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An antibiotic is an antimicrobial substance which is used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. It can either inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill them. It may be prescribed as a preventive measure to at-risk populations. These may include those with a weakened immune system or taking immunosuppressive drugs, or those undergoing surgery or affected by cancer. It is also used in surgical procedures for preventing infections of incisions, and in dental antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing bacteremia and subsequent infective endocarditis. Antibiotics can be classified as bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly whereas bacteriostatics prevent bacteria from dividing. Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of target bacteria. They can be produced through synthetic and semi-synthetic methods. Evidence suggests that bacteria are increasingly developing resistance to antibiotics, which makes research, development and production of new antibiotics pertinent. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of antibiotics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the characterization and production of antibiotics. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Orthopedic surgery is the branch of surgery that is concerned with the surgical management of musculoskeletal conditions. The treatment of musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, tumors, spine diseases, congenital disorders and sports injuries come under the scope of this field. Orthopedic surgical procedures may fall under the categories of total joint replacement, spine surgery, total joint reconstruction, foot and ankle surgery, etc. Some of the common orthopedic procedures are knee arthroscopy, knee replacement, hip replacement, shoulder arthroscopy, repair of femoral neck fracture, laminectomy, low back intervertebral disc surgery, lumbar spinal fusion, etc. Modern orthopedic surgery is often less invasive and involves implanted components that are better and more durable. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different operative techniques in orthopedic surgery. The ever growing need of advanced surgical interventions is the reason that has fueled the research in this domain in recent times. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying orthopedics as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Primary care is the day to day healthcare that is given to the patient. It involves the broad scope of healthcare that is concerned with patients of all ages, of all socioeconomic and geographic origins and patients seeking to maintain optimal health. It also involves patients with acute and chronic physical, mental and social health issues such as multiple chronic diseases. Hypertension, depression, diabetes, asthma, COPD, anxiety, etc. are some examples of common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care. Many basic maternal and child health care services also fall under this domain such as family planning services and vaccinations. Primary care results in better health outcomes, reduced health disparities and lower spending. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of primary care. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The discipline within pharmacy which is involved in the process of turning a new chemical entity into medication which can be safely and effectively used by patients is known as pharmaceutics. It deals with the chemicals which have pharmacological properties and generally exist as white amorphous or crystalline powders. These chemicals need to be formulated into a dosage form. There are numerous branches of pharmaceutics such as pharmaceutical formulation, pharmaceutical manufacturing and dispensing pharmacy. Pharmaceutical formulation deals with the process through which different chemical substances are combined to produce a final medicinal product. Pharmaceutical manufacturing deals with the industrial scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs by pharmaceutical companies. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of pharmaceutics and related fields. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which provide innovative insights into this field.

Arthritis refers to the inflammation of one or more joints. It is a common cause of disability. It has more than 100 different forms and related conditions. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two of the most common forms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis causes wear and tear to the cartilage between joints. Gradually, it can lead to bone grinding directly on bone, thus causing pain and limiting movement. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs due to an autoimmune response of the body, in which the lining of joint capsules becomes inflamed and swollen. Eventually, it destroys the cartilage and bone within a joint. The management of arthritis may include strategies such as alternating between heat and cold treatment, and resting the joints. Exercise and weight loss also help to reduce symptoms. Pain medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen may be used to reduce inflammation of the joint. In some eroding forms of arthritis, joint replacement surgery is recommended. This book explores all the important aspects of arthritis in modern day medicine. It strives to provide a fair idea about the causes, effects and management of arthritis. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of orthopedics, this book targets students and professionals.

Oxygen is a reactive molecule, which can damage living organisms by producing reactive species. To prevent this, organisms have antioxidant systems that prevent reactive species from being formed, or remove them before they damage the vital components of the cell. Since reactive oxygen species also tend to have important cellular functions, antioxidant systems do not entirely remove oxidants but keep them at an optimum level. Some of the reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide and free radicals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to antioxidants and their importance for human health. Most of the topics introduced herein cover the chemical, biological and functional properties of antioxidants. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Kidney disease or renal disease refers to a disease of the kidney characterized by a loss of kidney function to varying degrees. It can lead to kidney failure or the complete loss of kidney function, if unresolved. Nephritis, nephrosis, chronic kidney disease and acute kidney disease are common kidney diseases. They may be caused by a deposition of immunoglobulin A antibodies in the glomerulus, xanthine oxidase deficiency, long-term exposure to lead or its salts, and administration of analgesics. A review of medical history, urine test, physical examination and renal ultrasound are required to establish a diagnosis of a kidney disease. Mostly, the management of kidney disease requires dialysis or a kidney transplant. This usually happens when the disease is at its end stage. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different kinds of kidney diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of nephrology are examined in detail. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Damage to the optic nerve causes gradual vision loss. This may occur due to a group of eye diseases called glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma are some types of glaucoma. Testing for glaucoma comprises of an eye examination with measurements of the intraocular pressure, an anterior chamber angle examination, and optic nerve evaluation. Scanning laser polarimetry, optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy help in assessing the retinal nerve fiber. Vision loss due to glaucoma is permanent. If the disease is detected early, it may be possible to slow or even stop the progression of the disease with the aid of laser treatment, medication or surgery. These treatments seek to lower eye pressure. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this condition have been included herein. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in glaucoma.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a clinical procedure that is performed to treat stenosis of the coronary arteries of the heart. It involves the visualization of the blood vessels using coronary catheterization and X-ray imaging, followed by a coronary angioplasty using a balloon catheter. This ensures that the obstructed artery is inflated to relieve the narrowing. Stents are then deployed to keep the opening of the vessel intact. PCI is appropriate in case of stable coronary artery disease, or when coronary stenosis is more than 50%, or when angina symptoms are unresponsive to therapy. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is a common procedure with no major complications. Mostly after three months of the procedure, the artery sufficiently heals and no longer requires the stent. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of coronary interventions. It outlines the procedures and practices of percutaneous coronary intervention in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into cardiology.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease of the kidneys whereby they lose their function gradually over time. It also increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The cause of mortality in individuals with CKD is cardiovascular disease. CKD progresses over a number of stages in increasing order of kidney damage. Kidney damage with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 90 ml/min and persistent albuminuria qualifies for stage 1. As it advances, GFR reduces progressively. Finally when GFR becomes less than 15 ml/min (stage 5), kidney failure sets in and the disease enters its end-stage. At this stage, a permanent renal replacement therapy is required for survival of the patient. Although renal replacement therapies can sustain people indefinitely, the quality of life is severely compromised. For individuals with hypertension, diabetes or obesity, above 60 years of age, or with a history of cardiovascular disease or kidney disease in family, screening is recommended. Research in CKD is aimed at the development of effective compounds for treating the disease. The efficacy of sulodexide and olmesartan medoxomil in the management of CKD is currently under investigation. This book provides comprehensive insights into chronic kidney disease. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Dialysis is a medical procedure which is performed in people with acute kidney failure or Stage 5 chronic kidney disease. In this procedure the excess solutes, toxins and water from the blood are removed externally. This is also known as renal replacement therapy. It can be permanent or temporary. It is generally temporary in cases where kidney transplantation is due. The procedure can be classified into three primary and two secondary types. Peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and hemofiltration are the primary types, while intestinal dialysis and hemodiafiltration are the secondary types. Dialysis is initiated based on a number of acute and chronic indications. The presence of acidemia, fluid overload, uremia and electrolyte abnormality indicates the need for dialysis. There have been major advances both in terms of technology and clinical management of dialysis. This book traces the progress of interventional nephrology and highlights some of its key practices. The various sub-types of dialysis along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at herein. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on dialysis.

STEMI or ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction is a form of myocardial infarction in which a major artery of the heart is blocked. It is a serious and life-threatening medical emergency which is usually associated with atherosclerosis. Acute STEMI may lead to arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation, and result in sudden cardiac arrest. At this stage, defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation are required to restore a normal heart rhythm. Nausea, vomiting, chest discomfort, anxiety, diaphoresis and palpitations are signs of a STEMI. An ECG may support a STEMI diagnosis if ST elevation is observed. It is usually treated with thrombolytics or with the aid of a percutaneous coronary intervention. This procedure is known as angioplasty or stenting. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around the diagnosis and treatment of STEMI. The topics included on STEMI are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly called heart attack, is a cardiac condition characterized by reduction or termination of blood flow to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. MIs are classified into STEMI (ST elevation MI) and NSTEMI (non-ST elevation MI). Pain radiating to the right arm or shoulder is suggestive of myocardial infarction. The pain is usually diffuse and may last for more than 20 minutes. Sweating, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, abnormalities in blood pressure or heart rate, or heart palpitations may also occur. Loss of consciousness, cardiogenic shock and sudden death may also occur. ECG, myocardial perfusion imaging, stress echocardiography, cardiac and physical examination and cardiac biomarkers may support the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. MI is a medical emergency and requires quick medical response. The goal of treatment is to keep the damage to a minimum and preserve the heart muscle as much as possible. The treatment is designed to unblock blood vessels, rescue ischemia, reduce blot clot enlargement and prevent future MIs. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to myocardial infarction. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the modern concepts in cardiovascular medicine.

Cardiac arrhythmia or heart arrhythmia refers to a group of cardiac conditions, which is characterized by an irregular heartbeat. Arrhythmias can be of different types - supraventricular tachycardias, bradyarrhythmias, extra beats and ventricular arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are generally not considered serious but a person may become susceptible to complications such as heart failure or stroke, and cardiac arrest. Some common symptoms of arrhythmia are palpitations, which can be frequent, infrequent or continuous. If an arrhythmia causes a very fast, very slow or weak heartbeat, then lower blood pressure, light-headedness or dizziness are commonly experienced. Cardiac arrhythmias are generally detected during an auscultation of the heartbeat using a stethoscope, or by feeling peripheral pulses. The assessment of a cardiac abnormality using an electrocardiogram allows the diagnosis and evaluation of arrhythmia. Cardiac rhythm management can be achieved through medication, electro-cautery or cryo-cautery or by vagal maneuvres. Drugs such as anticoagulants and antiarrhythmics drugs may be prescribed. This book covers in detail the clinical perspectives in the development of cardiac arrhythmia. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on contemporary cardiology have been included herein. This is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a cardiovascular disorder occurring due to the build-up of plaque in the arteries of the heart that causes reduction in the blood flow to the heart muscle. Stable and unstable angina, and myocardial infarction are forms of coronary artery disease. Chest pain that travels to the back, neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm is a common sign of CAD. Certain factors can contribute to the occurrence of CAD which include high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and poor diet. Most cases of cardiovascular diseases are preventable if risk factors are addressed. However, genetic studies have shown a high dependence of coronary artery disease to heredity. The diagnosis of CAD is established by performing baseline electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, coronary angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. Blood tests and a chest X-ray may also be useful in confirming a diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications, coronary interventions such as coronary stent and angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass grafting are certain strategies of CAD management. Medications such as statins for reducing cholesterol, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, nitroglycerin and antiplatelet drugs are medications that may be prescribed by the cardiologist to treat CAD. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of coronary artery disease and the recent researches in this pathological condition. The objective of this book is to give a general view of its causes, diagnosis and management. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in cardiology at various levels.

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition characterized by persistent levels of high blood pressure in the arteries. It is a major risk factor for heart failure, chronic kidney disease, dementia, stroke, coronary artery disease, etc. It can occur due to a high salt intake, smoking, alcohol use and excess body weight. Endocrine disorders, chronic kidney disease, use of birth control pills, and narrowing of the kidney arteries can also cause hypertension. After a diagnosis of hypertension has been ascertained with blood pressure measurements, it is vital that the cause of the condition is understood. To do so, tests for diabetes and cholesterol, serum creatinine evaluation, physical examination and a review of medical history are performed. Weight loss, decreased salt in diet, physical exercise and reducing alcohol intake can lower blood pressure. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of hypertension. It unravels the recent studies in the pathophysiology and causes of hypertension. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this medical condition.

Cardiac surgery, also known as cardiovascular surgery, is the surgery which is performed either on the heart or the great vessels. It is performed to treat various conditions such as congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease and ischemic heart disease. There are numerous types of cardiac surgeries like open-heart surgery, coronary artery bypass grafting, minimally invasive surgery and heart transplantation. Postoperative care is vital after a cardiac surgery had been performed. This is to ensure that complications and infections do not occur, and scarring is kept to a minimum. After surgery, the patient is closely monitored in an intensive care unit for heart rate, oxygen levels and blood pressure. Stroke, postperfusion syndrome and skumin syndrome are some complications that can occur in patients after surgery. This book elucidates new procedures of cardiac surgery in a comprehensive manner. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Cardiomyopathy is a set of diseases which affect the muscles of the heart. It is of various types - dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restricted cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Each of these affects the cardiac muscle in a different way. The heart muscle enlarges and thickens in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while ventricles enlarge and weaken in dilated cardiomyopathy. Early on in the development of the disease, there are few or no symptoms. Gradual fatigue, chest pain, arrhythmias, and swelling of the feet or abdomen can be observed. Cardiomyopathies often lead to progressive heart failure-related disability or cardiovascular death. A cardiomyopathy can be detected through a physical exam, ECG, stress test, blood test or echocardiogram. Treatment differs for different cardiac conditions. To manage fatal heart rhythms, defibrillators may be used, while for severe heart failure ventricular assist devices (VADs) can be used. Medications and implanted pacemakers are used to manage slow heart rates. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiomyopathy. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

The branch of medicine that is concerned with the surgical management of the diseases of the male and female urinary system and abnormalities of the male reproductive organs is called urology. The organs comprising the urinary system are closely linked with those of the reproductive tract. Therefore, any pathological condition affecting one is often seen to affect the other as well. This places several urological conditions under the spectrum of genitourinary disorders. Urological surgery is concerned with the management of bladder and prostate cancer, congenital abnormalities, stress incontinence, kidney stones and conditions arising due to traumatic injury. Transplant urology is an important area of urological surgery. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of urological surgery. The topics included herein on urological surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Urology is a branch of medicine which focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system, and the defects of the male reproductive system. The organs studied in urology are the kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, urethra, urinary bladder, and the male reproductive organs. The field of urology is closely associated with the fields of gynecology, nephrology, oncology, colorectal surgery, endocrinology, gastroenterology, pediatric surgery and andrology. Urology is a broad discipline with a number of significant sub-disciplines, chief among which are endourology, neurourology, urologic oncology and reconstructive urology. Some of the surgical procedures in urology include bladder augmentation, Burch colposuspension, cystectomy, ileal conduit urinary diversion, intersex medical interventions, nephrotomy, nephrectomy, urostomy, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of modern urology. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Andrology is the medical specialty concerned with male reproductive and urological health. Anomalies of the genitalia, including the disorders of the connective tissues and alterations in the volume of cells such as in genital hypertrophy or macrogenitosomia, are under the scope of this discipline. Certain surgical procedures in men such as circumcision, vasectomy, vasovasostomy and orchidopexy are routine procedures in andrology. There are unique treatment strategies for the management of male genitourinary disorders such as erectile dysfunction, infertility, penile fracture, prostate cancer, testicular torsion, varicocele, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of clinical andrology. It unfolds the innovative aspects of male reproductive and urological health which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a clinical condition marked by an increase in size of the prostate gland. Frequent urination, inability to urinate and loss of bladder control are certain symptoms of BPH. The underlying mechanism responsible for the appearance of these symptoms is the enlarged prostate pressing on to the urethra. This makes the passage of urine out of the bladder difficult. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, family history and erectile dysfunction are certain risk factors. If BPH is not resolved, it may lead to urinary tract infections. The diagnosis of BPH is based on a rectal exam, a history of lower urinary tract symptoms, and an exclusion of other conditions with similar symptoms. Kidney function tests and prostate specific antigen allows kidney damage and prostate cancer to be evaluated. The management of this condition requires certain lifestyle alterations, such as moderating the consumption of caffeine products and alcohol, decreasing fluid intake before bedtime, increasing physical activity, among others. If the problem is not solved through medication, a transurethral resection of the prostate or a prostatic artery embolization may be needed. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to diagnosis and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in clinical urology.

The urinary bladder can be affected by a number of conditions such as cystitis, urinary incontinence, bladder cancer, interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder. These conditions are together referred to as bladder disease. Such diseases can be diagnosed through X-ray imaging, urine tests and bladder examination using cystoscope. Bladder obstruction is the condition when there is a heavy blood clot formation within the bladder outlet. It generally arises due to bladder cancer and requires surgery. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder diseases. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a pathological condition of the colon and the small intestine. It is a complex multifactorial disease arising due to a genetic predisposition to the disease and interaction with environmental stimuli. Dietary patterns, alterations in the gut microbiome and loss of integrity of the intestinal epithelium can contribute to IBD. The common forms of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is restricted to the colon and rectum, whereas Crohn's disease affects any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Microscopically, the former extends only to the mucosa while the latter affects the full thickness of the bowel wall. Both these diseases have extra-intestinal manifestations such as arthritis, liver problems, eye problems, etc. Anemia is a common complication of both these diseases. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical gastroenterology in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on inflammatory bowel disease. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises of two conditions- ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These involve chronic inflammation of the colon and small intestine. IBD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors interacting with the body's defense system. IBD can exhibit intestinal complications such as toxic megacolon, ulcers, strictures and fistulas. Extraintestinal complications such as skin rashes, eye problems, liver disease and arthritis are also common. IBD is rarely a fatal disease. Fatalities may however arise due to bowel perforation, toxic megacolon and surgical complications. The goal of IBD treatment is achieving total remission. Often an acute resurgence of symptoms may occur, which may again require medication. Some of the research dimensions in the management of IBD explore the healing effects of helminthic therapy, prebiotics and probiotics, and cannabis. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the diagnosis and therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this condition have been included herein. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in inflammatory bowel disease.

Liver fibrosis is a condition of the liver characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen. Advanced liver fibrosis leads to cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis leads to hepatocellular dysfunction and a high intrahepatic resistance to blood flow that results in hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension. Liver biopsy is the standard procedure for diagnosing and assessing liver fibrosis. To determine the degree of liver damage, several scales such as Ishak fibrosis score (stages I-V) and METAVIR scoring system (stages I-IV) are used for staging of fibrosis. Other evaluations such as platelet count, ascites, Bonacini cirrhosis discriminant score and spider angiomata can help to diagnose cirrhosis. Recent evidence points to the reversibility of liver fibrosis even in its advanced stages. Typically, this may happen with a cessation of liver injury, via the successful treatment of the underlying disease. For patients with cirrhosis, liver transplantation is currently the only curative strategy with improved quality of life and better chances of survival. A lot of research is being undertaken to develop non-invasive and reliable markers of liver fibrosis, and liver specific antifibrotic therapies. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of liver fibrosis and the recent researches in this pathological condition. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different aspects of its pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in hepatology at various levels.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a set of inflammatory condition affecting colon and small intestine. There are two kinds of inflammatory bowel diseases - colitis and Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus wherein colitis affects the colon and rectum. Common symptoms of Crohn's disease are abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and weight loss. Common symptoms of colitis disease are abdominal pain, tenderness, loss of appetite, fatigue etc. These diseases are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors leading to inflammation and immunological responses to intestine. It can happen in any age group but it majorly occurs in teenagers and youngsters. The treatment of these diseases however depends on how severe they are. Although they are not completely curable, Crohn's disease is treated with the help of antibiotics, aminosalicycate and corticosteroids, colitis disease is treated with the help of antibiotics and surgeries. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of Colitis and Crohn's disease. The book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. Various factors can contribute to the development of this disease, like immune system dysfunction, changes in the gut bacteria, genetics and environmental factors. Diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus, anemia, weight loss, abdominal pain, etc. may be observed. Extra-intestinal symptoms like painful arthritis may also occur. Depending on the extent of the disease, ulcerative colitis may be distal or extensive. A complete blood count, liver function tests, stool culture, endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, biopsy, etc. aid in determining if a patient has ulcerative colitis. A therapeutic regime is designed such that remission is first induced, by achieving mucosal healing of the colitis and providing relief of symptoms. This is followed by treatment aimed at maintaining remission and preventing complications. The surgical removal of the large intestine is also an effective strategy if medication fails to control extra-intestinal symptoms, or if frank perforation, exsanguinating hemorrhage or carcinoma occur. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis. It outlines the signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition characterized by the failure of the cells of the human body to respond normally to the hormone insulin. When the carbohydrate in food is digested, glucose gets released into the bloodstream, thus triggering the release of insulin. Normally, this activity initiates glucose absorption by the body cells which is used for energy, thus causing blood glucose levels to decrease and stay within an acceptable range even with a high carbohydrate intake. In the case of insulin resistance, cells are resistant to insulin and therefore cannot use it efficiently. This leads to high blood sugar. The body thus increases insulin production, which can contribute to obesity, type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Insulin resistance may arise due to pathologies such as liver diseases, hemochromatosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc. It can also have genetic influences and be triggered by environmental factors, lifestyle choices or lack of a proper diet. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of insulin resistance. It unravels the recent studies in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying this medical condition.

Hepatitis is a clinical condition in which the tissues of the liver become inflamed. It can be a temporary manifestation or a chronic condition lasting for six months or more. The former may resolve by itself, or may progress to chronic disease and even to acute liver failure. The chronic state may potentially lead to liver scarring, liver failure and even cancer. Viruses are primary cause of hepatitis. Other factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, certain toxins and medications, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and autoimmune diseases may also contribute to this condition. Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are the main types of viral hepatitis. Symptoms such as yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes, vomiting, abdominal pain, poor appetite or diarrhea may occur in this condition. Its diagnosis is generally possible through an evaluation of presenting signs and symptoms, substance use history, sexual history, blood tests and liver biopsy. Once diagnosed, hepatitis is treated depending on the type and severity of the disease and its underlying cause. Hepatitis is largely preventable through immunization, in particular the A, B and D types. Medication, healthy lifestyle, proper diet and weight loss are important for its management. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of hepatology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on hepatitis diagnosis and management have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in hepatology.