Historisk og sammenlignende lingvistik

The first civilization of the Italian peninsula was the Etruscan civilization. It flourished from seventh to fourth century BC. The Etruscan influence started to weaken in the late fourth century BC due to a set of complex circumstances and their dispute with Rome. By the time of Julius Caesar, the Etruscan identity and language were almost completely erased. Who were the Etruscans? Why their language is seen as a language isolate, a non-Indo-European island in an Indo-European sea? There were many attempts to compare the Etruscan words with words from other languages but that path was abandoned by the end of the nineteenth century. The great Massimo Pallottino, the father of etruscology, openly doubted the etymological method while Giuliano and Larissa Bonfante, the authors of the most comprehensive book about the Etruscan language, saw no possible benefit in its use. The author of this book took the opposite path. He compared the Etruscan words with roots and words from another language and he used the etymological method. The results are very surprising.

Highly Irregular is an illustrated history of English as told through all the things that are weird about it. Why are there so many silent letters? Why do we have irregular verbs? What is the deal with the word 'colonel'? The weirdness of English can be blamed on specific influences that shaped it, and in this book Arika Okrent investigates the many puzzles of our language to show how English came to be the way it is today.

A New York Times bestseller One of the preeminent linguists of our time examines the realms of language that are considered shocking and taboo in order to understand what imbues curse words with such power-and why we love them so much.Profanity has always been a deliciously vibrant part of our lexicon, an integral part of being human. In fact, our ability to curse comes from a different part of the brain than other parts of speech-the urgency with which we say "f&*k!" is instead related to the instinct that tells us to flee from danger.Language evolves with time, and so does what we consider profane or unspeakable. Nine Nasty Words is a rollicking examination of profanity, explored from every angle: historical, sociological, political, linguistic. In a particularly coarse moment, when the public discourse is shaped in part by once-shocking words, nothing could be timelier.

The Politics of Speech in Later Twentieth-Century Poetry: Local Tongues in Heaney, Brooks, Harrison, and Clifton argues that local speech became a central facet of English-language poetry in the second half of the twentieth century. It is based on a key observation about four major poets from both sides of the Atlantic: Seamus Heaney, Gwendolyn Brooks, Tony Harrison, and Lucille Clifton all respond to societal crises by arranging, reproducing, and reconceiving their particular versions of local speech in poetic form. The book¿s overarching claim is that ¿local tongues¿ in poetry have the capacity to bridge aesthetic and sociopolitical realms because nonstandard local speech declares its distinction from the status quo and binds people who have been subordinated by hierarchical social conditions, while harnessing those versions of speech into poetic structures can actively counter the very hierarchies that would degrade those languages. The diverse local tongues of these fourpoets marshaled into the forms of poetry situate them at once in literary tradition, in local contexts, and in prevailing social constructs.

An der Schnittstelle von Semantic Web und historischer Linguistik untersucht die Studie, mit Fokus auf die lexikalische Semantik, die mögliche Modellierung von Ressourcen der mittelalterlichen Galloromania als Linked Data. Ziel ist, eine ressourcenübergreifende, strukturelle und konzeptionelle Dateninteroperabilität und einen Datenzugriff über verschiedene Disziplinen, Domänen und Sprachen hinweg zu etablieren. Modelliert werden Ressourcen des Alt- und Mittelfranzösischen und des Altgaskognischen aus Textedition, Textkorpus und Wörterbuch. Dabei werden zahlreiche linguistische Aspekte thematisiert: Ausdrucks- und Inhaltsseite des sprachlichen Zeichens, Skriptafragen und Lemmatisierung, die zentrale Position der Bedeutung und die Rolle ihrer Definition, Semasiologie und Onomasiologie, (digitale) Aspekte der Textphilologie, Korpuslinguistik, Lexikographie etc. Zugleich werden Defizite des Linked-Data-Paradigmas in Bezug auf die Modellierung historischer Sprachdaten aufgezeigt (fehlende Sprachcodes und Domänenontologien, Probleme der Historizität und des Bedeutungswandels etc.) und Lösungen zu deren Behebung vorgeschlagen.

La obra Recursos prosódicos en la marcación discursiva tiene como propósito dar cuenta de los fenómenos prosódicos que utilizan seis usuarios de la variedad del español tapatío a fin de marcar el discurso en un corpus de entrevistas sociolingüísticas. Dichas entrevistas se aplicaron a seis informantes de 18 a 35 años con un nivel de instrucción alto.Por un lado, los informantes recurrieron a movimientos ascendentes de la curva melódica, saltos tonales y escalonamiento descendente a fin de marcar el discurso. Por otro lado, los informantes se sirvieron de ascensos en las sílabas finales del segmento discursivo anterior a ciertos marcadores discursivos y descensos en las sílabas iniciales de los propios marcadores para reforzar los valores pragmático-discursivos de los marcadores en cuestión.

Este libro analiza el lenguaje político empleado durante la XII legislatura (2016-2019) por el Partido Popular, el Partido Socialista, Unidos Podemos y Ciudadanos a propósito de la crisis territorial catalana. Estudia las estrategias de encuadre conceptual y la selección léxica que emplearon las fuerzas políticas y caracteriza desde un punto devista lingüístico la polarización discursiva.

Im Band wird der Vielfalt der inter- und intralinguistischen Forschungsperspek - tiven Rechnung getragen. Es geht sowohl um einzelsprachliche Phänomene im Deutschen, Rumänischen, Englischen, Französischen, Spanischen und in Sisaali als auch um linguistische Auffälligkeiten in interkultureller Perspektive sowie um Aspekte des Fremdsprachenerwerbs. Die im Band präsentierten theoretischen Überlegungen und praxeologischen Verfahren verstehen sich als Anregung, die etablierten Ansätze und Methoden der kontrastiven Linguis - tik zu reflektieren und zu revidieren. This volume offers an insight into the diversity of inter- and intralinguistic research perspectives. The contributions are devoted to intralinguistic phe - nomena in German, Romanian, English, French, Spanish and Sisaali as well as linguistic peculiarities explored from an intercultural perspective and also aspects of foreign language acquisition. The theoretical issues and praxeo - logical perspectives presented in the volume are intended as a proposal to reflect on and possibly revise the long-established approaches and methods of contrastive linguistics.

Im Zentrum steht das vermeintliche Spannungsverhältnis von sprachlicher Norm und Variation in der Frühen Neuzeit, welches mithilfe frühneuzeitlicher Fremdsprachenlehrwerke beleuchtet wird. Zunächst erfolgt eine ausführliche Einordnung der frühneuzeitlichen Fremdsprachenlehrwerken als Quelle für die historische Linguistik. Neben den Charakteristika der Quellen, steht vor allem die Frage nach der Authentizität im Fokus. Quantitative sowie qualitative Studien zu zwei unterschiedlichen grammatischen Phänomenen (Dativ-e und werden-Futur) sowie Studien zum Sprachbewusstsein der Autoren auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen eröffnen völlig neue Perspektiven auf die Frage nach Sprachnorm und Sprachgebrauch in der Frühen Neuzeit. Mithilfe dieser Studien kann schließlich gezeigt werden, dass Variation ein elementarer Bestandteil der Lehrwerke ist und die Mehrheit der Autoren in ihren Werken Normenpluralität abbilden.

Explores how China's oldest poetry collection was interpreted in a Confucian exegetical text-the Mao Commentary-in the mid-second century BCE.

Además de un himno pacifista, en el que la mujer y la madre adquieren un papel protagónico al cuestionar el orden patriarcal y nefasto de la guerra, Mientras los hombres mueren (1953) es un poemario trascendental y apenas conocido de Carmen Conde. Su análisis, de hecho, permite arrojar luz sobre Mujer sin Edén (1947), obra magna que la consagró definitivamente y que se considera representativa del proceso subversivo del lenguaje bíblico en la lírica escrita por mujeres en la primera mitad del siglo XX. El objetivo prioritario del presente trabajo es llevar a cabo un examen comparativo de ambas colecciones para demostrar, merced a los paralelismos simbólicos, estilísticos y temáticos, que la primera no sólo puede considerarse cámara germinadora de motivos poéticos y recursos retóricos de la segunda, sino también pieza clave para comprender la edificación de la conciencia femenina de la autora.

This book focuses on the linguistic needs of university students enrolled in English Medium Instruction (EMI) programmes in which disciplinary subjects are taught in English, a practice that has significantly risen over the last 20 years. It includes seven online, self-study modules (Creating outlines, concept maps, writing definitions, writing summaries, reporting data, the language of presentations and writing abstracts) that were designed after conducting specific research into students¿ needs in terms of academic genres and language functions. All these modules were piloted with students in different degree programmes. The piloting confirmed the suitability of the materials for EMI undergraduate and postgraduate learners and the benefits of following a genre-based approach in this specific context.

Bringing together a wide selection of work on cultural linguistics and pragmatics, this comprehensive handbook offers global, comparative insights into the field. Diversity does not always imply differences, but it also offers insights into surprising similarities and parallels when it comes to expressions. By the same token, this collection shows that when we see that linguistic differences, when they exist, stem from not merely language, but from the cultural and historical context that cultivates and nurtures them. Within that paradigm, then, this handbook locates the importance of philosophy, religion (or even the lack thereof), political affiliations, and so on, in forming expressions. In addition, comparisons with other models of cultural linguistics are undertaken. These trends provide readers with a comprehensive introduction to issues in cultural linguistics, addressing the peculiarities of the field under the rubric of localized studies, and speaking to the possibilities that exist in interpretation of what metaphors are. The book highlights the complexities that are so tightly interwoven into the fabric of every word and a sentence, across cultures and linguistic traditions. A must-have collection for anthropologists, philosophers, linguists, philologists, theoreticians, rhetoricians, and scholars of poetics, this is the one-stop reference in cultural linguistics.

We like to recount that goodbye started out as "god be with you," that whiskey comes from the Gaelic for "water of life," or that avocado originated as the Aztec word for "testicle." But there are many words with origins unknown, disputed, or so buried in old journals that they may as well be lost to the general public. In Origin Uncertain: Unraveling the Mysteries of Etymology, eminent etymologist Anatoly Liberman draws on his professional expertise and etymological database to tell the stories of less understood words such as nerd, fake, ain't, hitchhike, trash, curmudgeon, and quiz, as well as puzzling idioms like kick the bucket and pay through the nose. By casting a net so broadly, the book addresses language history, language usage (including grammar), history (both ancient and modern), religion, superstitions, and material culture.

This book explores the rich history of the keyword from its earliest manifestations (long before it appeared anywhere in Google Trends or library cataloging textbooks) in order to illustrate its implicit and explicit mediation of human cognition and communication processes. The author covers the concept of the keyword from its deictic origins in primate and proto-speech communities, through its development within oral traditions, to its initial appearances in numerous graphical forms and its workings over time within a variety of indexing traditions and technologies. The book follows the history all the way to its role in search engine optimization and social media strategies and its potential as an element in the slowly emerging semantic web, as well as in multiple voice search applications. The author synthesizes different perspectives on the significance of this often-invisible intermediary, both in and out of the library and information science context, helping readers to understand how it has come to be so embedded in our daily life.This book: Provides a thorough history of the keyword, from primate and proto-speech communities to current timesExplains how the concept of the keyword relates to human cognition and communication processesHighlights the applications of the keyword, both in and out of the library and information science context

Have you ever wondered about the origins of popular English idioms? From "crying over spilled milk" to going on a "wild goose chase," these phrases have fascinating backstories that will "whet your appetite" for more.In "Why Do We Say That," we've rounded up 101 of the most commonly used idioms and "hit the nail on the head" by providing the historical context behind each one. Don't be a "deer in the headlights" when someone asks you the meaning of "straw man" or "up a creek without a paddle." This book has got you covered.Whether you're a "dark horse" when it comes to trivia or just looking to impress your friends with your knowledge of idioms, this book is for you. Don't be a "cheapskate" and miss out on the opportunity to learn the fascinating stories behind these expressions. And don't "cry wolf" when we tell you that this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the English language.So, "break a leg" and get the book to start your journey of discovery!

Der erste Band des Sammelwerks zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum der Niederdeutschen Philologie in Rostock beleuchtet die Fachgeschichte dieser Disziplin. Die Beiträge behandeln in chronologischer Ordnung Stationen, Institutionen und wichtige Vertreter der Fachgeschichte von den frühen Vorläufern (Nathan Chytraeus) bis in die Gegenwart.August Lübben und Bruno Claußen stehen am Beginn der systematischen Forschung zum Niederdeutschen. Der Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung, das Mecklenburgische Wörterbuch, Arbeiten zur altsächsischen Lexikographie und nicht zuletzt die Professur Hermann Teucherts markieren die Professionalisierung des Fachs. Der gesellschaftliche Kontext der Fachentwicklung wird in Beiträgen zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, des Zweiten Weltkrieges und der DDR thematisiert.