early Christian education, Alexandria and Caesarea. The task of collecting his citations and mapping these against known manuscripts is an important task and this book contributes to this process by looking specifically at the citations from the synoptic gospels that occur in the works of Origen that have survived in Greek. The citations, lemmata, adaptations and allusions have been collected and citations and lemmata compared against a selection of known manuscripts representing major text types including the so-called Caesarean text type. Statistical analysis has been undertaken to establish the level of agreement between Origen's text and known manuscripts, with further analysis undertaken to establish levels of agreement between the different manuscripts. The evidence suggests that Origen did not use one type of text for any one gospel. Indeed his works reveal instead the range of available text traditions in Caesarea at his time of writing.

This volume brings together the texts and translations for three Syriac martyr acts, set in Sasanian Persia during the reign of Shapur II (309-379 CE). Miles, bishop of Susa, was a fiery church leader and wandering holy man prior to his arrest and martyrdom in the company of the priest Abursam and deacon Sinai. The story of Zebina and his companions includes the extended interrogation and torture of two monks, Yawnan and Brikishö, who had set out to serve the others in prison. The Forty Martyrs recounts the tragically protracted story of two bishops, nine priests, sixteen deacons, six Sons of the Covenant, and seven Daughters of the Covenant, all of whom suffered unjustly at the hands of corrupt officials. These texts offer compelling witness to the challenges of a community's need to honor memory and experience. They provide evidence towards the formation and sustenance of Christian identity in the midst of Persian society and culture. Above all, each draws upon scriptural and monastic traditions to weave distinctive portraits of notable literary quality.

Widely regarded as a premier journal dedicated to the study of Syriac, Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies was established in 1998 as a venue devoted exclusively to the discipline. An organ of Beth Mardutho, the Syriac Institute, the journal appears semi-annually and will be printed in annual editions. A peer-reviewed journal, Hugoye is a respected academic source for up-to-date information about the state of Syriac studies and for discovering what is going on in the field. Contributors include some of the most respected names in the world of Syriac today.

Identity has become a central theme in a globalised world, both in politics and in the humanities, and the Syrian churches cannot escape it either. Christianity also exists as an identity that can in some ways compete with or even contradict theological understandings as a witness. But how should religious leaders deal with the fact that their churches are as much faith communities as identity markers? This volume does not offer the all-encompassing answer to this central question, but it provides keys for reflection and discussion beyond the circle of clergy and theologians, showing why the Syriac tradition matters for global Christianity. The volume contains contributions by Naures Atto, Bishop Antoine Audo SJ, Sebastian Brock, Mar Theophilose Kuriakose, Archbishop Paul Matar, Philip Nelpuraparambil, Andreas Schmoller, Baby Varghese and Dietmar W. Winkler.

This work argues that there are traces of Sufism to be found in British Romanticism. It does not set out to prove that the six great British Romantic writers, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Lord Byron, Bessie Shelley, and John Keats were Sufi poets but to argue that they were influenced by Sufism because it suited their earnest purposes and goals, and because in some of their letters and works they made several references to Sufi poets and their poetry. With the exception of Bernard Blackstone and a few others, most scholars of Romanticism have overlooked the impact of Sufism on Romanticism in favour of Christian and neo-Platonic Mysticism. This work fills in this gap by showing the magnitude of the influence of Sufism on the Romantics without negating the influence of other -isms. What elements of Sufism attracted the attention of the Romantics? And why were the Romantics attracted more to Sufism and Sufi poets than to Christian Mysticism and Mystic poets? The introduction defines terms such as "Mysticism" and "Sufism" and discusses the basic differences between both in relation to Romanticism. Other chapters discusse traces of Sufism in Romantic poetry with emphasis laid on imagination as a medium for the perceptions of Self and Other. The work traces the Sufi Paths of Love, Light or Illumination, and Knowledge in Romantic poetry. It argues that the gnostic, inward, and visionary journeys of the poets of both literary movements-in search of the abodes of Beauty, Truth, and Knowledge-ascertain their kinship.

Questions concerning sacred spaces and their relationship to ritual is of interest to historians of religion and others as well. How sacred spaces emerge and are constructed and what relationship they have to rituals are some of the areas that are dealt with in this study in relation to Syriac Orthodox liturgy. The purpose of this study is to create a better understanding of how the Sedr¿ of Entrance has been practiced in earlier periods and architectural contexts and to investigate what role the entrance rite may have had in constructing the sanctuary as sacred space and the worshipping community as church. The Sedr¿ of Entrance is a prayer employed during the rite of entrance into the altar in Syriac Orthodox Eucharistic liturgy. This study uses ritual theory to frame the rite of entrance and studies the intersection of ritual text, action and place. Two research questions are addressed: a) How is the rite of entrance into the altar, in the Syriac Orthodox liturgy, performed during the 9th-13th centuries? b) How does the rite of entrance construct the sanctuary as sacred space and the worshipping community as church? The study builds on historical material, manuscripts from the 9th to the 13th centuries, architecture, and other historical textual material. The rite of entrance is framed with ritual theory. Theological analysis is also used to support the ritual theory. The themes of the dissertation include, among others, the relationship between ritual process, ritual place, and the ritual body. It also explores the role of language in the ritual process.

Romans 3 is a treasure trove of theological riches, a thematic junction where nearly every major theme in this complex epistle emerges. Yet for this same reason, exegetically it is one of the most notoriously difficult passages in the New Testament. The focused and interdisciplinary approach to this one particular chapter in Romans allows for greater depth of research than is generally possible in commentaries, and the variety of methodological approaches employed shines light from different angles to bring out the numerous facets of these verses. Those who write commentaries or do research on Romans, and especially on Romans 3, will find in this book a wealth of information. Likewise, it will be of value to students in advanced exegetical classes and to those doing postgraduate research on Romans 3 and related topics.

This book, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, originally published in 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, was written in a more popular style, accessible to an educated general audience, than the more scholarly and academic tome of a similar title, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, published the same year. In The Origin of Language Ruhlen laid out the principles of linguistic genetic classification, i.e., classifying languages into families according to common origins rather than typological features. Ruhlen showed how simple this can be, especially for languages that have diverged for a few millennia, by juxtaposing short lists of basic (non-cultural) words like eye, fire, and tongue. He also showed that the same methods can be used to postulate older and deeper families, often called "macro-families" or "macrophyla," by comparing reconstructed forms from lower-level families. Such deeper families (e.g., Nostratic, Dene-Caucasian, Nilo-Saharan, Austric) are generally more controversial than lower-level families, but Ruhlen did not shy from discussing them if he thought the evidence supported them. Ruhlen was also interested in other fields of anthropology, such as archaeology and human genetics, and brought these fields into play.

The Q¿¿¿ Ab¿ Bakr Ibn al-¿Arab¿ was an A¿¿arite theologian, a Maliki jurist and an Andalusian traditionalist of the fifth-sixth / eleventh-twelfth century. His influence in the Muslim West is undeniable: he is one of the most important figures in the history of ä¿arism in al-Andalus, and introduced kal¿m books that quickly became references of local teaching, such as the Ir¿¿d of al-¿uwayn¿. He also introduced treatises of u¿¿l al-fiqh such as the Mustäf¿ and the Man¿¿l of al-¿az¿l¿. Ibn al-¿Arab¿ is also the most famous disciple of the latter and one of the first to have transmitted his thought to Andalusian scholars, then to the rest of the Muslim West. Through a critical, introduced, translated and commented edition of his sum of legal theory entitled Nukat al-Mä¿¿l f¿ ¿ilm u¿¿l, this present work shows how the legal thought of the Q¿¿¿ is articulated between language and theology.

The purpose of this modest volume is to aid beginning students of Syriac in acquiring facility in reading the language. It contains thirty stories taken from the Book of Entertaining Stories of Gregory Bar 'Ebraya (1226-1286 AD). Each story includes an analysis of its grammar and vocabulary. There is also a discussion of cognates to the Syriac vocabulary in Arabic and Hebrew.

Euro-American biblical scholarship has traditionally conceived of the Bible in a way that removes privileged readers from personal responsibility in the subjugation of marginalized communities. Peter McLellan terms this practice gentrified biblical scholarship: readers removed from difference, because of the gentrification of space in the West, who are left without the conceptual resources to understand their relationship with the Bible as simultaneous relationship with minoritized communities. McLellan deploys the theoretical fields of hauntology and critical space theory to argue that the Gospel of Mark is a haunted place. A project written largely in New Jersey's wealthy northern suburbs, each chapter converses with vignettes from Newark, New Jersey's Ironbound neighborhood-a low income, largely Latinx and immigrant community-to explore relations between these two otherwise isolated locales. The result is a discussion of gentrifications harmful effects on vibrant communities, made invisible to suburban Christian readers, and an effort to explore how marginalized people make persistent demands upon those who hold Mark's Gospel sacred.

The essays collected in Watering the Garden are intended to honor Deirdre Dempsey, a distinguished biblical educator, translator, and scholar. The contributions to this Festschrift mirror Dempsey's own scholarly interests, including biblical studies, with particular attention to the Old Testament and intertestamental literature, the theology of visual arts, the history of spiritual traditions, and modern theology. The content of the Festschrift closely follows Dempsey's own spiritual and scholarly journey and reflects the breadth and scope of her influence on the academy.

The Shbitho d-Dayroye is a thirteenth-century anthology dedicated to the personal prayer of monks and nuns. The collection comprises the writings of great saints in the Syriac Orthodox tradition including Ephrem the Syrian, Abraham Qidun, John Chrysostom, Gregory of Nazianzus, Philoxenos, Basil the Great, and Isaac the Syrian. For each of the seven daily prayer times (morning, third hour, noon, ninth hour, evening, and night), there is a main prayer and a closing prayer. The present edition is the first translation to make the spiritual treasures of the original Syriac text available to readers in English.

This book explores the concept of Knowing God and the Knowability of God from an interdisciplinary theological perspective, against the backdrop of celebrating 500 years of Reformation. Approaching the issue from the perspectives of their respective theological disciplines, contributors reflect on what it means to know God, how people of faith have sought to know God in the past, and indeed whether, and to what extent, such knowledge is even possible. The project team approached scholars from different disciplines in theology, affiliated with the Evangelische Theologische Faculteit, Leuven in Belgium, to reflect on the topic. This provided the faculty with the opportunity for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration and reflection as we attempted to look at the same topic from the vantage point of our own subject and expertise. Although we all come from the same institution, and are bounded by our common motto Fides Quaerens Intellectum, we have allowed ourselves to roam freely within the flats of the castle of theological inquiry and have enjoyed meeting each other in the courtyard and beautiful gardens on the occasion of our interdisciplinary seminars each year. The authors do not promise to provide in this book a coherently designed interdisciplinary approach. The authors promise to show you the beauty of each of our disciplinary rooms within the castle. The authors also show you their own dialogicality, and even paradox, but also their own dialogical harmony. This book will be of utmost value to anyone seeking to explore the question of 'Knowing God', or even the 'Knowability of God', from the perspective of all the main classical subdisciplines in theology (e.g. Old and New Testament Studies; Church History; Systematic Theology; Practical Theology and Missiology).

The Life of Theodotus of Amida is that rare thing: a securely dated eye-witness account of life under Arab Muslim rule in the first century of Islam, and one of the few extant texts from seventh-century North Mesopotamia. It is imbued with local color and contemporary detail, revealing an intimate knowledge of the terrain, its inhabitants and officialdom, as well as the precariousness of the lives of those living in the borderlands between the Byzantine and Islamic empires.