Kybernetik og systemteori

I denne bog tager Capra og Luisi et opgør med en af videnskabens grundantagelser – at verden er som én stor maskine, vi kan splitte i stumper og stykker. Siden den videnskabelige revolution, hvor denne mekanistiske verdens- og livsforståelse blev grundlagt, har vi forsømt at erkende livet på kloden som ét sammenvævet system. Med det systemiske syn på liv følger en dyb økologisk bevidsthed og en sans for den fundamentale gensidige afhængighed, der er mellem alle fænomener i verden. Det gamle adskillelsesparadigme er ved at falde fra hinanden, og det giver håb om en ny og bedre fremtid. Selvom bogen primært er skrevet til studerende, henvender den sig også til alle, der er interesseret i en forståelse af den nye systemiske livsopfattelse og dennes betydning for en bred række fagligheder – fra politik og filosofi til medicin, psykologi og biologi. FRITJOF CAPRA er stifter af Center for Ecoliteracy i Berkeley, Californien. Han er fysiker og systemteoretiker og har beskæftiget sig med en systematisk undersøgelse af videnskabens filosofiske og sociale implikationer i de sidste 35 år. PIER LUIGI LUISI er professor i biokemi ved universitetet i Rom. Han er kemiker og stod bag de interdisciplinære Cortona-uger, og han beskæftiger sig med eksperimentelle og filosofiske aspekter ved livets oprindelse.

Med denne indføring i den sociologiske systemteori gør Luhmann det muligt for hans egne studerende at arbejde selvstændigt med denne teori. Den er derfor en guldgrube af enkle ideer i omgangen med vanskelige spørgsmål og tilbyder et rigt udvalg af koncepter og teoremer. Dette tillader en opøvning af evnen til at iagttage, beskrive og tænke - både i forhold til iagttagelsen af politik og økonomi, religion og videnskab, kunst og opdragelse samt familie og organisation og i forhold til vurderingen af aktuelle spørgsmål inden for kognitionsforskningen, miljøproblemer og sociale bevægelser.Ingen anden af Luhmanns tekster er så let tilgængelig og forståelig som denne.

This book gives readers the tools to craft AI systems that don't just thrive today, but endure sustainably into the future. Whether a trailblazer or an aspiring innovator, this book enables readers to resonate with the ambitions of software developers, data scientists, and AI practitioners. The author covers the latest techniques and best practices for energy efficiency, reducing carbon footprints, and ensuring fair and ethical AI. The book also addresses important issues such as AI governance, managing risks, and ensuring transparency. Topics covered include understanding the relationship between AI and sustainable development, strategies for building efficient AI systems, and ethical considerations in AI development, among others. The author includes case studies of companies and organizations that have successfully implemented sustainable AI software development practices. Therefore, this book will be of interest to AI practitioners, academics, researchers, and lecturers in computer science, artificial intelligence, machine learning and data sciences.

This book presents advances in security assurance for cyber-physical systems (CPS) and report on new machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches and technologies developed by the research community and the industry to address the challenges faced by this emerging field.Cyber-physical systems bridge the divide between cyber and physical-mechanical systems by combining seamlessly software systems, sensors, and actuators connected over computer networks. Through these sensors, data about the physical world can be captured and used for smart autonomous decision-making.This book introduces fundamental AI/ML principles and concepts applied in developing secure and trustworthy CPS, disseminates recent research and development efforts in this fascinating area, and presents relevant case studies, examples, and datasets. We believe that it is a valuable reference for students, instructors, researchers, industry practitioners, and related government agencies staff.

Start an interesting journey through the digital world with "Online Relationships that Matter: Making Cyber Connections." This groundbreaking book by Vasile breaks down the complicated nature of relationships in the digital age, giving readers a way to find their way around the constantly changing world of online connections.Vasile writes with intelligence and knowledge about all aspects of cyber connections, from how interactions have changed over time to how technology has affected relationships. You will learn how to create a real digital identity, how different online sites work, and how important it is to set digital boundaries for a satisfying online experience.This book goes beyond normal talks by talking about the subtleties of online communication, the importance of emotional intelligence in cyberspace, and ways to clear up common misunderstandings. Vasile gives useful tips on all aspects of online connections, from how to stay safe in long-distance relationships made possible by technology to how to build trust in the digital world.As technology changes how we interact with each other, "Online Relationships that Matter" gives readers the skills to create healthy digital communities, handle disagreements, and lessen the effects of digital burnout. To stay ahead of the curve, learn about new trends in internet connections, such as how virtual reality and AI might affect things.This book will help you make connections that matter online by focusing on purpose, empathy, and a dedication to connections that matter. Explore the future of digital relationships with Vasile's informative guide. It will help you find your way around the ever-changing and rewarding world of cyberconnections.

Reaction to breakdowns is more expensive, by many orders of magnitude, than prevention. This again became clear during the COVID-19 pandemic and is evinced in the sustainability crisis. The dynamics of living matter transcends deterministic reaction. Embodied in machines, determinism empowered the human being, providing the path to prosperity. However, in conjunction with reductionism, it does away with complexity, in which life is couched. The living is by necessity anticipatory. Awareness of the future means preserving life not in reaction to, but in anticipation of change. Living entities, from the simplest bacteria, to plants and insects, to human beings, are adaptive, goal-oriented, and capable of self-healing. Anticipatory actions are expressed through non-deterministic processes that unfold in concert with reactions. They engage the wholeness of life, including its interactions with the environment. Awareness of consequences, together with memory of the past, informs actions that reflect the creative nature of human beings. Redefining science¿and implicitly, medicine¿is not a negation of its past, but rather an affirmation of trust in explaining life¿s capacity to renew itself. As opposed to increasingly expensive medicine as a practice of repair, to prevent and to heal is to make life sustainable. The moment of truth can no longer be postponed. At stake is the future of humankind and even of life on planet Earth. Reductionist determinism informs the obsession with progress at any cost. Awareness of the fact that the human condition transcends that of the matter in which it is embodied explains, and indeed justifies, the call to Disrupt Science in its current state. The age of the digital machine, in particular of artificial intelligence, is one of opportunities that pale when compared to its inherent risks. The record of breakdowns (including so-called natural disasters), by now global in scale, is part of the empirical premise for the call for completing the Cartesian Revolution. A ¿Second Revolution in Science¿ could unleash humanity¿s remaking, free of surrendering to want. Science has the opportunity not only to measure everything¿life included¿and accumulate data and process it for its own sake, but also to realize its meaning. The future matters.

This book comprehensively introduces readers to Digital Twins, from the basic concepts, core technologies and technical architecture, to application scenarios and other aspects. Readers will gain a profound understanding of the emerging discipline of Digital Twins. Covering the latest and cutting-edge application technologies of Digital Twins in various fields, the book offers practitioners concrete problem-solving strategies. At the same time, it helps those working in Digital Twins-related fields to deepen their understanding of the industry and enhance their professional knowledge and skills. Given its scope, the book can also be used as teaching material or a reference book for teachers and students of product design, industrial design, design management, design marketing and related disciplines at colleges and universities. Covering a variety of groundbreaking Digital Twins technologies, it can also provide new directions for researchers.

This book provides an essential compilation of relevant and cutting edge academic and industry work on key cybersecurity applications topics. Further, it introduces cybersecurity applications to the public at large to develop their cybersecurity applications knowledge and awareness. The book concentrates on a wide range of advances related to Cybersecurity Applications which include, among others, applications in the areas of Data Science, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Web, High-Tech Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems, Mobile Devices, Digital Media, and Cloud Computing. It introduces the concepts, techniques, methods, approaches and trends needed by cybersecurity application specialists and educators for keeping current their cybersecurity applications knowledge. Further, it provides a glimpse of future directions where cybersecurity applications are headed. The book can be a valuable resource to applied cybersecurity experts towards their professional development efforts and to students as a supplement to their cybersecurity courses.

This is the first book to articulate how to address interlinkages among sustainable development goals (SDGs), which are keys to implementing those goals by 2030. At the heart of the book is a resilience approach to the enabling relevant systems, practices, and education and research. While SDGs are well known at different levels from local to global spheres, a major gap can be seen between goals and approaches, as approaches are lacking for addressing interlinkages among SDGs. The United Nations General Assembly in 2015 acknowledged interlinkages as being of crucial importance in ensuring the purpose of the goals. However, few actual approaches have been specified to address the interlinkages or interconnections at both the policy and practical levels. Thus, it is urgent to face the question of how to address the interlinkages by stakeholders¿not only policy communities and researchers but also practitioners and students, especially innovators who can go beyond existing boundaries. By highlighting that challenge, this book lays out a path for addressing interlinkages among SDGs by applying a resilience approach to the issues of a sustainable society. The resilience approach has been developed from combinations of different modes of thinking and practices, including the systems approach, systems and design thinking, and resilience thinking and practices. Based on this overarching approach, innovators seek out the relevance of that approach to their SDGs-related practices at the system, local, and educational levels. The book therefore serves as a guide to how the resilience approach can contribute to accelerating implementation of SDGs by 2030.

This book presents the latest accomplishments in Novikov/conformal gearing as well as high-conformal gearing.  It is focused primarily on strength calculation of gear teeth and the manufacturing of gears for Novikov/conformal and high-conformal gearing along with a brief discussion of achievements in the modern theory of gearing. The modern theory of gearing is the foundation of all optimal designs of gears, gear-sets, and transmissions of all known designs, as well as, of all those to be developed in the future. As even a small improvement in efficiency on a single gear can represent a significant cost saving, given the millions of gears used in industry every year, this volume provides the design and manufacturing engineer in invaluable resource.

This volume presents an accessible overview of mathematical control theory and analysis of PDEs, providing young researchers a snapshot of these active and rapidly developing areas. The chapters are based on two mini-courses and additional talks given at the spring school "e;Trends in PDEs and Related Fields"e; held at the University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria from 8-10 April 2019. In addition to providing an in-depth summary of these two areas, chapters also highlight breakthroughs on more specific topics such as:Sobolev spaces and elliptic boundary value problemsLocal energy solutions of the nonlinear wave equationGeometric control of eigenfunctions of Schrodinger operatorsResearch in PDEs and Related Fields will be a valuable resource to graduate students and more junior members of the research community interested in control theory and analysis of PDEs.

This open access book gives a systematic introduction into the spectral theory of differential operators on metric graphs. Main focus is on the fundamental relations between the spectrum and the geometry of the underlying graph.The book has two central themes: the trace formula and inverse problems.The trace formula is relating the spectrum to the set of periodic orbits and is comparable to the celebrated Selberg and Chazarain-Duistermaat-Guillemin-Melrose trace formulas. Unexpectedly this formula allows one to construct non-trivial crystalline measures and Fourier quasicrystals solving one of the long-standing problems in Fourier analysis. The remarkable story of this mathematical odyssey is presented in the first part of the book.To solve the inverse problem for Schrödinger operators on metric graphs the magnetic boundary control method is introduced. Spectral data depending on the magnetic flux allow one to solve the inverse problem in full generality, this means to reconstruct not only the potential on a given graph, but also the underlying graph itself and the vertex conditions.The book provides an excellent example of recent studies where the interplay between different fields like operator theory, algebraic geometry and number theory, leads to unexpected and sound mathematical results. The book is thought as a graduate course book where every chapter is suitable for a separate lecture and includes problems for home studies. Numerous illuminating examples make it easier to understand new concepts and develop the necessary intuition for further studies.

This textbook summarizes the course of engineering mechanics, designed for one or two semesters, at the undergraduate or graduate level for a range of academic majors. The book covers all the main components of the discipline including: Theoretical Mechanics, Theory of Mechanisms and Machines, Resistance of Materials, Machine Parts and Design Basic; and Interchangeability, Standardization, and Technical Measurements. It can also be used by students of other technical areas in to achieve competence in each of the listed disciplines. The concise presentation facilitates concentration on the most important elements of the concepts presented while also outlining the current state of mechanics, demonstrating engineering applications using various computer packages (MathCad, CosmosWorks, Inkscape, AutoCad), and updating data on engineering materials. Examples of both simple and complex engineering calculations are given at the end of each chapter along with self-assessment questions.

Recently, novel metaheuristic techniques have emerged in response to the limitations of conventional approaches, leading to enhanced outcomes. These new methods introduce interesting mechanisms and innovative collaborative strategies that facilitate the efficient exploration and exploitation of extensive search spaces characterized by numerous dimensions. The objective of this book is to present advancements that discuss novel alternative metaheuristic developments that have demonstrated their effectiveness in tackling various complex problems. This book encompasses a variety of emerging metaheuristic methods and their practical applications. The content is presented from a teaching perspective, making it particularly suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students in fields such as science, electrical engineering, and computational mathematics. The book aligns well with courses in artificial intelligence, electrical engineering, and evolutionary computation. Furthermore, the material offers valuable insights to researchers within the metaheuristic and engineering communities. Similarly, engineering practitioners unfamiliar with metaheuristic computation concepts will recognize the pragmatic value of the discussed techniques. These methods transcend mere theoretical tools that have been adapted to effectively address the significant real-world problems commonly encountered in engineering domains.

Analysis at Large is dedicated to Jean Bourgain whose research has deeply influenced the mathematics discipline, particularly in analysis and its interconnections with other fields. In this volume, the contributions made by renowned experts present both research and surveys on a wide spectrum of subjects, each of which pay tribute to a true mathematical pioneer. Examples of topics discussed in this book include Bourgain's discretized sum-product theorem, his work in nonlinear dispersive equations, the slicing problem by Bourgain, harmonious sets, the joint spectral radius, equidistribution of affine random walks, Cartan covers and doubling Bernstein type inequalities, a weighted Prekopa-Leindler inequality and sumsets with quasicubes, the fractal uncertainty principle for the Walsh-Fourier transform, the continuous formulation of shallow neural networks as Wasserstein-type gradient flows, logarithmic quantum dynamical bounds for arithmetically defined ergodic Schrodinger operators, polynomial equations in subgroups, trace sets of restricted continued fraction semigroups, exponential sums, twisted multiplicativity and moments, the ternary Goldbach problem, as well as the multiplicative group generated by two primes in Z/QZ.It is hoped that this volume will inspire further research in the areas of analysis treated in this book and also provide direction and guidance for upcoming developments in this essential subject of mathematics.

This book concisely describes the technologies, human perception, and cognition issues relevant to autonomous vehicles. It also gives an insight in the changes bring about our future everyday lives.Autonomous vehicles are the future of the automobile industry. Automated driving (AD), also called self-driving, raises however several multiple questions, among them those of user safety and acceptation. Comprehensive HMI system design, with windshield display technics, will be necessary to deal with driving task delegations, bringing the use of VR or augmented reality (AR) technologies. In addition, the use of VR for all the vehicle interiors will progressively be proposed for entertainment, online business activities and for modified visual motion perception to alleviate car sickness, a form of motion sickness. Indeed, car sickness is already well known for many passengers, especially when reading or operating smartphones or other display devices. It is called to increase significantly with the introduction of autonomous vehicles where all users will be for long periods in various sitting positions. These two new trends, AD and VR, are already modifying our relationship with the world and the society. All together, they will change our way of life forever. The book will be of interest to professionals in the auto industry, researchers in automotive engineering and computer science and all those interested in the future of transport.

This concise textbook introduces a systems approach to technology, describing tribological, mechatronic, cyber-physical systems, and the technologic concept of Industry 4.0 to students in a range of engineering domains. "e;Technology"e; in this book refers to the totality of human-made, benefit-oriented products, based on engineered combinations of material, energy and information. Dr. Czichos examines technology in this volume in the context of systems thinking with regard to the following main technology areasTechnical systems with "e;interacting surfaces in relative motion"e; especially in mechanical engineering, production, and transport; including the analysis of friction-induced energy losses and wear-induced materials dissipation. Technical systems that require a combination of mechanics, electronics, controls, and computer engineering for needs of industry and society. Technical systems with a combination of mechatronics and internet communication. Cyber-physical Systems for the digitalization of Industry in the development project Industry 4.0.Considers technology as combination of the physical world and the digital virtual world of information and communication.Describes the product cycle of technical systems and the corner stones of technology: material, energy and information.Presents a holistic view of technology and engineering.

This book takes the notions of adaptivity and learning from the realm of engineering into the realm of biology and natural processes. It introduces a Hebbian-LMS algorithm, an integration of unsupervised Hebbian learning and supervised LMS learning in neural networks, as a mathematical representation of a general theory for synaptic learning in the brain, and adaptation and functional control of homeostasis in living systems. Written in a language that is able to address students and scientists with different backgrounds, this book accompanies readers on a unique journey through various homeostatic processes in living organisms, such as body temperature control and synaptic plasticity, explaining how the Hebbian-LMS algorithm can help understand them, and suggesting some open questions for future research. It also analyses cell signalling pathways from an unusual perspective, where hormones and hormone receptors are shown to be regulated via the principles of the Hebbian-LMS algorithm. It further discusses addiction and pain, and various kinds of mood disorders alike, showing how they can be modelled with the Hebbian-LMS algorithm.  For the first time, the Hebbian-LMS algorithm, which has been derived from a combination of Hebbian theory from the neuroscience field and the LMS algorithm from the engineering field of adaptive signal processing, becomes a potent model for understanding how biological regulation works. Thus, this book is breaking new ground in neuroscience by providing scientists with a general theory for how nature does control synaptic learning. It then goes beyond that, showing that the same principles apply to hormone-mediated regulation of physiological processes. In turn, the book tackles in more depth the concept of learning. It covers computer simulations and strategies for training neural networks with the Hebbian-LMS algorithm, demonstrating that the resulting algorithms are able to identify relationships between unknown input patterns. It shows how this can translate in useful ideas to understand human memory and design cognitive structures. All in all, this book offers an absolutely, unique, inspiring reading for biologists, physiologists, and engineers, paving the way for future studies on what we could call the nature's secret learning algorithm.

This book deals with several types of multi-dimensional control problems in the face of data uncertainty for vector cases-multi-dimensional multi-objective control problem with uncertain objective functionals, uncertain constraint functionals, and uncertain objective as well as constraint functionals, uncertain multi-dimensional multi-objective control problem with semi-infinite constraints, uncertain dual multi-dimensional multi-objective variational control problem, and second-order PDE&PDI constrained robust optimization problem. The book provides the solution approaches-an exact l1 penalty function approach, modified objective approach, robust approach-in the simplest way to solve the recent developing optimization problems in the sense of uncertainty. 

This book focuses on fault diagnosis for linear discrete time-varying (LDTV) systems and its applications in modern engineering processes, with more weighting placed on the development of theory and methodologies. A comprehensive and systematic study on fault diagnosis for LDTV systems is provided, covering Hinfinity-optimization-based fault diagnosis, Hinfinity-filtering-based fault diagnosis, parity space-based fault diagnosis, Krein space technique-aided fault detection and fault estimation, and their typical applications in linear/nonlinear processes such as satellite attitude control systems and INS/GPS systems. This book benefits researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of control engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, instrumentation science, and optoelectronic engineering.

This book provides recent theoretical results and applications of the consensus control for nonlinear leader-following systems. Combining adaptive control technique, fuzzy logic systems, neural networks with the other control techniques or approaches, this book investigates the consensus control problem of leader-following systems and proposes the corresponding control scheme. This book intends to provide the readers a good understanding on consensus control based on adaptive control technology. This book can serve as a reference for the main research issues and results on nonlinear multi-agent systems including leader-following systems for researchers devoting to various areas of control theory, as well as a material for graduate and undergraduate students interested in nonlinear multi-agent systems including leader-following systems and their applications. Some prerequisites for reading this book include nonlinear system theory, matrix theory, mathematics, basic graph theory, and so on.

This book highlights the capabilities and limitations of radar and air navigation. It discusses issues related to the physical principles of an electromagnetic field, the structure of radar information, and ways to transmit it. Attention is paid to the classification of radio waves used for transmitting radar information, as well as to the physical description of their propagation media. The third part of the book addresses issues related to the current state of navigation systems used in civil aviation and the prospects for their development in the future, as well as the history of satellite radio navigation systems. The book may be useful for schoolchildren, interested in the problems of radar and air navigation.

This book systematically establishes the almost periodic theory of dynamic equations and presents applications on time scales in fuzzy mathematics and uncertainty theory. The authors introduce a new division of fuzzy vectors depending on a determinant algorithm and develop a theory of almost periodic fuzzy multidimensional dynamic systems on time scales. Several applications are studied; in particular, a new type of fuzzy dynamic systems called fuzzy q-dynamic systems (i.e. fuzzy quantum dynamic systems) is presented. The results are not only effective on classical fuzzy dynamic systems, including their continuous and discrete situations, but are also valid for other fuzzy multidimensional dynamic systems on various hybrid domains. In an effort to achieve more accurate analysis in real world applications, the authors propose a number of uncertain factors in the theory. As such, fuzzy dynamical models, interval-valued functions, differential equations, fuzzy-valued differential equations, and their applications to dynamic equations on time scales are considered.

This book includes research papers presented at the International Conference on Data Science and Network Engineering (ICDSNE 2023) organized by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, India, during July 21¿22, 2023. It includes research works from researchers, academicians, business executives, and industry professionals for solving real-life problems by using the advancements and applications of data science and network engineering. This book covers many advanced topics, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), computer networks, blockchain, security and privacy, Internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, supply chain management, and many more. Different sections of this book are highly beneficial for the researchers, who are working in the field of data science and network engineering.

The book focuses on analysis and design for positive stochastic jump systems. By using multiple linear co-positive Lyapunov function method and linear programming technique, a basic theoretical framework is formed toward the issues of analysis and design for positive stochastic jump systems. This is achieved by providing an in-depth study on several major topics such as stability, time delay, finite-time control, observer design, filter design, and fault detection for positive stochastic jump systems. The comprehensive and systematic treatment of positive systems is one of the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested to learn non-negative theory. By reading this book, the reader can obtain the most advanced analysis and design techniques for positive stochastic jump systems.