Bøger udgivet af WSPC

The development of transportation policy in Los Angeles is a history of extremes: in the 1920s, the city had the largest regional rail network in the world, which was completely abolished 40 years later. In its place, a vast network of freeways was built in the metropolis with a car-focused mobility pattern. Los Angeles became a symbol of car-oriented mobility with all the negative ecological and social side effects. Since the 1990s, Los Angeles has been rebuilding its public rail transport - with little success so far.This book examines the history of Los Angeles' development and identifies the key drivers that have shaped the metropolis' extreme transport policies. With other cities facing similar - albeit less extreme - transportation issues, they can learn from how Los Angeles had responded and continues to adapt to its considerable transport policy problems, especially in order to avoid the mobility experiences faced by the American city.But, to do so, it is necessary to abandon the prevailing perspective, which is largely limited to evaluating transport modes ("road versus rail"). A sustainable solution to the problems of metropolitan areas will only be possible if the origins of transport with their spatial, social and economic interdependencies are understood and integrated into transport policy action.

Since the 1990s, neo-institutionalists have posited that "institutions matter". However, they overlook one important issue: the ways institutions change also matters. Numerous academic studies have identified "good" and "bad" institutions, but little has been written about effective methods of transforming "bad" institutions so that they enhance economic performance. To fill this gap, this book reframes the approach of neo-institutional economics to analyze institutions' role and evolution, focusing on the interaction between the household registration (hukou) system evolution and economic transformation.The authors apply an endogenous and dynamic perspective. First, the theory of endogenous institutional change illustrates how the drivers of hukou system evolution differ in the pre-reform and reform eras. Second, the theory of adaptive efficiency evaluates the evolution of the system's institutional efficiency. Finally, the authors were able to test the impact of the hukou reform on urban economic growth by examining local experimentation, helping explain the current "stickiness" of the system.At the heart of hukou reform lies the question of how to deal with the link between hukou and welfare provision. This book will offer policymakers a better understanding of institutional change in dynamic economic contexts, helping them enhance economic performance.

Carotenoids are indispensable molecules for life. They are present everywhere in plants, algae and bacteria, whom they protect against free radicals and oxidative stress. Through consumption of fruits, vegetables and carotenoid-containing fish, they are introduced into the human body and, similarly, protect it. There are thus numerous health benefits associated with the consumption of carotenoids. Being antioxidants they are prone to oxidation themselves, easily forming radicals. In this book we will introduce the chemistry of carotenoid radicals, and additionally present studies on special carotenoid complexes.The physisorption, electron and proton transfer processes that occur when carotenoids are adsorbed on solid artificial matrices or dissolved in aqueous solution have been elucidated, and similar reactions have been predicted in plants. We will provide instructive procedures for various measurement techniques on carotenoid radicals and complexes (optical, electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance, density functional theory), and analyze examples. Inclusion complexes of carotenoids with different bio-delivery systems are discussed in a final application chapter.

Because of the increasing demand for high-safety and low-cost energy storage devices, aqueous Zn batteries are attracting broad interests. Tremendous and increasing efforts are being dedicated to aqueous Zn batteries for better understanding the mechanism, and improving the cycle life and energy density. This book is uniquely placed to be a compendium of the state of the art by key players in the field with diverse and complementary sets of expertise. It will cover all parts of the device, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, different battery design, flexible devices, and thermal protection. You are looking at the most comprehensive and inclusive collection of opinions and trends in the field of aqueous Zn batteries.

This book is a comprehensive guide on emerging cooling technologies for processors in microelectronics. It covers various topics such as chip-embedded two-phase cooling, monolithic microfluidic cooling, numerical modeling, and advances in materials engineering for conduction-limited direct contact cooling, with a goal to remedy high heat flux issues.The book also discusses the co-design of thermal and electromagnetic properties for the development of light and ultra-high efficiency electric motors. It provides an in-depth analysis of the scaling limits, challenges, and opportunities in embedded cooling, including high power RF amplifiers and self-emissive and liquid crystal displays. Its analysis of emerging cooling technologies provides a roadmap for the future of cooling technology in microelectronics.This book is a good starting point for the electrical and thermal engineers, as well as MS and PhD students, interested in understanding and collaboratively tackling the complex and multidisciplinary field of microelectronics device (embedded) cooling. A basic knowledge of heat conduction and convection is required.

Historically, mathematics, probability, and statistics have been widely used in the biological sciences. Recent progress in genomics has yielded many millions of gene sequences. But what do these sequences tell us and what are the generalities and rules governed by them? It seems that we understand very little about the genetic contexts required to "read" them. There is more to life than the genomic blueprint of each organism. Life functions within the natural laws that we know and the ones we do not know. The development of modern mathematical natural sciences is based on the use of certain mathematical tools. Mathematics can be used to understand life from the molecular to the biosphere level.This book provides the foundation and latest advances for an emerging research area that uses tools from symbolic computation, computer algebra and logic, algebraic geometry, fractal geometry, probability and statistics, and matrix algebra to formalize and solve biological problems and explore its applications in algebraic biology and code biology. It introduces highly interdisciplinary topics in biomathematics such as matrix genetics, gestalt biology, bio-antenna arrays, resonance genetics, quantum biology, and more.

High-order numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws do not guarantee the validity of constraints that physically meaningful approximations are supposed to satisfy. The finite volume and finite element schemes summarized in this book use limiting techniques to enforce discrete maximum principles and entropy inequalities. Spurious oscillations are prevented using artificial viscosity operators and/or essentially nonoscillatory reconstructions.An introduction to classical nonlinear stabilization approaches is given in the simple context of one-dimensional finite volume discretizations. Subsequent chapters of Part I are focused on recent extensions to continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods. Many of the algorithms presented in these chapters were developed by the authors and their collaborators. Part II gives a deeper insight into the mathematical theory of property-preserving numerical schemes. It begins with a review of the convergence theory for finite volume methods and ends with analysis of algebraic flux correction schemes for finite elements. In addition to providing ready-to-use algorithms, this text explains the design principles behind such algorithms and shows how to put theory into practice. Although the book is based on lecture notes written for an advanced graduate-level course, it is also aimed at senior researchers who develop and analyze numerical methods for hyperbolic problems.

This book presents an introduction to the key topics in Real Analysis and makes the subject easily understood by the learners. The book is primarily useful for students of mathematics and engineering studying the subject of Real Analysis. It includes many examples and exercises at the end of chapters. This book is very authentic for students, instructors, as well as those doing research in areas demanding a basic knowledge of Real Analysis. It describes several useful topics in Real Analysis such as sets and functions, completeness, ordered field, neighborhoods, limit points of a set, open sets, closed sets, countable and uncountable sets, sequences of real numbers, limit, continuity and differentiability of real functions, uniform continuity, point-wise and uniform convergence of sequences and series of real functions, Riemann integration, improper integrals and metric spaces.

This book provides an in-depth analysis of classical automata theory, including finite automata, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. It also covers current trends in automata theory, such as jumping, deep pushdown, and regulated automata. The book strikes a balance between a theoretical and practical approach to its subject by presenting many real world applications of automata in a variety of scientific areas, ranging from programming language processing through natural language syntax analysis up to computational musicology.In Automata: Theories, Trends and Applications all formalisms concerning automata are rigorously introduced, and every complicated mathematical passage is preceded by its intuitive explanation so that even complex parts of the book are easy to grasp. The book also demonstrates how automata underlie several computer-science engineering techniques.This monograph is a useful reference for scientists working in the areas of theoretical computer science, computational mathematics, computational linguistics, and compiler writing. It may also be used as a required text in classes dealing with the theory and applications of automata, and theory of computation at the graduate level. This book comes with access to a website which supplies supplementary material such as exercises with solutions, additional case studies, lectures to download, teaching tips for instructors, and more.

This book describes a new pedagogical approach to learning design by intentionally designing and incorporating errors into learning experiences. DELETE¿ stands for Designing Errors for Learning and Teaching and it is an approach that targets the roles that errors can play in establishing the contextual boundaries of rules and operating procedures for learners. With clarity of boundaries, learners understand the context under which rules apply and don't apply, resulting in the development of competencies and capabilities and, subsequently, expertise.DELETE¿ as a methodology is useful for developing cognitive, affective, social and metacognitive capabilities in ways which are different from typical training pedagogies, focusing on contextual boundaries that enable application of concepts besides the concepts themselves, while typical training pedagogies focus on teaching the concepts.The book provides stories and experiences as well as actual resources (e.g., case studies, critical incidents, Math problem sums) demonstrating the use of DELETE¿ when designing lesson plans, learning resources and assessment items.

Stirling numbers are one of the most known classes of special numbers in Mathematics, especially in Combinatorics and Algebra. They were introduced by Scottish mathematician James Stirling (1692-1770) in his most important work, Differential Method with a Tract on Summation and Interpolation of Infinite Series (1730). Stirling numbers have a rich history; many arithmetic, number-theoretical, analytical and combinatorial connections; numerous classical properties; as well as many modern applications.This book collects much of the scattered material on the two subclasses of Stirling numbers to provide a holistic overview of the topic. From the combinatorial point of view, Stirling numbers of the second kind, S(n, k), count the number of ways to partition a set of n different objects (i.e., a given n-set) into k non-empty subsets. Stirling numbers of the first kind, s(n, k), give the number of permutations of n elements with k disjoint cycles. Both subclasses of Stirling numbers play an important role in Algebra: they form the coefficients, connecting well-known sets of polynomials.This book is suitable for students and professionals, providing a broad perspective of the theory of this class of special numbers, and many generalisations and relatives of Stirling numbers, including Bell numbers and Lah numbers. Throughout the book, readers are provided exercises to test and cement their understanding.

The first half of the book walks the reader through methods of counting, both direct elementary methods and the more advanced method of generating functions. Then, in the second half of the book, the reader learns how to apply these methods to fascinating objects, such as graphs, designs, random variables, partially ordered sets, and algorithms. In short, the first half emphasizes depth by discussing counting methods at length; the second half aims for breadth, by showing how numerous the applications of our methods are.New to this fifth edition of A Walk Through Combinatorics is the addition of Instant Check exercises - more than a hundred in total - which are located at the end of most subsections. As was the case for all previous editions, the exercises sometimes contain new material that was not discussed in the text, allowing instructors to spend more time on a given topic if they wish to do so. With a thorough introduction into enumeration and graph theory, as well as a chapter on permutation patterns (not often covered in other textbooks), this book is well suited for any undergraduate introductory combinatorics class.

This comprehensive book delves into the fascinating world of quasiparticle properties of graphene-related materials. The authors thoroughly explore the intricate effects of intrinsic and extrinsic interactions on the material's properties, while unifying the single-particle and many-particle properties through the development of a theoretical framework. The book covers a wide range of research topics, including long-range Coulomb interactions, dynamic charge density waves, Friedel oscillations and plasmon excitations, as well as optical reflection and transmission spectra of thin films. Also it highlights the crucial roles of inelastic Coulomb scattering and optical scattering in the quasiparticle properties of layered systems, and the impact of crystal symmetry, number of layers, and stacking configuration on their uniqueness. Furthermore, the authors explore the topological properties of quasiparticles, including 2D time-reversal-symmetry protected topological insulators with quantum spin Hall effect, and rhombohedral graphite with Dirac nodal lines. Meanwhile, the book examines the gate potential application for creating topological localized states and shows topological invariants of 2D Dirac fermions, and binary Z2 topological invariants under chiral symmetry. The calculated results are consistent with the present experimental observations, establishing it as a valuable resource for individuals interested in the quasiparticle properties of novel materials.

This is the first mechanical engineering textbook that deals with the operational processes of systems: the analysis of their characteristics of motion. A system's motion often must comply with certain constraints, such as acceptable ranges of acceleration or deceleration. Determining the parameters of motion requires the composing and solving of differential equations that describe the system's operational processes. Calculus courses for mechanical engineering programs offer a method based on characteristic equations, which allows the solving of differential equations for one-degree-of-freedom systems. However, this method does not work for two-degree-of-freedom systems, such as shock absorbing mechanisms.This textbook presents the solutions for the entire spectrum of linear differential equations of motion for one- and two-degree-of-freedom systems. These solutions are obtained using the Laplace Transform methodology along with a newly presented table of 101 Laplace Transform pairs.

Technology today is undergoing a rapid, unprecedented, and accelerating period of transformation. The implications of climate change, underpinned by geopolitics, for scientists and engineers are profound, as they and their societies attempt to harness these new technologies to address critical global environmental challenges, often without a full understanding of the long-term consequences. This textbook is designed to fill the gaps at a time of rapid changes in technology and the global environmental to develop sustainability situations.Written by world-renowned experts, this book comprehensively covers the broad spectrum of topics in sustainability science - industrial ecology, economic geology, environmental change, recycling and reuse, and sustainability - and brings readers up to date on the state-of-the-art. A feature of the book is the inclusion of worked examples in the text. Industrial ecology utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA), material flow analysis (MFA), matrix analytics, in-use stock derivation, and other mathematical and analytic tools; appropriate chapters include worked examples to illustrate their use, to develop reader-familiarity with the tools.

This textbook can be used as introduction to a general topology course at undergraduate and graduate level courses. However, many parts of this book present topological concepts that apply directly to functional analysis, which will be of interest to scholars working in those fields.In Part I, readers are eased into the main subject matter of general topology, being presented with summaries of normed vector spaces and metric spaces. Parts II to VI form the core material contained in most Basic General Topology courses. After having worked through the most fundamental concepts of topology, the reader will be exposed to brief introductions to more specialized or advanced topics of pointset topology. These are presented in Part VII in the form of a sequence of chapters, many of which can be read or studied independently or in short sequences of two or three chapters, provided that the student has mastered the previous sections.Chapters related to the more basic ideas of general topology are followed by a collection of 'concept review' questions, the answers to which are found in the main body of the text. These questions highlight the main concepts presented in that chapter, as well as ideas that are often overlooked when first encountered, which will help to test the students' understanding. The efforts required in answering correctly such questions will provide the student with the ability to solve more complex problems in the exercises collected at the end of each section.

When the world economy is facing serious difficulties such as now, the management of Japanese corporations is attracting attention from all over the world. In coping with rapid changes in the environment, Japanese management techniques and legal practices continue to change. In the era of internationalization, Japan and foreign countries have followed a path of convergence, despite differing traditions. By following this course, businesses both in Japan and abroad are expected to achieve greater progress in productivity, cost efficiency, and profit maximization, while maintaining good quality control. However, these Japanese stories are only partially known to the world.As one of the very few casebooks written in English on Japanese corporations, this book offers valuable insights into Japan's unique business culture and practices. The seven cases in this book include well-known Japanese corporations such as the Bank of Japan, Toyota, Sumitomo-Mitsui Bank, Saizeriya, and Toshiba. "The Toshiba Accounting Scandal: How Corporate Governance Failed" and "Negative Interest Rates: The Bank of Japan Experience" rank as "BESTSELLERS" in the Top 20 most popular cases at Harvard. These cases illustrate many of the key differences between Japan and the West that exist in the realm of corporate governance and finance. All in all, the book provides relevant and in-depth information on the current state of business in Japan.

Inequality of wages among workers and inequality of income and wealth among families and households has been rising steadily for the past half-century in the United States and other developed economies. However, the United States stands out for having the most unequal wage and income distributions to begin with and for experiencing the fastest rise in inequality over the following decades. While this has been a long-developing situation and the subject of academic interest for some time, it is only in the last decade or so that inequality has attracted considerable public attention and become a political issue. Inequality has also become a subject of renewed interest among economists, with a growing number of scholars engaged in the development of new databases and the analysis of the causes and effects of increased inequality.This book provides an overview of the economic analysis of wage, income and wealth inequality in the United States, with a focus on this recent research. It provides the reader with an understanding of the complex causes of rising inequality, the serious consequences that make rising inequality an issue for public policy, and the potential policy actions that might be taken to slow or reverse rising inequality. The author presents an economic and statistical analysis in clear non-technical language to allow the general reader or student in an undergraduate course to learn the insights that economists have gained into the issue of inequality in advanced economies.The book contends that rising wage inequality among workers and income and wealth inequality among families reflects the complex interaction of profound changes in the US economy over the last half-century. These are not limited to economic changes like new technology, increased globalization, changes in the internal structure of firms, and the rise of new growth sectors in tech, finance, and health care. Of additional critical importance are changes in public opinion and political platforms and policies that replaced the New Deal view of the economic role of government with a pro-business, free-market philosophy that has changed labor market policy in a direction promoting increased inequality. This major change in the environment raises important questions about the efficacy of policy proposals. An additionally intriguing issue is the ultimate impact of the financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic on perceptions of and support for government policies designed to reverse the seemingly inexorable trend toward greater inequality. This book traces the evolution of inequality over time through key concept illustrations and language that is easy enough to understand, even for the general reader.

The primary aim of this book is to understand the ground-breaking paradigms and policies that have powered China's remarkable rise: from an agricultural society to an industrial powerhouse and a leading nation - and that too in a span of merely forty years from 1979 to 2019. The book covers the rise of China up to 2019 and is divided into five parts. The first part takes a strategic view of China's rise, the second part provides a quantitative assessment of China's rise using macroeconomic indicators; the third part provides a historical background of modern China, starting from the unification of China in 221 BC to the rise to power of the Communist Party of China, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The fourth part analyses China's governance as well as its economic system and lastly, part five summarizes China's rise and the paradigms that powered this rise.

Computational spectroscopy and computational quantum chemical dynamics is a vast field in physical chemistry. Significant part of this field is developed based on the concepts of time-dependent quantum mechanics and its numerical implementations.This book gives an introduction to the Time-Dependent Quantum Chemistry for use with any introductory college/university course in optics, spectroscopy, kinetics, dynamics, or experimental physical chemistry or chemical physics of the kind usually taken by undergraduate and graduate students in physical chemistry. In this book, different concepts of time-dependent quantum mechanics are systematically presented by first giving emphasis on the contrasting viewpoint of classical and quantum mechanical motion of a particle, then by demonstrating the ways to find classical flavour in quantum dynamics, thereafter by formally defining the wavepacket which represents a quantum particle and finally by demonstrating numerical methods to explore the wavepacket dynamics in one dimension. Along with the analytical theory, accompanying Python chapters in this book take readers to a hands-on tour with Python programming by first giving them a quick introduction to the Python programming, then by introducing the position-space grid representation of the wavefunction, thereafter, by making them familiarized with the Fourier transform to represent the discretized wavefunction in momentum space, subsequently by showing the Python-based methodologies to express Hamiltonian operator in matrix form and finally by demonstrating the entire Python program which solves the wavepacket dynamics in one dimension under influence of time-independent Hamiltonian following split-operator approach.Rigorous class-testing of the presented lecture notes at the Indian Institute of Science, GITAM University and at NPTEL platform reveals that physical chemistry students, after thoroughly going through all chapters, not only develop an in-depth understanding of the wavepacket dynamics and its numerical implementations, but also start successfully writing their own Python code for solving any one dimensional wavepacket dynamics problem.

Yoichiro Nambu was one of the giants in the physics of the last century. His profound ideas in fundamental physics are still playing an important role and are being rediscovered over and over again.He preferred to share some of his deepest insights in talks, rather than publications, but Nambu's papers and talks were not easy to understand. Like the Japanese gentleman he was, he did not want to humiliate the reader with obvious statements. Even if it is an interpretation, it fits very well with his character of a very polite and considerate human being with a self-reliance inside him that he did not show on the outside. It is no wonder that many of his breakthroughs were not immediately appreciated by his contemporaries, with a late award of a well-deserved Nobel Prize. He was probably the only one in the highest stratum of physicists who was respected by everybody.The purpose of this book, half-history, half-physics is to trace Nambu's progress formulating some of his greatest ideas. It is structured in seven chapters, describing a paper or a series of papers (or talks) where Nambu's originality and genius emerge. Each chapter begins with a historical background section that sets the physics climate of the time, followed by a somewhat detailed discussion of his papers/talks.This tribute to Nambu hopes that he will be remembered and admired for many years to come.

This unique compendium introduces in detail the basic theory, process methods, property evaluation, research progress, development trend, and basic scientific issues in the combination of graphene and its composite materials in recent years.The useful reference text focuses on four categories of graphene composite materials based on the matrix materials, metal, resin, rubber composites, and composite coatings. The research background, research achievements, and possible applications in the corresponding fields of each section are also reviewed.

This book presents a novel development of fundamental and fascinating aspects of algebraic topology and mathematical physics: "extra-ordinary" and further generalized cohomology theories enhanced to "twisted" and differential-geometric form, with focus on, firstly, their rational approximation by generalized Chern character maps, and then, the resulting charge quantization laws in higher n-form gauge field theories appearing in string theory and the classification of topological quantum materials.Although crucial for understanding famously elusive effects in strongly interacting physics, the relevant higher non-abelian cohomology theory ("higher gerbes") has had an esoteric reputation and remains underdeveloped.Devoted to this end, this book's theme is that various generalized cohomology theories are best viewed through their classifying spaces (or moduli stacks) - not necessarily infinite-loop spaces - from which perspective the character map is really an incarnation of the fundamental theorem of rational homotopy theory, thereby not only uniformly subsuming the classical Chern character and a multitude of scattered variants that have been proposed, but now seamlessly applicable in the hitherto elusive generality of (twisted, differential, and) non-abelian cohomology.In laying out this result with plenty of examples, this book provides a modernized introduction and review of fundamental classical topics: 1. abstract homotopy theory via model categories; 2. generalized cohomology in its homotopical incarnation; 3. rational homotopy theory seen via homotopy Lie theory, whose fundamental theorem we recast as a (twisted) non-abelian de Rham theorem, which naturally induces the (twisted) non-abelian character map.