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A normal web developer just doing a simple applications including just routing and crud operations may not find much of the application. But when it comes to complex applications say finance and banking applications, web based Algo-trading platforms and some data intensive applications you may find a lot of applications esp trees, heaps, dynamic programming etc. Obviously, no one is going to tell you make a heap and pull out min element etc. It is just that more intuitive you are, more efficient will your application be because you will be able to choose correct approach to tackle a problem instead of rookie approach that may be much more time consuming.

The data analysis of the Industrial Large Scale has attracted widespread research interest from both academics and industry. According to the McCanedy Center report, the successful use of Large Scale industrial data has the potential benefits of transforming the economy, as well as bringing about a new wave of successful growth. In recent times, Large Scale data and business analysis methods have been developed and used to analyze large amounts of data generated by different business organizations. Therefore, every business needs a quick understanding of the growing volume of transaction data. The real-time data analysis helps organizations look to the past and anticipate the future. This is the beauty of broadcast analysis and is given to know what happened descriptive, to understand why it happened to diagnose, to look forward to what might predict and, ultimately, to determine how it could affect future events predictions. These four analytical flavors have great business benefits but are gradually increasingly difficult to use and implement.Although manufacturers have been producing highly distributed data from a variety of systems, devices and applications, many challenges in both data management and data analysis require new ways to support the Big Scale data era.

This framework aims to get superior result of minimize overall query load time and processing time of big data and increasing the scalability, robustness and takes better CPU Usage options in user and administrator issues into considerations. It is performed simulation process in real time environment for Big Data Applications.Today the sources and services to be had in the internet are growing rapidly day by day, this massive data.traditional datasets in rows and columns like DBMS tables, XML Data files and Unstructured Data like e-mail attachments, manuals, images, PDF documents, medical records such as x-rays, ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) images, forms, rich media like graphics, video and audio, contacts, forms and documents. This data is classified as "huge information" due to its sheer extent, range, velocity and veracity. It is tough to discover a answer for the massive data storage and its get admission to and visualization trouble. There's a need to increase answers to manipulate big amounts of facts on a everyday foundation and extract new understanding from them. Big data storage methods are different from conventional garage strategies.

A microphone is a device that has been used by mankind since time memorable. It accumulates acoustic signals around it and transmits it further for signal processing. Depending on the type of microphone, it is in a position to accumulate the acoustic signal from sources in all directions (Omni directional microphone) or from one particular direction (unidirectional microphone). The earliest known device that could amplify the sound to a larger audience dates back to 600 BC [1], where the sound was captured by a mask that had an opening for the mouth. In 1665, an English physicist Robert Hooke [2] experimented and succeeded in sending an acoustic signal in a medium other than air. He made a device where two cups were attached to the two ends of a stretched wire. The signal travelled through the wire and the two cups acted as a transmitter / receiver interchangeably. This design was further modified by Johann Philipp Reis a German inventor, where he attached a vibrating membrane to a metallic strip. This metallic strip would generate intermittent current proportional to the vibration of the membrane. Alexander Graham Bell invented a telephone in 1876 in which the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod immersed in an acid solution. The demerit of this system was the poor sound quality. In mid 1877 Thomas Alva Edison was awarded the patent for the first device which was successful in transmitting a voice signal. This formed the foundation of the present day telephony. The device consisted of loosely packed granules of carbon. These granules were subjected to varying pressure by the movement of the diaphragm and this caused a proportional change in resistance of the carbon granules. This transduction principle of the pressure being converted to a proportional electrical signal came into existence with this invention and it was Hughes who coined the word Microphone. The use of carbon in the microphone was the first stepping stone in building the modern day telephone. In 1923 the first practical moving coil microphone called the magnetophon was developed by Captain H.J. Round. It was the most commonly used microphone by BBC studios in London. The ribbon microphones were invented by Harry F. Olson in the year 1930. It also used the same principles of a Magnetophon. During the second half of the 20th century, microphone development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the Shure Microphone models SM57 and SM58. Digital microphones were pioneered by Milab in 1999, with the DM-1001.The latest developments include the use of fiber optics, lasers and interferometer in microphone / sound detection.

In the era of Information Technology, a large amount of data is getting generated to the digital world. The amount of data generated is expected to double every two years, from 2500 exabytes in 2012 to 40,000 exabytes in 2020. The exponential growth of data is now leading to the beginning of a revolution that will touch every aspect of human beings' life. Big Data is about analyzing large and complex data sets to learn new and previously unknown details. The "Big Data" is often referring to the huge amounts of digital information, companies and governments collect about human beings and our environment. Big Data is a collection of any data so large and complex that it surpasses the handling capacity of traditional data management systems and techniques.loud Computing with the ease of use and information stores supporting data variety and agility are essential togive the foundation to Big data handling. Given the volume and multifaceted nature of Big data, it is complex for most firms to get a solid handle on the substance of the majority of their information and to catch and verify it sufficiently. With the goal that classified or potentially private business and client information are irrelevant to unapproved parties. The expenses of an information protection break can be gigantic.

The extent to which cloud computing is being used will only grow; by the end of 2016, it is anticipated that cloud computing will constitute the majority of IT spending. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has defined the model for cloud computing. Generally there are some real trends that are towards a massively scalable computing. The service orientation, the visualization and internet have all converged for sponsoring a phenomenon which will enable the individuals as well as the businesses for choosing and how they can acquire or delivering IT services with no emphasis on its constraints of the licensing models of both hardware and software. The cloud computing based services would encourage delivery and consumption based on the economy that ranges from storage to computation of the video for financial deduction management. Cloud computing is another name given to an existing technology called grid computing and is not entirely a new concept. It has a similar vision like that of decreasing the storage computing cost and providing reliability and flexibility in such a way that computers can autonomously operate. The issues for cloud and grid are almost the same. The cloud computing based services would encourage delivery and consumption based on the economy that ranges from storage to computation of the video for financial deduction management. Cloud computing is another name given to an existing technology called grid computing and is not entirely a new concept. It has a similar vision like that of decreasing the storage computing cost and providing reliability and flexibility in such a way that computers can autonomously operate.

Unstructured data is all the media files, documents, and emails saved in external databases.Most of the data generated daily is unstructured; failing to collect results in a massive loss of potential. Unstructured Data can offer crucial additional context, boosting the accuracy of analytics and business decisions. At the same time, it is pivotal to perform Unstructured Data to Structured Data Conversion and leverage the enormous information available in Unstructured Data.

The cornea is the outermost front component of the eye and it together with the eyelids and sclera serves to protect the interior section of the eye from injury or infection. The structure of the cornea is both transparent and avascular in nature. Together with its transparency, the curved curvature of the cornea adds to its refractive ability in the eye. Males have an average corneal diameter of 11.04-12.50 mm, while females have an average corneal diameter of 10.7-12.58 mm. Cornea provides approximately 40-44 D of refractive power and accounts for roughly 70% of total refraction. Cornea has a refractive index of 1.376. The cornea is composed of up to 78% of water and this precise degree of hydration is another critical aspect of the cornea's ability to operate as an optical element. Because the cornea is an avascular tissue, material movement into and out of it is largely dependent upon diffusion. The aqueous humour, which is situated just under the cornea, is essential for transporting growth agents and nutrition to the cells. Tears are the second pathway and the cornea's only supply of oxygen (O2). Diffusion is also used to remove waste products and carbon dioxide (CO2).The cornea is comprised of five different layers, which are as follows: three of these layers are cellular in nature, while the other two are membranous in composition. The epithelium, stroma, and endothelium are the three major layers of cornea. Bowman's membrane and Descemet's membrane act as a barrier between these three layers, separating them from each other.

Agent orientated techniques will create a considerable involvement to the execution of statistics/information system via supplying extra capability and improved person interface. In this thesis, we tend to specialize on the usage of A.O context inside the primary degrees of the model of a system especially in R.E. Agent principles had been brought in R.E mostly as molding paradigms to represent energetic factors within the surroundings, normally consisting of the target system, The crucial degree of achievement of a software system is the grade to which it encounters the reason for which it turned into supposed. R.E is the technique of coming across that reason. R.E is a division of S.E whose vital aim is to supply a few systematic performances to its investors. There is a growing consideration because of its non concrete and imperceptible nature of s/w and the size-able variety and type of troubles that disclose to s/w solution. A.O designs are getting very famous in S.E as demonstrating contexts for R.E.

A high momentum jet tangentially flowing over the surface of a rigid flat plate is a wall jet. Understanding the flow physics of wall jets can be helpful in several practical applications, such as cooling off turbine blades, mixing off reactants in a combustion, air curtains, etc. Moreover, the rich flow physics in wall jets has inspired numerous researchers to work in this field. Wall jets are widely investigated to understand the flow turbulence, entrainment, mixing behavior, and formation of coherent structures. Presently, the study on acoustics emission from wall jets is also gaining significant importance. The schematic of a wall jet. As observed from the figure, the wall jet has two flow layers: the inner and outer layers. The former layer is due to the interaction between the jet and the solid surface of a plate, and the outer layer is due to the interaction between the jet and the ambient fluid. The inner layer initiates from the wall surface and extends up to the location of maximum stream-wise velocity, thus resembling a boundary layer. The outer layer region is between the maximum stream-wise velocity and the ambient flow velocity, thus representing a free shear layer.

With the current sedentary lifestyle, aging population, trauma, injury and diseases, the worldwide occurrence of bone related disorders is expected to increase two-folds by 2020. Hence, the demand for bone grafts have gone up exponentially. Autologous bone grafts have been the gold standard for bone regeneration since ages. The present demand for autologous bone grafts has exceeded the availability, hence making grafts the second highest priority. But the grafts come with a lot of disadvantages like slower/poorer healing, immunological response and reduced Osteo-conduction and Osteo-induction. These issues gave rise to the field of Bone Tissue EngineerinG which is an amalgamation of science, engineering, and medicine. The key aspects of BTE are as follows, biocompatible material for scaffold fabrication, scaffold mimicking the hierarchy of the bone tissue, osteogenic cells, and physical/mechanical/chemical supplements for cell growth and proliferation on the scaffold. Current generation tissue engineering aims at designing implants which induce tissue formation at the site of injury. To achieve this, various events are necessary such as: responsive host cells, a suitable scaffold to hold the growing cells, morphogenetic signals which guide the various aspects of cell development, followed by a nicely vascularized host bed to supply nutrients to the growing tissue. This led to the development of synthetic bone substitutes (made from polymers or ceramics) which have replaced the traditionally used grafts. Conventionally, an ideal scaffold is said to be the one which provides a suitable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and growth. Additionally, it should provide the proper micro-environmental conditions for differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, into the required cell types and assist in the production of required extracellular matrix. The synthetic substitutes have evolved over a period to match the properties and functionalities of natural bone grafts. However, they are still far from meeting the clinical requirements.

Considering the economical and environmental aspects that have gained importance recently, the strengthening of the new and existing concrete structures has become an important upcoming alternative rather than demolishing and reconstructing. The deterioration and aging of concrete structures are not the only reason for strengthening; it can also be a faulty design or execution, upgrading design standards, increase in the load carrying capacity, accidents such as earthquakes and corrosion of reinforcements. The strengthening of structures implies repair and rehabilitation of the damaged existing concrete members, or retrofitting of a new structure or structure under service to improve its structural properties such as, strength, stiffness and so on. The traditional retrofit methods followed are concrete confinement and steel plate bonding to increase the load carrying capacity.

The inability of cartilage tissue to self heal due to the avascular nature often leads to conditions such as osteoarthritis, traumatic rupture of cartilage and Osteochondrosis. the cartilage provides cushioning effects between joints and avoid bone frictions, the extra cellular matrix of cartilage consists predominantly of collagens, elastin, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. reconstruction of cartilage is difficult and one of the most discussed issues for researchers and clinicians of lately. until today adequate supply of cartilage replacement metrics and scaffolds with similar microenvironment of native cartilage still remain restricted. currently, numerous experiments are going on xenogeneic scaffolds and bio implants from from extracellular matrices worldwide. the decellularized tissues provide appropriate bioactive cues in the absence of cellular components, hence avoiding immunological issues.

Fishes are the first vertebrates with jaws, which are cold-blooded animals and can breathe through gills, there are about 36,000 species, which represent 40% of the total vertebrates present on the planet earth. They have evolved during Ordovician period and widely distributed during Devonian period, which is known as ¿Golden age of fishes¿. The study of fishes is known as Ichthyology. They live in all types of water bodies and have a great significance in the life of mankind, being an important natural source of protein and omega 3 fatty acids, providing certain other useful products as well as economic sustenance to many nations (Piska and Naik, 1999). The capturing and culturing of the aquatic organisms in salt water accounts for bulk of the fishery products that reaches world markets. World capture fisheries production and aquaculture peaked about 140 metric tonnes in 2002 (FAO, 2002). In most countries, marine fisheries employ many of the fishers (Abu Talib et al., 2003a; Boonchuwongse and Dechboon, 2003; Cruz Trinidad, 2003; Long, 2003). The marine sector dominates capture fisheries production in all countries, [60-85%] and these tend to be dominated by demersal species (Janetkitkosol et al., 2003; Abu Talib et al., 2003b). Srilanka and the Philippines are exception where pelagic species dominated the landings from coastal fisheries (Barut et al., 2003).

Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues that primarily function as support structures for other adjacent tissues and organs. Both tissues can be characterized by the presence of an abundant extracellular matrix mainly dominated by collagen.Cartilage tissue is found throughout the human body in various types. Three main types of cartilage are elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage. This study focuses on load-bearing meniscus tissue, a type of fibrous cartilage found in human knee,. It consists of two components, the medial and the lateral meniscus.The current medical scenario necessitates the development of treatment alternatives for meniscus and bone injuries. As we observe that these defects vary in dimension from patient to patient, a customized treatment is ideal for better tissue repair. Tissue engineering alternatives are being extensively explored for the purpose of tissue and organ reconstruction as these overcome the limitations of autologous implants and possess the potential for enhancement of tissue regeneration and repair.

The growing scarcity of power resources tends researchers to find alternate sources to generate electric power. Even though the electric power could be generated from various natural resources, the only all time available resource throughout the year is sun light. The power generation from sun light is called up with the name photovoltaic system, which consists of varying number of photovoltaic cells that stores generated electric power for some time. Generally the deviation between the generated unit of electricity and consumed unit of electricity is higher due to the conduction loss. Similarly there is a conversion loss which is called switching loss present in every electric system. The energy generated from photovoltaic system has to be regulated to provide uninterrupted power supply according to the system to which it has been connected. There are many devices necessary for the conversion and regulation of power supply to the output device. In this research Cuk converter is considered which is a popular and efficient converter being used in the electronic world.

A converter with a single input and multiple outputs is known as a multi-output converter. The converter could be isolated or non-isolated. A non-isolated converter which uses a single common inductor for all the outputs is termed single-inductor multi-output converter. In a multi-output converter, a part of the converter circuit is common for all the outputs and a part of the circuit is exclusive to each output. This brings in cost advantages and improved power density. Fewer components also result in reduced losses. Multi-output converters have become very popular recently and many low power and portable applications widely use such converters. Since a part of the converter is common for all the outputs, achange in the load of one output affects the other outputs also. This is known as cross-regulation and the converters have to handle this apart from line and load regulation. This is what makes the topic complex and interesting and provides scope for further investigation, despite the large volume of research work already existing in this area. This thesis attempts to identify new topologies and control approaches for configuring such multi-output converters in all spheres, isolated or non-isolated, converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode or in continuous conduction mode and with uni-polar or bi-polar outputs.

A number of digital applications e.g. professional cameras, voice communication, video digitizers, data imaging and many more require low power, high speed, and high resolution analog to digital converters. But for high speed data communication systems with increased resolution and high sampling rates, different linear and nonlinear errors of ADCs come in picture which is a big challenge for design engineers to remove.A unique digital background calibration technique, a combination of signal dependent dithering with butterfly shuffler is proposed here for multi-bit, SHA-less 16-bit, 125 MS/s Pipelined ADC. The purpose of the research work was to integrate different stages of different sizes to achieve 16-bit error-free output at high sampling rate by using unique background calibration technique for SHA-less circuit. Because the achieved values of SNDR and SFDR are high with low power consumption, so this proposed ADC is suitable for high resolution applications like video communication. Without using sample and hold amplifier we saved power and reduced noise interference. Additional advantage of SHA removal is to use a smaller input sampling capacitor which increases ADC's drivability. A new timing diagram is also proposed here to resolve the sampling clock skew. The ultimate multi-bit front-end proposed here helped to save further power.The proposed comparator is able to avoid the kickback as compared to traditional comparators. For the initial multi-bit stage, a two-stage gain boosted amplifier is used to achieve high gain and to reduce the nonlinear gain errors. Because the non-idealities of Op-amp and capacitor mismatching errors, the ADC transfer function may achieve erroneous values by DNL errors, so the proposed technique is made capable to remove linear gain and offset errors and capacitor mismatching errors. Also the small signal linearity errors removed with the proposed architecture of 16-bit Pipelined ADC. Along with these advantages, high values of SNDR and SFDR has achieved, which is a top most indicator to distinguish the signal out from other noise and spurious frequencies.

Health is one of the important part our life. A good health is a boon for one's life and medical system and services are trying to prove it. However, the cost of health per person increases and it is a trouble for various healthcare. The best efforts will be trying to improve various health problems for the reduction of the cost of medical systems. The possible solution is given by electronically assisted health care. A large number of various therapeutic devices are available in the market with the best efforts of bio-medical engineering.

Bank as is understood in general terms is a depositor or lender for the safekeeping of money. With the changing times banks are performing a host of other financial services like insurance, mutual funds, securities, etc. It is important to look at some definitions of banks to understand the concept of bank."An institution that provides a great variety of financial services. At their most basic, banks hold money on behalf of customers, which is payable on demand, either by appearing at the bank for a withdrawal or by writing a check to a third party. Banks use the money they hold to finance loans, which they make to businesses and individuals to pay for operations, mortgages, education expenses, and any number of things. Many banks also perform other services for a fee; for instance they offer certified checks to customers guaranteeing payment to third parties. In some countries they may provide investment and insurance services. With the exception of Zero Interest based banks, they pay interest on deposits and receive interest on their loans. Banks are regulated by the laws and central banks of their home countries; normally they must receive a charter to engage in business. Banks are usually organized as corporations.Commercial banks are mainly concerned with managing withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to individuals and small businesses. Consumers primarily use these banks for basic checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit and sometimes for home mortgages.

With the increased rate of socio-economic activities due to fast-growing population and urbanization, disasters especially earthquakes, even today lead to large-scale destruction and loss of life. Urbanisation and rapid development of cities depend upon their location in regard to ecology, geology, demographic structure, economic opportunities and land use pattern. Thus, with people moving towards urban centers, the scale of risk and vulnerability is ever increasing. In developing countries like India, the socio-economic setup of cities becomes imbalanced mainly due to unauthorised construction taking place, lack in the enforcement of guidelines and forcing the poor to live in the most vulnerable areas within it.

The easy access to all kinds of media and information have made them much smarter than their previous generations. The major influence out of all the media on children is that of cartoon characters which are available on all kinds of media like television, internet, YouTube videos, games etc. Out of all the media, the most impactful is the television which has become a necessity in every household now. Cartoons are available 24 X 7 on satellite television through a number of channels dedicated only to cartoon shows. Cartoons have become immensely popular among children due to their attractive color schemes, speeding light flashes and rapid movements which immediately capture the child's attention.

One of the major sectors which have seen a rapid growth in the last decade is mobile telecommunications. It has not only become an important part in peoples lives but also playing a part in world business as the entire world is connected by telecommunication networks. The growing power demand and the dwindling fossil fuels resulted in the unreliable power supply, which is the critical challenge facing by telecommunication industries. Currently, telecom towers are using Diesel Generators (DG) as source of supply, which is rather expensive and emits environmental pollutants. This study analyses the solar photovoltaic (PV) system and battery based hybrid power supply system to reduce the usage of DG. The effective utilization and management of the PV and Battery sources increases the efficiency and reliability of the system. Therefore, in this work, a literature review related to maximum power point tracking of PV array, Li-Ion battery aging mechanism and battery state of health (SoH) estimation techniques have been presented.

"Health is wealth", one who has good health can enjoy the pleasures of life. Healthy people make a healthy nation. Good health is essential for human welfare and sustained economic and social welfare. Traditionally good health is viewed merely as the absence of disease. Generally one who has strong built and muscular body is considered to be healthy. World Health Organization (WHO1946) definition of health is "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

Bahrain is one of the pioneers of modern Islamic banking, with origins tracing back to 1970s. Presently, the kingdom has become the international hub of shari'a-compliant financial services, playing host to the largest concentration of Islamic financial institutions in the West Asia. Economically, Bahrain is a nation in transition with some unique economic features. It has a diversified economy and the dependence of the Kingdom on the oil resources is comparatively less than the other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).

Wireless Sensor Nodes of a network have some major constraints due to their limited energy, storage capacity, computing power and frequent battery replacement factor, when they meant to collect the information from an unattended location using various sensors. The modern wireless sensor networks deals with power consumption by the sensor node, communication defects, mobility of nodes, size of the sensor node and importantly cost of the sensor node. The power consumption of a sensor node as it is the main criteria in all wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Hence this proposed research implements a novelty power management system by introducing pack of two solar powered batteries and an automatic battery switching system with Lab VIEW based real time data acquisition. By implementing an Automatic Battery Switching System, a long life sensor node is designed and Lab VIEW based real time data acquisition is achieved.

Land subsidence is a natural hazard that causes gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface due to the subsurface movement of earth materials. It is essentially a vertical downward movement of the land surface with little or no horizontal movement and results in loss of surface elevation compared to the surrounding areas. Every year, the phenomenon influences many areas globally causing huge economic, social and environmental losses. It has become a major problem worldwide threatening the viability, sustenance and economic development for millions of people, with total losses amounting to many billions of dollars every year, including the loss of human lives and several menacing environmental damages.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr Ankur Kumar Agarwal for giving me the opportunity to work in this area. It would never be possible for me to take this Ph.D. thesis to this level without his continuous support, motivation, patience and technical advice. I would not have accomplished this task. Throughout my thesis-writing period, he provided encouragement, sound advice, good teaching, good company and lots of good ideas that I would have missed without him. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Prof. KVSM Krishna, Vice Chancellor, Prof. J.L Jain (Dean Faculty of Humanities) Prof. Rajeev Sharma, Prof. Anurag Shakya, Prof. Siddharth Jain and Prof. Saurabh Kumar for their continuous support, suggestions and encouragement for completing this thesis work. A special to thanks my family, words cannot express how grateful I am to my mothers Smt. Bina Sharma and Smt. Chitralekha Kaushik. I would like to convey a special thanks to my wife Mrs. Shikha for her unstinted support and patience as also to my daughter Raisha Sharma and my son Achyut Sharma.

Lean Manufacturing Systems (LMS) have attracted serious attention among practitioners and researchers in recent years. The principles and practices of Lean Manufacturing (LM) were not only implemented in manufacturing organizations, but also in service organizations. Although numerous articles dealing with the theory and practice of LM have been published, ironically, not many organizations have been successful in implementing the LMS and demonstrating a significant improvement in performance similar to that of Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC). Many researchers have pointed out that one of the reasons for the same is that there is an improper understanding among the practitioners regarding LMS. However, implementing change management programs like LMS requires a thorough understanding of the constituents of LMS, performance measures of LMS, implementation procedure of LMS, and assessment of LMS. In addition, it is also necessary to analyze whether the implementation of LMS is justified. However, it is believed that such fundamental issues are not yet addressed completely in the literature of LM. Hence, there is a need to study the design and assessment of LMS. newline this research, a detailed literature review is carried out to understand the current status of LM and to identify the research gaps. To resolve some of the research gaps, a comparative analysis of various LM frameworks and frequency analysis of the LM elements is performed based on which a conceptual framework for LMS and an implementation framework for LMS is proposed. The proposed frameworks are validated using a case study. Similarly, a frequency analysis is carried out for to identify the performance measures of LM based on which a new Performance Measurement System (PMS) framework for LMS was proposed by modifying the balanced scorecard approach.

INTRODUCTION Women constitute about half of the population of any country, but their involvement in politics is insignificant as compared to that of men. A democratic country cannot progress if the energies of half of its population are concentrated in the kitchen only.1 To understand the status of women in society an examination of their political status is necessary. As political status is interlinked with socio-economic status, it has the capacity to influence the transformation of the socioeconomic system of the country. It has now been accepted that women's right to vote and occupy positions in society is fundamental to women's status.