International handel

Questo manuale del XVIII secolo è una guida completa all'esercizio del commercio, che fornisce informazioni dettagliate sulla valutazione delle monete, dei pesi, delle misure e dei cambi utilizzati nelle principali piazze d'Europa. Scritto da due esperti del campo, questo libro è un prezioso manuale per chiunque desideri intraprendere il commercio dell'epoca, o per coloro che desiderano approfondire la storia del commercio.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

In the existing reports on national competitiveness and rankings such as IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook and WEF Global Competitiveness Report, there are sizable discrepancies in the ranking order for the same countries. As a result, the reader is often confused because such an outcome creates difficulties for government officials when translating these findings into real-world policies.These discrepancies are actually due to the differences in logic and analytical models used by IMD and WEF. Therefore, in recognizing the problems and limitations of these models, this book presents the IPS model as a new approach. As an extension of Michael Porter's diamond model, it demonstrates a robust set of methodologies as well as offers a number of key policy implications for countries around the world that wish to enhance their national competitiveness.The analytical tools used in this book can be further utilized for other units of analysis such as industries and firms. As this book provides a series of sophisticated methodologies and specific guidelines for enhancing national competitiveness, both academics and practitioners can derive useful implications from this research.Alongside the theoretical frameworks and methodologies for national competitiveness presented in this book, the special theme and focus of this third volume is the fourth industrial revolution and the emerging technologies that are relevant to corporate and national competitiveness.The discussion on the digitalization of business began as early as the 1990s, but emerging technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing have only been a recent trend. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of emerging technologies by both firms and countries. Yet, despite the growing importance of emerging technologies, firms and governments seem to be lagging in effectively integrating them into their operations. To address these challenges, this book explains how emerging technologies have affected firms, industries, and countries. It also welcomes discussion on how firms and countries are responding to the changing environment to enhance their competitiveness through these new technologies.

This book offers a unique insight into the world of standard-setting organizations (SSOs)' IPR policies and the role they play in balancing the interests of innovators and implementers, vis-à-vis the development of standards. Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been quite a few questions asked of the SSOs as to the legality of their IPR policies and the enforceability of disclosure and licensing obligations enshrined therein. That, coupled with disagreements over the appropriate royalty rate and royalty base, has resulted in extensive litigation between innovators and implementers, especially across the Atlantic. The Book, in keeping the USA and EU as the two primary jurisdictions, offers a comprehensive analysis of the disclosure and licensing obligations under SSO IPR policies, with strong theoretical foundations justifying their imposition. More specifically, it offers a bird's eye view of the various facets of disclosure and licensing, ranging from non-disclosure and transparency on one hand, to the determination of FRAND on the other. While much has been said about the benefits arising out of collaborative standard-setting, disputes involving SEP licensing have not been limited to the courts, and have attracted a significant amount of scrutiny by competition/antitrust agencies. The Book provides an elaborate account of the anti-competitive concerns surrounding standard-setting, and further documents the role of courts and competition agencies in ensuring good faith licensing negotiations between the SEP holders and implementers. Despite largely focusing on SEP licensing disputes in the USA and EU, the Book also offers a dedicated chapter on standard-setting in the Indian context. The readers are presented with an in-depth discussion on the contrasting approaches adopted by the courts and the Competition Commission of India (CCI), in addressing disputes involving SEPs. The said discussion is supplemented by a careful analysis of the SEP licensing guidelines to have emerged out of other implementer-oriented economies like China and Japan. By doing so, the Book offers readers the opportunity to study and compare the SEP licensing framework in developed, as well as developing economies. SSO IPR policies play an integral role in the development of standards, and with technologies such as the Internet of Things and 5G knocking on the doors, the Book makes for a valuable study on the nuances of standard-setting through the lens of SSOs, and will find takers among a wide reader base of students, researchers, academics, law practitioners, corporates, and policy makers.

This book aims to explore the development model of Great Bay Area (GBA) of China as economic engine under the context of open policy. Based on comprehensive research, both theoretically and practically, on the leading free ports in the world and the regional development of well-known bay areas, it analyzes the challenges and opportunities of GBA synergetic free ports. A series of initiatives on the development of GBA synergetic free ports are proposed, including the synergy of space, industry, finance, technological innovation, institution, social governance, and personnel. Also, it ends with a system dynamic model to simulate the regional impact on GBA synergetic free ports, which indicates that economic development, trade, government finance, and population agglomeration would be improved significantly, in the GBA synergetic free ports scenario.

This volume brings together contributions from the academic community, policymakers, and practitioners to delve into the profound challenges facing the international system in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on the Global South, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the political economy of development in this region, considering the economic, social, and geopolitical factors at play. The book addresses the multifaceted challenges that developing countries encounter in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development in a post-pandemic world. It examines the impact of the pandemic on these countries and explores innovative strategies for promoting economic recovery and sustainable development.It is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in understanding the political economy of development in the Global South post covid-19 pandemic. It provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges facing developing countries and offers valuable insights into the potential solutions that can be implemented to foster economic recovery and development. Its interdisciplinary approach and diverse perspectives make it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the dynamics of development in the Global South.

This textbook deals with the progressive global dissolution of political, economic, and social boundaries, which has significant implications for labor markets, the international division of labor, social security, and income distribution. Politically, it is eroding the sovereign ability of nation-states to shape their own affairs; socially, it conjures up the specter of an increasingly global culture of unity. Against the background of the empirical effects of globalization processes in a number of areas, the book discusses to what extent these fears are justified, whether they cannot also be explained by other developments, and whether the benefits of globalization justify the costs and risks resulting from it.

This book focuses on a question that has attracted substantial attention in recent years, is globalisation leading to more inequality, notably in advanced economies?The consensus view is largely yes fx supported by leading international organisations such as the OECD and IMF.In this book, the author challenges the robustness of these claims. The purpose is straightforward. First, a too simple reading on the effects of globalisation may lead to the wrong policy answers such as erecting barriers to trade, even when it clearly benefits consumers. As importantly, it may also distract attention from addressing the clear and observable challenges many countries are facing: notably economic activities being increasingly concentrated in the most prosperous areas and educational systems failing to provide the work force with the skills to succeed in the labour market. Arguably, these very domestic policy failures are key contributors to the emerging economic and political tensions in many OECD countries, with global trade playing a real minor role. The book also draws some policy conclusions. Notably what should international economic regulation focus on, notably in the domain of trade related policies, and what can largely be delivered at local level, even well below the national level.

Verdenssamfundets forsøg på at forhindre Nordkorea i at udvikle langtrækkende atomvåben er ved at slå fejl. Ved et tilfælde falder to journalister på Dagbladet Information over oplysninger, som tyder på, at en mand i Næstved igennem en årrække har været en nøglespiller i Nordkoreas omgåelse af de internationale sanktioner. De hvirvles ind i en sag, der skal ende med at tage dem flere år."Forbudt farvand" er den utrolige og hidtil ufortalte historie om, hvordan en mystisk forretningsmand slog sig ned i Danmark og byggede en verdensomspændende forretning på varm luft og en vilje til at se stort på internationale sanktioner. Og hvordan han medvirkede til oprustningen af nogle af verdens værste diktaturer.

This book focuses on EU-MERCOSUR relations from a diplomatic and trade perspective against the background of the political agreement between the two in 2019. The authors take into consideration that EU-MERCOSUR cooperation developed during recent decades has tried, on the one hand, to build a strategic partnership to respond to the main challenges of international agendas and, on the other, to incorporate in Latin American countries the European new vision of transatlantic regionalism. Starting from a historical perspective of the development of interregionalism between the EU and MERCOSUR, the book goes on to study the geopolitical impacts of Brexit, stagnation of the EU-USA relationship, the COVID-19 pandemic, and of new geopolitical players in EU-LAC interregionalism. It discusses the legal institutional framework of the EU-MERCOSUR relations and provides a comparative view of features of MERCOSUR countries vis-à-vis the European Union. The book also analyses and provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of interregional trade in the context of the 2019 agreement. Highly topical and authored by experts in this field, this book is of interest to a wide readership in the social sciences and economics: from political sociology to international relations, diplomacy studies and international trade.

This volume examines the relationship between trade liberalization policies and income inequality in developing countries. Using survey data for 54 developing countries, the book explores the potential trade-off between the gains from trade and the distribution of those gains and provides a quantification of the inequality-adjusted welfare gains from trade. The book begins with an introduction to the model and its methodology. Chapter 2 sets up the model and derives the formulas for the welfare e¿ects of trade policy. Chapter 3 uses the tari¿ data and the survey data to estimate those welfare e¿ects in 54 countries. Chapter 4 discusses the gains from trade and their distribution. Chapter 5 evaluates and quanti¿es the trade-ö between income gains and inequality costs of trade. Chapter 6 presents robustness tests and results from alternative models of the impacts of trade. The last chapter reviews the Household Impacts of Trade database and dashboard, which provides datafor replication and a platform that allows researchers to simulate agricultural tari¿ policy shocks. Providing a comprehensive empirical analysis of the effects of trade policy on inequality in developing countries, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of economic inequality, development, and international trade as well as policymakers interested in the inequality and poverty consequences of trade policy.

This book examines interactions and discusses intersectionality between public international law and private international law. With contributions from scholars from USA, Canada, Australia, India and EU, this book brings out truly international perspectives on the topic. The contributions are arranged in four themes-Public international law and private international law: historical and theoretical considerations of the boundary; Harmonisation of private international law by public international law instruments: evaluation of process, problems, and effectiveness; Case studies of intersectionality between public international law and private international law; Future trends in the relationship between public international law and private international law. The ultimate aim of this book is to analyse whether these two legal disciplines become convergent or they are still divergent as usual. With wide coverage spanning across these four themes, the book has takeaways for a wide readership. For scholars and researchers in the fields of public international law and private international law, this book sparks further thoughts and debates in both disciplines and highlight areas for continuing research. For practitioners, this book offers fresh insights and perspectives on contemporaneous issues of significance. This book is also be a great resource for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels taking subjects such as public international law or private international law or some related disciplines such as international sale of goods, international trade law or international investment law to advance their knowledge and understanding of the disciplines.

Contemporary trade policy is increasingly framed in geo-strategic terms. But how much of that rhetoric is reflected in actual policy choices by the EU or its trading partners? This book provides a first systematic study of the broader international context in which EU trade agreements are conceived, negotiated, and designed. Building on a refined conceptualisation of geo-economics, the book develops a cogent framework that combines insights from scholarship on the design of free trade agreements with ideas from foreign policy analysis. Empirically, the analysis focuses on the relations between the EU and the Asia-Pacific. Following the United States¿ pivot to Asia and the EU¿s Global Europe strategy, Chinäs backyard has become the main arena in which global powers¿ geo-economic strategies overlap. Building on a series of case-studies, combining the perspectives from the EU and its trading partners, the book shows that the rhetoric of geo-economic competition is yet to catch up with the actual negotiation and design of free trade agreements. This volume will be of great interest to scholars, students and practitioners who want to gain a holistic understanding of contemporary trade negotiations.