Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

The Buddhist monasticism is one of the oldest kinds of organized monasticism. It is one of the most important institutions within Buddhism. Monks and nuns in a monastery are in charge of preserving and disseminating the Buddha's teachings as well as guiding Buddhist lay people. Modern monastic life in diverse regional traditions is governed by three persisting monastic discipline traditions, including Mulasarvastivada, Theravada, and Dharmaguptaka. The Mulasarvastivada are primarily located in the Himalayan and Tibetan region, the Theravada are predominantly found in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, and Dharmaguptaka is popular in East Asia. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the cultural perspectives on monastic Buddhism. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Literature refers to a body of written works. It can be in the form of poetry, novels, and short stories. British literature refers to any work of literature written by British authors living in the United Kingdom which encompasses Wales, the Isle of Man, England, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and Scotland. This body of literature comprises works written in modern, old and Middle English, where each of the work is related to a distinct period. The British novel refers to the British literature written in the novel format. It can be divided on the basis of time periods into various eras, such as Romantic novel, Victorian novel and 20th century novel. This book explores the rise of the British novel from a transnational perspective. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers interested in this body of literature.

The goods and money sent by migrants to their friends and family in their country of origin is known as remittance. In developing countries, remittances are a significant source of social welfare as it helps reduce the severity and depth of poverty in these countries. Remittances are considered to be more stable than capital flow since they do not decrease during an economic crisis. They are also linked to higher household expenditure on small businesses, health and education. These migrant remittances have emerged in recent years as a critical contributor to development in migrant-sending countries of the global south. This book presents the social, economic, and political implications of migrant remittances. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Media distribution refers to the process of promoting content primarily to online viewers through different channels in several media formats. These channels can be classified into three distinct groups, namely, paid, owned and earned media channels. The entertainment and media industry includes television, print, film and radio. Media entities mainly comprise digital and social media presence. Digital media has played an important role in restructuring working models for television, publishing, music and film industries. This technology has made entertainment more convenient, accessible and affordable to customers. The topics included in this book on the business of media distribution are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights on monetizing film, TV and video content in an online world to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Social justice refers to the equitable and fair distribution of privileges, resources and opportunities in the society. There are five important principles of social justice, namely, access to resources, diversity, equity, participation, and human rights. Social justice frequently results in the redistribution of wealth to some of the most disadvantaged groups by offering them employment, income and educational opportunities. Education is viewed as a fundamentally optimistic human effort marked by aspirations for improvement and progress. It can be a way for achieving a social status, becoming prosperous, overcoming obstacles, and attaining greater equality. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of social justice and education, and their utmost significance in modern times. It provides significant information on this topic to help develop a good understanding of its prominent issues and challenges. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

School improvement refers to a process through which schools become more effective in terms of academic outcomes as well as in developing the social and cultural well-being of the children and adults within the school. Improving schools requires conscious efforts to ensure greater school achievements by undertaking certain actions such as modifying and modernizing the classrooms and changing the management arrangements in a way that leads to the improvement of teaching and learning. School improvement involves the improvement of the internal and external environment. Internal school improvement model focuses on promoting teacher quality, exercising leadership and ensuring effective management. External school improvement model emphasizes on maintaining the quality of relations with parents and the community. This book examines the diverse dynamic approaches to school improvement. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to teachers, schools and all who are involved in education management.

Alfred Tennyson was an English poet who is regarded as a major poet of the Victorian age. He lived during an age of great scientific advancement. He used his poetry to unravel the conflict between religious faith and increasing number of scientific discoveries. Tennyson has drawn the subject matter for his poems from a variety of sources, such as observations of nature, classical myths, medieval legends and domestic situations. He has also worked on using the quantitative meters from Greek and Latin poetry into English. Some notable works of Tennyson include Timbuctoo, the Lotos-Eaters, the Lady of Shalott, and Ulysses. This book provides comprehensive insights into the poetry of Alfred Tennyson. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students of English literature.

Cultural memory is a type of collective memory shared by a group of people. It is formed by symbolic heritage embodied in texts, rites, monuments, celebrations, objects, and sacred scriptures. It serves as a rich source for understanding the history, values and norms of a group of certain people. Groups and communities ascribe values, develop memories, and shape their collective identity within these affected spheres of cultural heritage. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the global perspectives on cultural memory and heritage. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with heritage studies, archaeology, and history will benefit alike from this book.

Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy that promotes actions that foster happiness or pleasure, and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. This philosophy works towards the betterment of the society when making social, economic and political decisions. Utilitarianism advocates that if a decision positively affects the maximum number of people, the decision should be accepted even if it negatively affects a small number of people. It can be viewed as a reason-based yet constrained approach for differentiating right from wrong. The limitations of this philosophy include justice and individuals' rights. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of utilitarianism. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of ethical philosophy as well as for experts.

German classicism, also known as Weimar classicism, was a literary and cultural movement in Germany. This movement spanned over thirty-three years from 1772 until 1805. This era involved great intellectuals such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller, and Christoph Martin Wieland. The practitioners of the German classical era established new humanism from the synthesis of ideas from Romanticism, Classicism, and the Age of Enlightenment. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is considered as one of the greatest German literary figures of the modern era. He was a poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, critic, and amateur artist. This book is a collection of essays and works that focuses predominantly on eighteenth-century thought, featuring thinkers such as Lessing, Goethe and Herder, Locke and Voltaire. It will be of interest to scholars and students of literature.

Emmanuel Levinas was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. He is acknowledged for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology. Levinas's work principally focuses on the relationship of ethics with metaphysics and ontology. Some of the major philosophical works of Emmanuel Levinas are De l'existence à l'existant (1947; Existence and Existents), En découvrant l'existence avec Husserl et Heidegger (1949; Discovering Existence with Husserl and Heidegger), and Autrement qu'être; ou, au-delà de l'essence (1974; Otherwise than Being; or, Beyond Essence). Emmanuel Levinas's wartime diaries, postwar lectures, and drafts of two novels were published after his death. These present new approaches to comprehend the relationship between literature, philosophy and religion. This book attempts to address the perspectives on literature, philosophy and religion of Emmanuel Levinas. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to understand about the philosophical and literary output of Levinas further.

Culture refers to the knowledge and characteristics of a specific group of people including the religion, social habits, language, cuisine, music and arts. Cultural competence is the ability to understand and cooperate efficiently with people from other cultures. Effective engagement, active listening and demonstrating empathy are its three essential components. The acquisition of cultural competence is a lifelong process for developing behaviors and social skills related to diversity and improving self-awareness. Within the context of higher education, cultural competence can be promoted by providing opportunities wherein students can interact with students from other cultures. Encouraging the learning of a foreign language can also lead to cross-cultural competence. This book studies and analyses the role of cultural competence in higher education. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Realistic mathematics education (RME) is an innovative learning approach that emphasizes mathematics as a human activity that must be associated with real life using real world contexts as the starting point of learning. The primary objective of RME is to transform the learning of mathematics into an enjoyable and meaningful experience for learners. It begins with an introduction to problems from contexts that are relevant to student experiences and knowledge. An RME classroom involves active mathematizing and has four fundamental features. These features include extended discussion of multiple contexts; development of students' representations of contexts; focus on multiple strategies for solving problems; and sharing, explaining and discussing strategies. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the pedagogy of realistic mathematics education. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for students and teachers of mathematics.

The Palaeolithic period refers to an ancient cultural stage or level of human development identified as the time period in which rudimentary chipped stone tools were first utilized. The three phases of the Palaeolithic age are lower Palaeolithic, middle Palaeolithic and upper Palaeolithic. Humans lived nomadic lives during the lower Palaeolithic age and remains from this age have been found in Africa and Western Europe. Humans primarily discovered the applications of fire for different uses in this period. The period is also marked as the time when numerous river valleys were formed. The topics included in this book on man in lower Palaeolithic age are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Translocality is defined as being identified with more than one location. It is an assortment of enduring, open, and non-linear processes, which produce close associations between different places and people. The various forms of exchange and interrelationships are formed through migration flows and networks such as exchanges between migrants and non-migrants. There can be exchanges of goods, commodities and money such as trade or remittances, or an exchange of information, ideas and identities through visits, phone calls, letters, emails, and social media. Translocality creates a network in which a group of actors (migrants and non-migrants) stay in contact with each other and share a common interest, identity, or function. It also encompasses socio-spatial dynamics, processes of simultaneity, and identity formation that transcends boundaries. The objective of this book is to present anthropological, historical, and social perspectives on translocality. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed researchers of sociology, it targets students and sociologists.

Arbitration refers to a method of resolving disputes in which both the parties engaged in the dispute agree to have their disputes resolved by one or more private individuals known as arbitrators, rather than by a court of law. International arbitration refers to the arbitration between individuals or companies belonging to different countries. For dispute resolution through arbitration, the agreement of the parties is essential. The consent of parties is obtained by including an arbitration clause in the agreement or contract. The parties can avoid going through local court procedures by using international arbitration. It follows different rules than domestic arbitration and has its own non-country specific standards of ethical conduct. This book presents the laws and practices associated with international arbitration in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon in which individuals are unable to participate fully in economic, social, political and cultural life. The term can also include the process leading to and sustaining such a state. In most societies, people become socially excluded as they age. It is a complex process that limits the access of older people to resources, rights, and goods and services available to the majority of people in a society. Social exclusion is a result of a number of interlinked and mutually reinforcing problems such as poverty, lower levels of educational attainment, unemployment, ill health and poor transport access. The interdisciplinary and policy perspectives on social exclusion of older people seek to reduce the chances of old people becoming socially excluded. It emphasizes on the adoption of strategies and action plans to ensure healthy aging. The main objective of these strategies is to provide an environment in which people can engage in a process of active aging. This book attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of social exclusion of older adults. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this area of study.

The first tile to appear in medieval times was the ceramic floor tile in the thirteenth century. Such tiles were exclusively used to decorate the religious institutions and homes of the royalty and nobility. Some of the common patterns of ceramic tiles included geometric designs, decorative mosaics, family crests, and depictions of Christian scenes and symbols. During the middle ages, the tile production cost was quite high and only the church and a few wealthy people could afford it. However, with the passage of time, the cost of producing tiles reduced due to the manufacturing process becoming more affordable and common. This increased the accessibility and affordability of the medieval floor tiles. Inlaid tiles or encaustic tiles were the most common tiles in the medieval period. Encaustic tiles are ceramic tiles which are composed of the pattern or figure on the surface. These patterns are created using different colors of clay. This book studies the design, manufacture and use of floor tiles in the medieval period. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying medieval archaeology.

Cultural diplomacy is a concept that refers to the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples. The primary objective of cultural diplomacy is to foster mutual understanding. It is a policy field, which allows the states to mobilize their cultural resources in order to achieve foreign policy goals. The goal of cultural diplomacy is to develop relations between people to influence and win support for policies. Some of the aspects of culture which can be utilized within this field are films, literature, inter-religious dialogue, and exhibitions. These help in building understanding in foreign nationals about a country's culture. The objective of this book is to give a general view of cultural diplomacy from a historical perspective. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

The criminal justice system refers to the network of government and private agencies intended to manage the accused and convicted criminals. It consists of three fundamental components that include law enforcement agencies, judiciary, and the correctional systems, which include social welfare agencies. Crime, its prevention and punishment have been central concerns for social welfare policy since there has been a formalized system of social welfare. In the criminal justice system, social welfare agencies frequently help individuals by providing assistance in navigating the court and legal processes, connections to relevant resources, policy advocacy, emotional support and housing application assistance. The topics included in this book on criminal justice systems and social welfare agencies are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

The term family policy refers to social programs, laws, and public directives, which are designed to promote marriages, reproduction, and raising children. These policies also ensure child protection, and child and spousal support, and seek to resolve differences between work and family. Family policies are usually laid down by the state but employers or voluntary organizations may also establish them. The state comprises the legislature and government that creates laws and policies along with the agencies that are mandated and financed to enforce them, such as child welfare agencies. Most of the family-focused policy initiatives are related to marriage incentives, family caregiving across lifespan, and the care and support of children. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the dynamics of family policy. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Civil society organizations are an essential component of societies all over the world. They are the primary partners of the state alongside the private sector which contributes in the development of civil society. Global civil society refers to the network of organizations that operate across borders and outside the reach of governments. It encompasses a range of social actors that offer an alternative to the contemporary politics and a path towards social change. The globalized world is currently confronted with new challenges such as terrorism, economic crisis, climate change and poverty. These challenges are international in nature and cannot be resolved by a single country. Global civil society plays a vital role in resolving such challenges. This book outlines the issues, challenges and solutions related to global civil society in detail. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Global governance refers to the institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Institutions involved in global governance are responsible for making, monitoring and enforcing rules. Within global governance, a variety of actors such as states and non-state actors, markets, citizens and organizations articulate their collective interests on the global platform. Global governance can be broadly divided into four stages which include agenda-setting; policymaking; implementation and enforcement; and evaluation, monitoring, and adjudication. Some major global governance methods are harmonization of laws among states, international regimes, global policy issue networks, and hybrid institutions that combine functions of state agencies and private sector organizations. The book studies, analyses, and presents the role of knowledge and innovation in global governance. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Heat transfer refers to a branch of thermal engineering which deals with the conversion, generation, exchange and utilization of thermal energy within physical systems. There are several mechanisms of heat transfer including thermal radiation, heat conduction and heat convection. There are various examples of heat transfer, such as greenhouse effect, refrigeration and maintenance of optimum temperature within the human body. Heat-transfer principles can be employed for maintaining, decreasing or increasing temperature in a variety of situations. It has numerous applications in industries such as milk pasteurization, temperature control for purified water, laser cooling, night vision cameras, and magnetic cooling. Many disciplines utilize heat transfer methods including materials processing, automotive engineering, power station engineering, insulation, chemical engineering and climate control. This book outlines the processes and applications of heat transfer in detail. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The term family policy refers to social programs, laws, and public directives, which are designed to promote marriages, reproduction, and raising children. These policies also ensure child protection, and child and spousal support, and seek to resolve differences between work and family. Family policies are usually laid down by the state but employers or voluntary organizations may also establish them. The state comprises the legislature and government that creates laws and policies along with the agencies that are mandated and financed to enforce them, such as child welfare agencies. Most of the family-focused policy initiatives are related to marriage incentives, family caregiving across lifespan, and the care and support of children. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the dynamics of family policy. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A dusty plasma (or complex plasma) is plasma containing nanometer or micrometer-sized particles suspended in it. Dust particles may accumulate into larger particles resulting in grain plasmas. They exhibit the unique property to form plasma crystals, as well as liquid and crystalline states. Dusty plasmas are observed in interplanetary space dust, comets, planetary rings, dusty surfaces in space, and aerosols in the atmosphere. Currently, dusty plasmas are being researched extensively due to the presence of particles that significantly alter the charged particle equilibrium leading to different phenomena. Electrostatic coupling between the grains can differ on a broad range so that the states of dusty plasma can convert from weakly coupled (gaseous) to crystalline. Such plasmas are of interest as non-Hamiltonian systems of interacting particles. They serve as a means to study generic fundamental physics of self-organization, pattern formation, phase transitions and scaling. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on dusty plasma have been included in this book. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The study of optical phenomena in the nanoscale vicinity of metal surfaces is referred to as nanoplasmonics. Researches in nanoplasmonics focus nanoscale light below the diffraction limit by converting free photons into localized charge-density oscillations or surface plasmons on noble-metal nanostructures. These serve as nanoscale analogs of radio antennas and are typically designed by using antenna theory concepts. The phenomenon when plasmonic resonance leads to optical field enhancement at the metal interface is called as plasmonic field enhancement. It has several applications in areas such as surface-enhanced spectroscopy, sensing, non-linear optics, and light-activated cancer treatments. It is also used for enhancement of light absorption in photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Photonic-plasmonic microcavity for ultrasensitive protein detection is another practical application of plasmonic field enhancement. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to nanoplasmonics. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a discipline of engineering that involves the integration of computation, networking and physical processes. It is a combination of transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, and design and process science. The key features of CPS are that it is networked, has a strong sensing capability and high performance potential, and can work in a real time environment. CPS has its applications in diverse sectors such as transport, healthcare, military, energy and infrastructure. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are principal components in cyber-physical systems. Smart grids, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems and automatic pilot avionics are some examples of CPS. Cyber-physical systems are increasingly being used in several fields such as robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing, search and rescue, and air traffic control. In this book, various important studies related to advancement and evolution of the cyber-physical systems have been examined in detail. Researchers and students engaged in the study of these systems will be assisted by it.

Parenting is a process that involves raising and educating children from their birth until they achieve adulthood. It is usually carried out by the biological parents, foster parents or guardians of the children. It consists of the methods, techniques and activities that are used in the upbringing of children. The process of parenting helps in shaping the attitudes, behaviors and emotional faculties of the children. It is also concerned with nourishing, protecting and guiding a child through the course of his or her development. In addition, parenting encourages independent decision-making, developing skills for economic survival, and promoting interpersonal skills in children. Emotions, attributions, attitudes, and values of parents play a predominant role in ensuring that children become self-regulatory, productive and self-actualized by the time they attain adulthood. The topics included in this book on the process of parenting are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

The use of computers to design two-dimensional or three-dimensional models of physical objects is known as computer-aided design. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems and software are used to prepare drawings and specifications in architecture, electronics and automotive engineering. Mathematical models and numerical functions are crucial components of the three-dimensional (3D) models. Raster and vector graphics are the two methods of CAD. The function of raster graphics is to save the image in a matrix as a series of dots or pixels. Images are saved as collections of lines, circles, and intersecting angles within vector graphics. CAD software are used within different engineering disciplines to visualize product designs in 3D. The recent advancements in CAD technology include augmented and virtual technologies, synchronous modeling, topology improvement, and generative design. This book outlines the techniques and applications of computer-aided design in detail. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, its contents will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.