Bøger udgivet af Murphy & Moore Publishing

Magnetosphere refers to that area of space around a planet that is controlled by that planet's magnetic field. It protects the Earth from certain types of radiation from the Sun. The inner magnetosphere is the region of magnetosphere that contains the plasmasphere, ring current, and the radiation belts all co-located within about 6.6 times of the Earth's radius. These belts are highly dynamic, increasing, and decreasing on time scales of minutes to years. A radiation belt refers to the zone of energetic charged particles that generally originates from the solar wind that is captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetosphere. Radiation belts are regions of enhanced populations of energetic electrons and protons surrounding the Earth in space. There are two radiation belts of Earth, the inner radiation belt and the outer radiation belt. This book outlines the dynamics of the Earth's radiation belts and inner magnetosphere in detail. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

An equation whose graph solution does not form a straight line is referred to as a nonlinear equation. The variables of a nonlinear equation are either of a degree greater than one or less than one but never one. In solving a nonlinear equation by iterative method, a trial solution is assumed. Thereafter, the trial solution is substituted into the nonlinear equation to determine the error or mismatch, and the mismatch is used in some systematic manner to generate an improved estimate of the solution. Dynamical system refers to an area of study within mathematics which seeks to understand the geometrical properties of trajectories and long-term behavior. These systems use discrete mappings or ordinary differential equations to describe the evolution of a state variable over time. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of nonlinear equations and dynamical systems. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Food chemistry is a discipline that examines the chemical composition of food in order to determine the nature of food, the causes of its deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the methods for improving food for public consumption. It involves the application of concepts from disciplines such as chemistry, engineering, microbiology, and nutrition in order to improve the safety, nutrition, and availability of food. Some of the major areas of study within this discipline are water, lipids and carbohydrates. Water is present in most food items, and offers a favorable environment for bacterial growth. Therefore, in order to increase the shelf life of a product, the amount of water can be altered using processes such as freezing, dehydration and refrigeration. This book attempts to explore the concepts, technology and applications of food chemistry. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the latest developments in this area of study. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute in the growth of the discipline.

Food and nutrition security (FNS) is achieved when adequate food is available and is accessible to individuals in terms of quantity, quality, safety, and socio-cultural acceptability. At the same time, individuals should consume it to live a healthy and happy life. Food security is a broad concept that includes availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food. The stability of these elements varies in their nature, causes and effects at the macro, meso and micro levels. FNS is associated with a number of overlapping concerns that hinder the development of individuals and societies. Prominent among these issues are gender, livelihoods and poverty, in addition to conflicts, crises and natural disasters. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models with respect to food and nutrition security. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies, and advanced studies on FNS have been included herein. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study.

Biopolymer composites are those composites, which have one biodegradable and bio-based constituent. These include natural fibers which are combined with natural or synthetic biopolymers. Natural fibers are biodegradable, renewable and carbon neutral resources. This versatility makes them a potential alternative of synthetic fibers in the biopolymer composite industry. Natural fibers are categorized into animal and plant fibers. The performance of biopolymer composites improves through chemical alteration, which is based on the processing needs, type and environmental circumstances. Some common processing methods utilized for biopolymer composite preparations include extrusion, compression molding and injection molding. The composites which are formed through synergistic combination of organic and inorganic components at the molecular or nanometer level are known as hybrid materials. These are distinguished from standard composites since their constituents differ at the macroscopic level. This book provides comprehensive insights with respect to biopolymer composites. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

MicroRNA (miRNA) refers to a small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule. It can be found in animals, plants and some viruses. miRNAs function in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and RNA silencing. They work through base-pairing along with complementary sequences in mRNA molecules. Several mammalian cell types contain a high concentration of miRNAs as circulating in extracellular fluid, which are released into body fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and could be used as biomarkers in a variety of disorders. MiRNAs play a role in gene regulation and can also produce histone modifications and DNA methylation at promoter sites, which can affect the target gene expression. MiRNAs are important in modulating complex enzymatic cascades, such as the hemostatic blood coagulation system. The topics included in this book on microRNAs are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. Researchers and students engaged in the study of this molecule will be assisted by it.

Physical education refers to a learning process that focuses on the knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes that are essential for students to lead a healthy and active lifestyle. It promotes physical literacy among individuals. Physical activity in the form of sports contributes in enhancing the strength, coordination, control, endurance, balance, and flexibility in an individual's body. It also promotes the health, capability, and well-being of participants. Sport performance analysis is a process that involves systematic observation, which gives valid, reliable and detailed information about the performance of players. Athletes and coaches obtain objective information using sport performance analysis techniques. Recent technological advancements have made it possible for teams to carefully monitor athlete performance throughout all competitions and sessions, which enables a better understanding of training techniques and this is advantageous to both athletes and coaches. This book outlines the concepts of performance analysis and monitoring within physical education and sports in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Applied mathematics is an interdisciplinary field that emphasizes on the creation and imaginative use of mathematical concepts to pose and solve problems spanning physical and biomedical sciences to engineering and social sciences. The study of applied mathematics seeks to quantitatively describe, predict, design, and control phenomena in a range of fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, and industry. It examines the relations between models and observations and at the same time scrutinizes the mathematical foundations and limitations of these models and techniques. The field of applied mathematics is associated with scientific computing, computer science, operations research and management science, statistics, actuarial science, and mathematical economics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the principles of applied mathematics. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for graduate students studying applied mathematics.

Cultural heritage refers to the legacy of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a society or a group that have been passed down through generations. Natural heritage, tangible culture and intangible culture are all a part of cultural heritage. Conservation or preservation is the deliberate act of preserving cultural heritage from the present for the future. In a broader context, cultural heritage includes expensive and important tangible objects and materials collected by cultural institutions. It also includes the heritage represented in landscapes, built environment as well as intangible living heritage such as traditions and customs. Cultural heritage has immense potential for promoting territorial cohesion, increasing people's quality of life, driving economic growth, understanding the past, and creating job opportunities. This book explores all the ethical aspects of cultural heritage in the present day scenario. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Migration refers to the movement of humans or animals from one place to another. There are various kinds of migration including emigration, internal migration, rural-urban migration, international migration, and immigration. Migration is an important driver of growth and is equally important for developed as well as developing countries. International migration is the movement of people across international borders with the intent to permanently settle in a foreign country. International migrants shift their primary residence from one country to another. Usually, international migrants have poorer psychological health than the natives. This is due to the nature of immigration process that involves a range of psychological issues such as the need to navigate new cultural practices; coping with loss and separation from the country of origin, family members, and familiar traditions and rituals; and exposure to a new physical environment. This book analyses international migration from a psychosocial perspective. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Australian literature refers to the written body of work produced by the people of the Commonwealth of Australia. Some of the prominent themes explored in this body of literature are national identity, migration, Australia's unique location and aboriginality. Romanticism refers to a movement of musical, artistic, intellectual and literary works which began in Europe. It was characterized by a disbelief of industrialization and science, emphasis on individualism and emotion, idealization of nature and exaltation of the past with a strong inclination for the mediaeval over the classical. It was most strongly represented in the literature, visual arts and music and influenced social sciences, historiography, natural sciences and education. Romanticism in Australian literature focuses on intense emotions as way of aesthetic experience, and places emphasis on emotions like awe, horror, fear and terror. The topics included in this book on romanticism in contemporary Australian literature are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For all readers who are interested in this branch of literature, this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Brexit is a term that was coined to describe the process of the United Kingdom (UK) withdrawing from the European Union (EU). The UK government decided that it would exit from the EU after duly holding a referendum. On 23rd June 2016, the UK held a referendum on its membership of EU. The results of the referendum showed that 52% of the voters had voted in favor of Brexit and the remaining 48% voted against Brexit. The UK finally made an exit from the European Union (EU) on 31st January 2020. This followed a crucial change in the policies and politics of the remaining 27 EU member states. The topics included in this book on the economics and politics of Brexit are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on Brexit.

Market segmentation is a commonly used marketing term that refers to the act of aggregating prospective buyers into groups or segments with common needs who respond to marketing actions in a similar manner. It enables the companies to target different categories of consumers who recognize the full value of certain products and services differently from each other. Homogeneity, distinction and reaction are the three factors based on which a company identifies the different market segments. Some market segmentation strategies include targeting a group geographically, demographically (by age or gender), psychographically (by social class or lifestyle), or behaviorally (by use or response). Market segmentation has a number of advantages. It provides a better understanding of the differences between consumers which improves the match of organizational strengths and consumer needs. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of market segmentation, its concepts and methods. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

A city refers to a large human settlement which not only acts as a driver of economic growth but also provides social welfare, such as housing and education. Urbanization refers to the process that describes the development of urban areas whereas urbanism refers to the study of how inhabitants of urban areas interact with the built environment. The process of urbanization is characterized by fast population growth of cities and big towns which is accompanied by regional disparities. Urban life refers to the various aspects regarding the styles, habits, traditions and practices of the different social groups that reside in the city. Some of the major areas of focus within the study of cities and society are theoretical, epistemological and methodological approaches for studying urbanism and urbanization. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the entanglements and implications for urban life in cities. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the scholars and researchers actively involved in the field of urban sociology.

Gender is a central characteristic for social organization, which encompasses attributes related to masculinity, femininity and their differences. The term gendered subjectivity indicates a critical formulation by diverging from the idea of natural sexual identity characteristics that differentiate human beings into male and female. Sexuality refers to the manner in which humans express themselves sexually, and encompasses to the emotions and attraction that people feel towards another person. It also covers the biological, psychological, physical, erotic, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. Developments in gendered subjectivity and sexuality are studied within the disciplines of transgender studies and queer theory. The book aims to shed light on psychoanalytical perspectives of gender, subjectivity and sexuality. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts. The extensive content of this book will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Europe is world's second-smallest continent. It comprises the western part of the Eurasian landmass and is completely located in the Northern Hemisphere. French, Greek, English, Portuguese, German, Italian, Nordic languages, Spanish and East European languages are among the major languages spoken in Europe. One of the major economic and political entities within this continent is the European Union. It is a union between 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It was founded on principal values such as human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and human rights. The EU utilizes several symbols such as the motto of the EU, the flag of Europe, Europe day and the anthem of Europe. This book is appropriate for students and experts seeking detailed information on the identity, symbols and meaning of Europe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

The study of mathematics education at school level must be focused on increasing mathematics cognition among students and using these skills to solve real-life problems. Realistic mathematics education (RME) is a method of teaching mathematics which emphasizes on informal sense-making between students in a way to get a meaningful and imaginable context. It is based on a theory that considers mathematics as a human activity and it should be linked with reality. Some of the major elements of RME include the application of smart strategies, use of characteristic teaching materials, and learning through diagrams and models. This book presents the theory and practice of realistic mathematics education in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied methods and techniques that are used within RME. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Biomineralization involves the study of the processes that lead to the formation of minerals by living organisms. Shells, teeth and bone are a few examples of biologically produced materials. The living organisms have the potential to exploit mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties of these materials for a variety of purposes. These properties are often optimized for a given function as compared to the properties of biological materials of similar composition. The living organisms exert exceptional control over the composition, crystallography, morphology and material properties of the biominerals. Organisms also take care of the different conditions such as physiological temperature, pressure, and pH which are required to form the biomenerals. The field of biomineralization has also expanded to incorporate the application of strategies adapted from biology for the production of synthetic materials. This book presents the complex subject of biomineralization in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The Carolingian empire was a large Frankish-dominated empire ruled primarily during the early middle ages in central and Western Europe. It is regarded as the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. The Carolingian period had a big impact on the intellectual culture of Western Europe due to the reforms enacted during that period and particularly under the rule of king Charlemagne. These reforms played a key role in teaching people how to read. The Carolingian empire also introduced improvements in the mechanisms of governance leading to an increase in central control and accountability. This book aims to shed light on the history and politics in late Carolingian Europe. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

August Wilhelm Schlegel was a German poet, critic, and translator born in Hanover. His extremely diverse writings and interests have left a vast intellectual legacy. He was a foundational figure in various branches of knowledge. Some of the notable works of Schlegel are Rom Elegie, Poetische Werke, Opuscula Latine scripta, and Observations sur la langue et la littératures Provençale. He was also interested in Italian, French, Portuguese, and Spanish literature apart from Greek and Latin classics. He worked as a Sanskrit professor in Continental Europe and translated the Bhagwada Gita in Latin. Schlegel edited the avant-garde Romantic periodical Athenaeum with his brother Friedrich. He also produced a translation of Shakespeare, the first metrical version into any foreign language with his wife Caroline. This book is a comprehensive account of August Wilhelm Schlegel's life, work and influence. It is written in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this topic as well as for experts.

August Wilhelm Schlegel was a German poet, critic, and translator born in Hanover. His extremely diverse writings and interests have left a vast intellectual legacy. He was a foundational figure in various branches of knowledge. Some of the notable works of Schlegel are Rom Elegie, Poetische Werke, Opuscula Latine scripta, and Observations sur la langue et la littératures Provençale. He was also interested in Italian, French, Portuguese, and Spanish literature apart from Greek and Latin classics. He worked as a Sanskrit professor in Continental Europe and translated the Bhagwada Gita in Latin. Schlegel edited the avant-garde Romantic periodical Athenaeum with his brother Friedrich. He also produced a translation of Shakespeare, the first metrical version into any foreign language with his wife Caroline. This book is a comprehensive account of August Wilhelm Schlegel's life, work and influence. It is written in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this topic as well as for experts.

Higher education refers to tertiary education or the post-secondary education where the students are awarded a degree, diploma or certificate of completion of higher studies at the end of a course of study. The formal system of post-secondary education or higher education includes public and private universities, colleges, technical training institutes and vocational schools. Higher education plays an instrumental role in fostering growth, reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. A highly skilled workforce is indispensable for innovation leading to the growth of a nation. Higher education results in the development of skills, which increases employability and productivity. This book explores the role of higher education in the past, present and future. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Researchers, policy makers and professionals all associated with the field of higher education will benefit alike from this book.

Higher education refers to tertiary education or the post-secondary education where the students are awarded a degree, diploma or certificate of completion of higher studies at the end of a course of study. The formal system of post-secondary education or higher education includes public and private universities, colleges, technical training institutes and vocational schools. Higher education plays an instrumental role in fostering growth, reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. A highly skilled workforce is indispensable for innovation leading to the growth of a nation. Higher education results in the development of skills, which increases employability and productivity. This book explores the role of higher education in the past, present and future. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Researchers, policy makers and professionals all associated with the field of higher education will benefit alike from this book.

Microfluidics is the science that studies the behavior of fluids through microchannels. Microfluidic technology is involved in manufacturing systems that manipulate small amounts of fluidics using micro-channels. It deals with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are constrained in small spaces in the range of sub-millimeters, where the surface forces dominate volumetric forces. It plays an important role in the design of systems which process low volumes of fluids to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. It is used in the development of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, DNA chips, micro-propulsion, inkjet print heads, and micro-thermal technologies. LOC devices are a part of microelectromechanical systems devices performing analyses on micro-amounts of fluids. They integrate and automate multiple high-resolution laboratory techniques such as synthesis and analysis of chemicals or fluid testing into a system that fits on a chip. This book outlines the processes and applications of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip in detail. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort to highlight their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline.

The abbreviation VUCA refers to the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of common circumstances and conditions. The meaning of each VUCA element contributes to the strategic importance of VUCA insight and foresight, along with the behavior of individuals and groups in enterprises. It comprises behavioral and systemic problems as both are related to organizational failure. VUCA encompasses the set of challenges that all managers, individuals, organizations and teams must confront. These obstacles might be considerable on their own, but when combined they can be overwhelming. Breaking down VUCA into its component pieces and identifying volatile, uncertain, complex or ambiguous circumstances is crucial for managing in VUCA environment. This book aims to understand volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity in detail, which is present in the environment. It will assess the challenges created by VUCA environment and how organizations can overcome them. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Hydraulic conductivity of materials such as plants, soil and rocks is defined as the ability of the fluid to pass through pores, spaces or fractures. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is the ratio of volume flux to hydraulic gradient yielding a quantitative measure of a saturated soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient. The level of hydraulic conductivity relies on many factors such as the intrinsic permeability of the material, the degree of saturation, and the density and viscosity of the fluid. There are two approaches that are used for the determination of hydraulic conductivity. In the first approach, the empirical approach, hydraulic conductivity is associated with soil properties such as pore size and particle size (grain size) distributions, and soil texture. In the second approach, the experimental approach, the hydraulic conductivity is determined from hydraulic experiments using Darcy's law. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to hydraulic conductivity. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and will provide incredible insights to the readers.

Socio-economic development is the process of social and economic transformation with an aim to improve the capacity of the society to accomplish its socio-economic aspirations. It is based on cultural and environmental factors. Socio-economic development involves an improvement in people's lifestyles through improved education, increased income levels, development of skills, and increased employment level. Governments play a pivotal role in ensuring socio-economic empowerment of its citizens with special attention given to the disadvantaged groups. The primary aim of governments is to provide protection to these disadvantaged groups by eliminating exploitation and suppression. Education serves as a powerful tool for socio-economic empowerment of the disadvantaged groups. Employment and income generation programs are launched by governments as an effective means to ensure economic empowerment. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the role of governance in the socio-economic development. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this area of study.

Software engineering refers to the field of computer science that involves designing, creating, maintaining and testing software applications. It creates software solutions for end users by using engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages. Software engineering connects practices and technologies from engineering, computer science, telecommunications, management, and a variety of other fields. It is used for a variety of reasons including its scalability, cost, large software, dynamic nature, and adaptability. The software developed within this field find applications in a large variety of areas such as banking, computer graphics, cryptography, accounting and trade. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of software engineering. It unfolds the innovative approaches of this branch of engineering, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Tribology is an interdisciplinary subject that studies the interaction between sliding surfaces. It deals with three major concepts namely friction, wear and lubrication. Friction refers to the resistance encountered by a body when sliding past another. It is a branch of mechanics. High friction is required for the smooth functioning of nuts and bolts, paper clips, and tongs. Friction is also essential for walking, maintaining a grip over objects and building piles of objects. Wear can be defined as the removal of material from a solid surface as a result of the mechanical action exerted by another solid. To control the losses caused due to friction and wear, a friction-reducing film is introduced between the moving surfaces that are in contact and this process is called lubrication. Thus, a proper understanding of tribological processes is required to improve standards of design and increase engineering efficiency. This book provides comprehensive insights into the subject of tribology. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this topic.

MATLAB refers to a multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment. It permits implementation of algorithms, plotting of functions and data, matrix manipulations, formation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages. It is a tool which allows the user to program, compute, and visualize the results graphically. It is mainly designed for numerical computation. It is an optional toolbox that utilizes the MuPAD symbolic engine that provides access to symbolic computing capabilities. MATLAB is widely used within various fields such as economics, engineering, and science. It can be used to simulate diverse electrical networks. Modern developments in the MATLAB has also made it a very competitive tool for wireless communication, data analytics, image processing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics. This book contains some path-breaking studies outlining the engineering applications of MATLAB. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.