Sprogfilosofi

"A book that shows us how to work through thorny moral questions by examining their parts in broad daylight, equipping us to not only identify our own positions but to defend them as well. It demonstrates the relevance of philosophy to our everyday lives, and offers some clear-eyed tools to those who want to learn how to better fight for justice and liberation for all"--

Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.When you are born, the first thing you do is scream. Be it a response to fear, anger, sadness, or happiness, the scream is a declaration of being alive. The metal vocalist cupping the microphone blares out a deafeningly harsh scream. The drill instructor screams out commands to their soldiers. And then there's the bloodcurdling screams we know from horror films. A scream has many meanings, but it is an instinctive and reflexive action that, at its core, reveals raw emotion.Investigating popular and alternative cultures, art, and science, Michael J. Seidlinger tracks the resonance of the scream across media and literature and in his own voice. Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.

Denne korte bog fremsætter den verdensberømte fysiker David Bohms teorier om dialogens formåen. Bohm mener, at behovet for konstruktiv dialog aldrig har været større. Med et væld af kommunikationsmetoder i bagagen, fortjener vores kommunikationsmåder også at blive plejet. Dialogens deltagere har potentiale til at forny deres formål ved at dele deres forforståelse og antagelser.Netop dette potentiale, der er gemt i mennesket, ligger også til grund for Bohms dialogforståelse. For at skabe forandring må vi forstå hinanden og vores forudindtagethed. Ved at blive bedre til at lytte og tilsidesætte vores fordomme, kan læseren overkomme komplekse problemer i organisationer, forretninger og samfund.

Roman Jakobson stands alone in his semiotic theory of poetic analysis which combines semiotics, linguistics and structuralist poetics. This groundbreaking book proposes methods for developing Jakobson's theories of communication and poetic function. It provides an extensive range of examples of the kinds of Formalist praxis that have been neglected in recent years, developing them for the analysis of all poetry but, especially, the poetry of our urban future. Throughout the book the parameters of a city poetic genre are proposed and established; the book also develops the theory of the function of shifters and deixis with special reference to women as narrators. It also instantiates an experimental poetic praxis based on the work of one of Jakobson's great influences, Charles Sanders Peirce. Steadfastly adhering to the text in itself, this volume reveals the often surprising, hitherto unconsidered structural and semiotic patterns within poems as a whole.

Omgrænser handler om det, der omgrænser og afgrænser. Det, der markerer skel: fysiske, psykiske, sproglige og sociale. Afgrænsningen er et grundlæggende vilkår. Uden den ingen erkendelse. Der skal en forskel til for at kunne skelne. Forskellene behøver ikke at være tydelige. De kan i et vist omfang konstrueres eller skabes. Sprogets muligheder for at sætte begreb på kan være hjælpsomme i denne skabelsesproces. Ikke herved sagt, at mennesket går gud i bedene ved at skabe ud af ingenting, men det nærmer sig en vellignende efterligning. Afgrænsning og forbundethed med medmennesker er det, vi lever i og udfordres af igennem hele livet. Også her gælder nogenlunde de samme vilkår som ved erkendelsens og de fysiske grænser. Konflikter opstår, medieres, meningsgøres, opløses, fører til krig eller ender i kærlighedsrelationer. Her går vi sammen med forfatteren på en associativ markvandring med de erfaringer og psykologiske refleksioner, som har udkrystalliseret sig af et langt liv i forskning og undervisning.

Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.The haunted doll has long been a trope in horror movies, but like many fears, there is some truth at its heart. Dolls are possessed-by our aspirations. They're commonly used as a tool to teach mothering to young girls, but more often they are avatars of the idealized feminine self. (The word "doll" even acts as shorthand for a desirable woman.) They instruct girls what to strive for in society, reinforcing dominant patriarchal, heteronormative, white views around class, bodies, history, and celebrity, in insidious ways. Girls' dolls occupy the opposite space of boys' action figures, which represent masculinity, authority, warfare, and conflict. By analyzing dolls from 17th century Japanese Hinamatsuri festivals, to the '80s American Girl Dolls, and even to today's bitmoji, "Doll" reveals how the objects society encourages us to play with as girls shape the women we become.Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Theoretische (Erkenntnis, Wissenschaft, Logik, Sprache), Note: 1,7, Universität Potsdam, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Nachfolgende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Konzept der Metapher und den verschiedenen Herangehensweisen und Interpretationsansätzen dieses Phänomens von der Antike bis in die heutige Zeit.Man spart Zeit, surft im Internet, versteht nur Bahnhof und ist seines eigenes Glückes Schmied. Ob als weise Sprichwörter oder gängige Phrasen und Alltagsidiome, ob in den Medien oder als Lebensweisheit von der Großmutter mit auf den Weg gegeben, Metaphern sind aus dem alltäglichen Sprachgebrauch und somit aus dem Alltag kaum noch wegzudenken.Schon seit der Mensch gelernt hatte, zu sprechen, bedient er sich der sprachlichen Ausdrucksform, die wir heute unter dem Begriff der Metapher kennen, wenngleich er diese nicht in dem Bewusstsein verwendete, eine bildliche Sprache zum Ausdruck zu gebrauchen, eine "Metapher¿ eben. Dazu bedurfte es zunächst einiger philosophischer Denker, die sich näher mit dem Wesen der Sprache und der Wirklichkeit und den Verhältnissen von Sprache und Sprecher auseinandersetzten.Folglich haben sich im Laufe der Zeit bis heute auf interdisziplinärer Ebene verschiedene Theorien und Definitionen rund um den Begriff der Metapher etabliert, von denen die wichtigsten in dieser Arbeit erläutert werden.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Theoretische (Erkenntnis, Wissenschaft, Logik, Sprache), Note: 1,7, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Philosophisches Seminar), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Diese Arbeit soll zum Einen aufzeigen, wie Quine den Begriff der ontologischen Verpflichtung erklärt. Um diesen Zusammenhang verständlich zu machen, werde ich im folgenden Kapitel den Argumentationsgang im Bezug auf die negativen Existenzaussagen rekonstruieren. Danach werde ich mich dem zweiten Teil meiner Fragestellung zuwenden. Anhand eines Beispiels aus der sogenannten Universaliendebatte werde ich zeigen, wie sich die logische Analyse der ontologischen Verpflichtungen als philosophisches Entscheidungswerkzeug nutzen lässt. Abschließend werde ich mich mit einigen Schwierigkeiten befassen und bewerten, inwieweit sich Quines Methode als Entscheidungshilfe eignet. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts stürzte die Ontologie durch die Schriften der Logischen Empiristen in eine schwere Krise. Ihnen zufolge seien ontologische Fragen empirisch unlösbar und damit belanglos. Dieser vernichtenden Behauptung zum Trotz entwickelte der amerikanische Philosoph Willard Van Orman Quine in seinem Aufsatz "On What There Is" von 1948 ein neues Verständnis von Ontologie. Diese soll nun nicht mehr die Welt, sondern vielmehr unsere Theorien über die Welt zum Gegenstand haben. Als Ausgangspunkt für seine Argumentation dient Quine die vermeintlich einfache Frage: Was gibt es? Die zunächst naheliegende Antwort sei sogar noch kürzer als die Frage selbst: Es gibt Alles. Wer dies sagt, äußert im Grunde nur eine Tautologie. Er sagt nichts anderes, als dass es die Dinge gibt, die es gibt. Deshalb ist eine genauere Untersuchung des Problems dringend erforderlich. Zahlreiche Einzelfälle, bei denen man sich auch nach Jahrhunderten des philosophischen Disputes nicht einig wird, behindern eine zufriedenstellende Beantwortung der Ausgangsfrage. Einer dieser Einzelfälle ist das Problem der negativen Existenzaussagen. Durch eine ausführliche Erörterung dieses Problems leistet Quine die Vorarbeit, um auf den für sein Ontologieverständnis entscheidenden Begriff der ontologischen Verpflichtung zu stoßen. Als zweiten Schritt entwirft er eine Methode zur logischen Analyse jener Verpflichtungen, die ein probates Mittel sei, um zwischen Theorien über die Welt abwägen zu können.

What role does language play in the formation and perpetuation of our ideas about nationality and other social categories? And what role does it play in the formation and perpetuation of nations themselves, and of other human groups? Language and Nationality considers these questions and examines the consequences of the notion that a language and a nationality are intrinsically connected. Pietro Bortone illustrates how our use of language reveals more about us than we think, is constantly judged, and marks group insiders and group outsiders. Casting doubt on several assumptions common among academics and non-academics alike, he highlights how languages significantly differ among themselves in structure, vocabulary, and social use, in ways that are often untranslatable and can imply a particular culture. Nevertheless, he argues, this does not warrant the way language has been used for promoting a national outlook and for teaching us to identify with a nation. Above all, the common belief that languages indicate nationalities reflects our intellectual and political history, and has had a tremendous social cost. Bortone elucidates how the development of standardized national languages - while having merits - has fostered an unrealistic image of nations and has created new social inequalities. He also shows how it has obscured the history of many languages, artificially altered their fundamental features, and distorted the public understanding of what a language is.

Sarah A. Mattice explores contemporary philosophical activity and the way in which one aspect of languagemetaphorgives shape and boundary to the landscape of the discipline. The book examines metaphors of combat, play, and aesthetic experience and emphasizes how the choices we make in philosophical language are deeply intertwined with what we think philosophy is and how it should be practiced. Drawing on a broad range of resources, from cognitive linguistics and hermeneutics to aesthetics and Chinese philosophy, Mattices argument provides insight into the evolution and future of philosophy itself.

Each of us bears a unique name given to us at birth. When people use your name, they typically refer to you. But what is the linkage that ties a name to a person and hence allows it to refer?Li's book approaches this question of reference empirically through the medium of referential intuitions. Building on the literature on philosophical and linguistic intuitions, she proposes a linguistic-competence-based account of referential intuitions. Subsequently, using a series of novel experiments, she investigates the variation of referential intuitions across different cultures, as well as the developmental trajectory and the underlying causes of the observed cultural differences. What she finds is that the cultural patterns of referential intuitions are already in place around age seven, and the differences are largely attributable to the distinct perspective-taking strategies favoured by easterners and westerners, rather than the moral valence of actions involved in the experimental materials. These results are taken to better support referential pluralism (in particular, the ambiguous view) than referential monism.By undertaking this fascinating research, Li's book provides new insights into the cognitive mechanism underlying people's referential usage of names. It will be valuable to students and scholars of linguistics, philosophy of language and experimental philosophy, and in particular, to those who research into semantic intuitions and theories of reference.

Das Wesen des Sternenhimmels kann nur schlecht durch Astronomie (Astrophysik) und Astrologie und das Wesen der Natur nur unvollkommen durch Biologie und Ökologie erfasst werden. Einen authentischeren und auch wissenschaftlicheren Zugang bietet die Psychoanalyse. Es sind vor allem J. Laeans Bildtheorie und seine aus der Linguistik stammenden Kurzformeln, die ein Rüstzeug für eine neue ganzheitliche (bild- und wortbezogene) Orientierung ergeben, die darüber hinaus sogar ein praktisches, therapeutisches (meditatives) Verfahren ermöglicht.Kombinierte bild- und wortbezogene Elemente wirken wie ein Schicksalslogo, das der Autor auch aus Geschichten von Odysseus, Saint Exupery, einem indischen Heiligen und anderen Geschehnissen zusammenstellt, um das Verfahren anschaulich zu machen.Der Autor ist Arzt und Psychoanalytiker und hat seine Methode in zahlreichen Büchern und Seminaren veröffentlicht.

""'There's nothing in the world more powerful than a good story. Nothing can stop it. Nothing can defeat it.' Thus spake Tyrion in the final episode of Game of Thrones, claiming the throne for Bran the Broken. Many viewers liked neither the choice of king nor its rationale. But the claim that story brings you to world dominance seems by now so banal that it's common wisdom. Narrative seems to have become accepted as the one and only form of knowledge and speech that regulates human affairs." So begins the scholar and literary critic Peter Brooks's reckoning with today's flourishing cult of story. Forty years after Brooks published his seminal work Reading for the Plot, his own important contribution to what came to be known as the "narrative turn" in contemporary criticism and philosophy, he returns to question the unquestioning fashion in which story is now embraced as excuse or explanation and the fact that every brand or politician comes equipped with one. In a discussion that ranges from Gone Girl to legal argument, to the power storytellers exercise over their audiences, to what it means for readers and listeners to project themselves imaginatively into fictional characters, Brooks reminds us that among the powers of narrative is the power to deceive. Precisely because story does command our attention so, we must be skeptical of it and cultivate ways of thinking about our world and ourselves that run counter to our penchant for a good story"--

This textbook is a logic manual which includes an elementary course and an advanced course. It covers more than most introductory logic textbooks, while maintaining a comfortable pace that students can follow. The technical exposition is clear, precise and follows a paced increase in complexity, allowing the reader to get comfortable with previous definitions and procedures before facing more difficult material. The book also presents an interesting overall balance between formal and philosophical discussion, making it suitable for both philosophy and more formal/science oriented students. This textbook is of great use to undergraduate philosophy students, graduate philosophy students, logic teachers, undergraduates and graduates in mathematics, computer science or related fields in which logic is required.

This handbook is a comprehensive practical resource on corpus linguistics. It features a range of basic and advanced approaches, methods and techniques in corpus linguistics, from corpus compilation principles to quantitative data analyses. The Handbook is organized in six Parts. Parts I to III feature chapters that discuss key issues and the know-how related to various topics around corpus design, methods and corpus types. Parts IV-V aim to offer a user-friendly introduction to the quantitative analysis of corpus data: for each statistical technique discussed, chapters provide a practical guide with R and come with supplementary online material. Part VI focuses on how to write a corpus linguistic paper and how to meta-analyze corpus linguistic research. The volume can serve as a course book as well as for individual study. It will be an essential reading for students of corpus linguistics as well as experienced researchers who want to expand their knowledge of the field.