Bøger udgivet af States Academic Press

Evidence-based practice (EBP) refers to a method through which practitioners in the healthcare industry review and analyze the current researches to facilitate the delivery of care. Nursing is a profession within the healthcare sector that utilizes EBP for providing care to individuals and their families by helping them recover from illnesses, and maintain optimal health and quality of life. The EBP in nursing comprises three components, which involve utilizing the best accessible external advice, drawing on the clinical expertise, and taking into account the expectations and values of the patients. Furthermore, EBP allows the assessment of research for understanding the effectiveness and risks of the diagnostic tests and treatments. This book is a guide to evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare. For all readers who are interested in nursing, the studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Neurological diseases are disorders of the nervous system that affect the functioning of the brain and the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal cord. The most common neurological disorders are epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy. The term biomarker or biological marker refers to a biological molecule found in blood, tissues or other body fluids, which indicates a normal or abnormal process, a condition, or a disease. Biomarkers help to diagnose a disease or condition, or to detect the disease progression, and record the effect of new drugs and therapeutic strategies as they are generated. Neurological biomarkers are used to diagnose a variety of neurological disorders and to monitor the advancement of these diseases or effect of the treatment. This process aids in predicting outcomes, determining interventions, and evaluating the therapeutic responses. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about neurological biomarkers. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying the biomarkers of neurological diseases.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of brain disorder that affects the memory and thinking abilities. It is a progressive condition that causes brain shrinkage and cell death. The major symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include memory problems, changes in personality and behavior, and mood swings. There is no specific cause for AD. A history of depression, hypertension and head injuries are some of the common risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease. The diagnosis of AD is based on physical examination and neurological health assessment. The common diagnostic tests for AD include blood tests, brain imaging and PET scans. Treatment of AD includes medications to reduce the progression of cognitive decline. This book on Alzheimer's disease is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts. It strives to provide a fair idea about this medical condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within its clinical management.

Health care aims to improve the overall health of human beings through the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, amelioration, or cure of injuries, diseases, illnesses, and other mental and physical impairments. It encompasses work done in providing primary care, secondary care and tertiary care as well as public health. Professionals and practitioners associated with dentistry, midwifery, optometry, psychology, physical therapy, medicine, athletic training, pharmacy, nursing, audiology, occupational therapy, and other health professions are a part of the overall health care system. Advancements in technologies have transformed the healthcare sector, resulting in improvements in the detection, treatment and prevention of diseases. Healthcare sector also makes use of technologies such as social media monitoring, 3D printing, geospatial technologies, telehealth, and wearables to improve patient care and outcomes. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the new frontiers in health care. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Celiac disease is a type of autoimmune and digestive disorder, which can cause damage to small intestine. The symptoms include anemia, diarrhea, growth issues, gas and bloating. The main cause of this disease is a protein named gluten, which is primarily found in rye, wheat and barley. Repeated consumption of these food items can lead to damage to the lining of the small intestine, preventing the absorption of nutrients. A variety of specific markers present in the blood are helpful in diagnosing this condition. Celiac disease might lead to other health complications such as infertility, malnutrition, intestinal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and osteoporosis. The only possible treatment of the disease is consuming a gluten-free diet, and avoiding foods such as barley, rye and wheat. This book unravels the recent studies on the symptoms, complications and treatment of celiac disease. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this disease.

Neuroendocrinology is a discipline of biology that investigates the relationship between the nervous system and endocrine system. It studies the regulation of the hormonal activity of the body by the brain. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that controls feeding behavior (food intake) and energy balance. Feeding behavior refers to any action of an animal that is directed towards the procurement of nutrients. Deregulation of feeding behavior, which results in weight loss or gain, has been linked to either high-grade or low-grade hypothalamic inflammation. Neuroendocrine systems are involved in the integration of hunger and satiety signals and the regulation of energy homeostasis. These hold the possibility of new treatment options for eating disorders and diseases. This book unravels the recent studies on neuroendocrine control and behavior with respect to feeding behavior. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Iodine is a mineral found naturally in certain foods. It is a significant component of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which are known as thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate various significant biochemical reactions, comprising enzymatic activity and protein synthesis, which are important determining factors of metabolic activity. Iodine is a significant component in the development of fetus and infant, production of thyroid hormone, and holds critical nutritional value at all the stages of human life. Lack of iodine rich diet can lead to developmental and functional abnormalities. Severe iodine deficiency can result in preterm delivery, low birth weight, early abortion, hypothyroidism, mental retardation and neuro-cognitive impairment. Iodine is majorly found in sea foods, animal proteins and to certain extent in foods like milk, cereals and bread. This book provides comprehensive insights on iodine and its intake. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective regarding this mineral and its health effects.

Anesthesia refers to a state of controlled, short-term loss of awareness or sensation that is induced for medical and veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of the following symptoms such as amnesia, analgesia, unconsciousness and paralysis. There are four main types of anesthesia including general anesthesia, local anesthesia, regional anesthesia and sedation. Anesthesia could also be utilized in various situations such as surgeries, childbirth or other procedures like colonoscopies. It enables people to have procedures that allow them to live lengthier and healthier lives. Pain medicine is a subspecialty of anesthesia that focuses on successfully managing acute and chronic pain caused by a variety of factors. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the role of anesthesia for pain management. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

Anesthesia is a state of temporarily induced loss of awareness or sensation to primarily achieve hypnosis, analgesia and muscle relaxation. There are varied drugs used for anesthesia such as general anesthetics, analgesics, neuromuscular-blocking drugs, etc. These drugs affect interconnected parts of the nervous system. Anesthesia is not a treatment on its own, but it facilitates other types of treatments, which would be too painful for the patient otherwise. An important stage of anesthesia is risk assessment, which is crucial for reducing anesthetic risks. It is a pre-operative procedure that covers the medical history, physical examination and lab tests, and obtains information about any medical conditions or genetic disorders that might afflict the patient. The various advancements in clinical anesthesia are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into the study of anesthesia. Researchers and students engaged in the study of anesthesia will be assisted by this book.

Airway management refers to the maneuvers and medical procedures necessary to restore or preserve a person's breathing or ventilation. It is usually classified into two levels, namely, basic and advanced. Basic techniques are typically non-invasive and do not necessitate the use of specialized medical equipment or advanced training. These comprise head and neck maneuvers to improve back blows, ventilation and abdominal thrusts. Advanced techniques necessitate specific medical equipment and training. They are further divided anatomically into supraglottic devices and infraglottic techniques. Airway management can be necessary for individuals in a variety of situations ranging from simple choking to complex airway obstruction. It is a crucial technique for clinicians practicing emergency medicine and providing care to patients in critical circumstances. This book is a detailed explanation of the various techniques and tools used in airway management. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts related to this domain. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of emergency medicine.

The branch of biology and medicine that focuses on the study of immune systems in all organisms is termed as immunology. The basic purpose of studying the immune systems is to chart, measure and describing the functioning of the immune system in the state of health and disease. The study of immunology has a wide range of applications in different fields of medicine such as bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, oncology and organ transplantation. Immunological disorders can lead to immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiency is a condition in which the organism's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is absent or is highly compromised. Autoimmune diseases are a result of abnormal immune response to a functioning part of the body. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of immunology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The nervous system is responsible for the control and regulation of body activities and functions. It has been classified into two different parts including the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of spinal cord and the brain, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which comprises the branching peripheral nerves. Cells of the nervous system are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses around the human body. Neurons and glial cells are the major types of cells found in the nervous tissues. Neurons interact and compute information provided by the nervous system. Glial cells are the supporting cells of the nervous tissue and are smaller in size as compared to neurons. This book aims to understand the interactions between nervous tissue cells. It strives to provide a fair idea about this topic to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in the study of nervous tissue cells. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Pregnancy refers to a series and process of changes that occur in a woman's tissues and organs due to the development of a fetus. It causes numerous changes in the body which makes women more vulnerable to various infections. Pregnant women get more severe infections with certain organisms such as hepatitis E virus (HEV), malaria parasites, influenza virus and herpes simplex virus (HSV), than non-pregnant women. Being infected during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects like blindness or visual impairment, epilepsy, hearing loss and learning difficulties for unborn babies. Antibacterial medications including cephalosporins, penicillins and medicines related to erythromycin are generally regarded as safe to use during pregnancy. This book aims to present a clinical approach to infections in pregnancy. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are situated on the right and left sides of the retroperitoneal space. The kidneys are essential for the body's basic physiological activities. Kidney dysfunction disrupts these physiological activities and can result in a variety of diseases. A range of immunological, toxic and ischemic insults can harm kidney cells. This results in inflammation and cell death, which in turn leads to organ damage or complete failure. The damage to renal cells and the subsequent cellular regeneration processes are both influenced by inflammation. However, chronic inflammation can lead to renal fibrosis. The kidneys have the ability to regenerate after injury and can recover completely based on the type of renal lesions. The therapeutic intervention options facilitating the regeneration process are limited to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. This book unravels the recent studies on kidney diseases. It attempts to understand the molecular mechanisms and clinical assessment of these diseases. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

A bacteriophage is a virus that can infect and replicate only inside a bacteria. They can kill bacteria without any negative effect on human or animal cells. They are referred to as phages and are the most common biological entities found on Earth. Bacteriophages vary in size, morphology, and genomic organization. Many phage-based technologies and therapies have been developed, especially in antibacterial treatments. There are several potential advantages of bacteriophages over antibiotics in terms of treating bacterial infections. Some of the benefits of bacteriophages are specificity of action (i.e., they kill only the pathogen they recognize), a considerable spectrum of activity, higher tolerability, and ease of administration. The results of various in-vitro studies have shown that bacteriophages could also be effective in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) disorder. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the study of bacteriophages. It traces the recent developments in bacteriophage biology, technology and therapy. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets medical students and professionals.

Galectins are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins characterized by the presence of b-galactoside-binding sites. They are also referred to as S-type lectins. These molecules are involved in many physiological and biological functions of the body such as inflammation, immune responses, cell migration, autophagy, RNA splicing, gene transcription, apoptosis, signaling and differentiation. Galectins have also been linked to diseases such as fibrosis, cancer and heart disease. Galectin-3 plays a considerable role in cancer progression and the processes associated with tumorigenesis such as transformation to a malignant form, metastasis, and increased invasive properties of tumor cells. It has also been researched as a potential biomarker of rheumatic diseases. Galectins have a unique mechanism to intracellularly as well as extracellularly regulate cell death. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the role of galectins in disease. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this area of study. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Eye movement refers to the voluntary and involuntary movement of the eyes that help in acquiring, fixating, and tracking the visual stimuli. Visual cognition is the process concerned with the ability of the brain to use and interpret visual information present in the environment. Eyes do not move smoothly over the stimulus instead they make a series of fixations and saccades. Fixation refers to the period of time when the eyes are relatively still, which typically lasts for approximately 150 to 350 milliseconds. After a fixation, eyes make a saccade (or jump) to a new location. Saccades can be defined as the rapid movement of eyes that are employed while scanning a visual scene. They have the potential to scan a greater area with the high-resolution fovea (center of vision) of the eye. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts relevant to understanding the interconnection between eye movements, and visual cognition and perception. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets professionals as well as students.

The viruses which have DNA as their genetic material and replicate using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase are known as DNA viruses. The DNA viruses which cause cancers among humans are known as DNA tumor viruses. These include the hepatitis B virus, Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus, human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus. DNA tumor viruses cause tumors in human beings and animals by transforming the infected host cells. These oncogenic viruses encode viral proteins that prevent cell death by deregulating the integrated framework of host cellular processes. These viruses typically impair two families of tumor suppressor proteins, namely, retinoblastoma proteins and tumor proteins p53. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of DNA tumor viruses. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers. Experts and students actively engaged in the research on these viruses will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Cardiac imaging refers to the use of non-invasive imaging techniques for capturing images of the heart and surrounding structures. These techniques comprise ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and nuclear medicine (NM) imaging with PET or SPECT. When these techniques are used exclusively for imaging of heart, they are known as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, cardiac CT, cardiac PET, and cardiac SPECT, respectively. Cardiac imaging is usually prescribed for screening and diagnosing heart conditions, determining the occurrence of a heart attack and its extent, determining the cause of symptoms such as chest pain and shortness of breath, and determining the status of cardiovascular diseases. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the major imaging methods used for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of cardiology and cardiac imaging.

Oxidative stress refers to a condition caused by an imbalance between the systemic expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of a biological system to quickly detoxify the reactive intermediates or repair the harm. Strand breaks in DNA and base damage are caused by oxidative stress. It can interrupt normal mechanisms of cellular signaling and has been linked to the development of a number of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Modulation of oxidative stress is done specifically through the regulation of gene transcription, such as the activation or inhibition of Nrf2. It is regarded as an important strategy for developing new drugs for some of the pathologies, including neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases, that are resistant to other treatments. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms and modulation. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this subject.

Antibiotic drugs or antibacterial drugs are a group of substances that combat disease-causing bacteria. Antibiotic drug discovery refers to a process through which new antibiotic drugs are identified. Antibiotic drugs can be discovered using different models such as computational, experimental, translational, and clinical models. The process of discovering new medications based on knowledge of biological targets is known as drug design. After a lead compound has been identified through the drug discovery process, the process to bring a new pharmaceutical drug to the market begins. This process is called drug development. There are three major steps involved in the process of drug discovery and development. The first step includes carrying out preclinical research using cell-based and animal models. The second step involves carrying out clinical trials on humans. The last step involves obtaining approval from the required regulatory authority for marketing the drugs. This book is a compilation of recent developments in antibiotic drug discovery and development. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the latest advancements in this field.

Cancer is a disease which is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells. It occurs due to damage to the genome, which leads to sequential acquisition of mutations, which in turn gives rise to malignancy in cancer. The sources of mutations within this disease are studied in order to devise effective prevention and treatment strategies. There are also different viruses which can induce the development of cancer. These are known as oncogenic viruses. Another major cause of cancer is fibrosis. It is the final stage of several chronic inflammatory diseases. During organ fibrogenesis, disruption of organ parenchymal cells and the normal organ structural scaffold leads to absence of cell polarity, which can promote uncontrolled cell proliferation finally leading to cancer initiation and progression. This book provides comprehensive insights into the molecular biology of cancer. It strives to provide a fair idea about mechanisms, targets and therapeutics related to cancer. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Nutrition is an important aspect of development and health. Better nutrition is associated with safer pregnancy and delivery, improved infant, child and maternal health, a lower risk of non-communicable diseases, and longer life spans. Pediatric nutrition refers to the maintenance of an appropriate and well-balanced diet that contains the adequate caloric and nutrient intake required to support growth and maintain the physiologic requirements of a child at different stages of development. It covers the dietary requirements of young children, adolescents and newborns. Good nutrition promotes development and growth of children and allows them to attain their full potential. The topics included in this book on pediatric nutrition are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Polyphenols are compounds that are derived from plant sources and are beneficial for the human body. These compounds have one aromatic ring along with attached hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. They are divided into two types, namely, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Lignans, phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and stilbenes are among antioxidants that fall under the category of polyphenols. They inhibit carcinogenesis during the initiation of cell defense systems, including antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme systems, and inhibit anti-cellular and anti-inflammatory growth signaling pathways in cellular death. A diet rich in vegetables and fruits containing natural polyphenols can lower the risk of certain cancers. Dietary polyphenols have been demonstrated to influence the overall process of carcinogenesis through a variety of mechanisms. The effects of consuming dietary polyphenols might vary depending on tissue or cell type, and can also vary based on the quantity consumed. Polyphenols may also be recommended for cancer prevention and improving the existing cancer treatments. This book provides comprehensive insights into the role of polyphenols in treating cancer. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) refers to an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It spreads when an infected person exhales droplets and very small particles containing the virus. The signs and symptoms of Covid-19 might vary but commonly include headache, breathing difficulties, loss of taste, fever, loss of smell, coughing and exhaustion. The primary presenting symptom of Covid-19 has been reported to be heart palpitations in patients who do not have a cough or fever. The Covid-19 virus has been recently shown as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disorders including myocarditis, myocardial injury, coagulation abnormalities, pericarditis, cardiac arrest, arrhythmias and heart failure in patients.This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of Covid-19 and its impact on cardiovascular health. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Neurosurgery refers to the surgical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of disorders affecting any part of the nervous system, which includes the spinal cord, brain and the peripheral nervous system. Neurosurgical care encompasses both pediatric and adult patients. There are several common neurosurgery procedures such as chiari decompression, lumbar puncture, anterior cervical discectomy, laminectomy, epilepsy neurosurgery and craniotomy. There is a higher risk of further infection and nerve damage in neurosurgery which can cause paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), computer-assisted imaging computed tomography (CT), stereotactic radiosurgery, and positron emission tomography (PET) are neuroradiological methods used for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders. Functional MRI and intra-operative MRI are also used in some neurosurgery procedures. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of neurosurgery. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Otology is a branch of otorhinolaryngology, which studies the physiology and pathology of the ear, its diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Trauma can affect the inner, external and middle ear structures individually or in combination, depending on the type and severity of the injury. The most frequent cause is a blunt head injury caused by a fall or road traffic accident (RTA). Such cases of head injury are usually associated with a temporal bone fracture combined with other injuries. Otologic trauma is classified into different types such as ossicular discontinuity, injuries of the external ear, concussive injuries to the structures of the inner ear, and disruptions of the tympanic membrane (TM). Patients with all types of traumatic conductive hearing loss can be treated using conservative methods such as watchful waiting and hearing aids. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of clinical otology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of medicine.

Fibrosis refers to an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue. It is, in essence, an exaggerated wound healing response that leads to organ malfunction. Fibrosis is commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary fibrosis refers to a group of serious lung diseases that affect the respiratory system. It is caused by damage and scarring of the lung tissue. It cannot be cured, but its treatment involves management of symptoms through pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy. In some cases, lung transplantation can also help the patients. This book explores all the important aspects of pulmonary fibrosis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the pathophysiology and therapeutics for this medical condition. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of pulmonary fibrosis.

Psychiatry refers to an area of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and management of behavioral, emotional and mental disorders. There are various types of psychiatric conditions and disorders such as depression, dissociative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety disorders, paraphilic disorders, and bipolar disorder. Maintaining a good lifestyle is critical for the overall physical and mental well-being of any person, which can be achieved through exercise, good nutrition, work-life balance, and getting enough sleep. Lifestyle psychiatry deals with the treatment of psychiatric disorders that are a result of unhealthy lifestyle choices. In order to assist people in managing their psychiatric disorders, it uses an integrated and holistic approach to health, which includes suggestions for sleep, exercise, practicing mindfulness, and nutritious diet. It also entails incorporating techniques such as meditation, yoga, and tai chi, which are known to help prevent and lessen the symptoms of mental illness. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of lifestyle psychiatry and the recent researches in this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Anemia is a blood disorder, where the capability of the blood to carry oxygen is decreased due to a low blood count, or due to low levels of hemoglobin. Chronic anemia has symptoms such as weakness, headaches, tiredness and short breath, while acute anemia shows symptoms like loss of consciousness, confusion, dizziness and increased thirst. The causes of anemia include loss of blood, fluid overload, impaired production of red blood cells, and increased reduction of red blood cells. Anemia is diagnosed on the basis of complete blood count. A blood test is utilized generally for determining the platelets and count of red blood cells and white blood cells. Tests such as serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12, and sample of bone marrow can help in determining the type of anemia and its cause. Treatment of anemia is dependent on its severity and cause, and includes iron supplementation in oral and injectable form, blood transfusions, intramuscular injections of vitamin B12, hyperbaric oxygen, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. This book aims to understand the diagnosis and treatment of anemia. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.