Økonomisk historie

In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung waren mittelständische Familienunternehmen stets männerdominiert, Unternehmerinnen an der Spitze galten als Randerscheinung. Dabei lag der Frauenanteil bei Selbstständigen im Verlauf des gesamten 20. Jahrhunderts bei über 20 Prozent. Inzwischen ist das Interesse von Forschung, Politik und Medien an Unternehmerinnen stark gewachsen, ihre Leistungen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart werden zunehmend gewürdigt. Meist wird jedoch übersehen, dass Frauen schon immer maßgeblich zum Erfolg von Familienunternehmen beigetragen haben, selbst ohne direkt als Unternehmerin in Erscheinung zu treten. Der vorliegende Band eröffnet neue Perspektiven auf die unterschiedlichen Rollen von Frauen als Tochter, Ehefrau, Mutter, Witwe und Unternehmerin. Anhand von Fallbeispielen aus verschiedenen Branchen und Epochen zeigen elf Aufsätze, welchen maßgeblichen Einfluss Frauen seit jeher in Familienunternehmen hatten. Die Beiträge verbinden unternehmens-, gender-, sozial- und kulturhistorische Ansätze, um die vielfältigen Rollen von Frauen in Unternehmen eingehender zu beleuchten.

This new design is known as the High Performance (HiPer) Switch Architecture. The presentation of the engineering is reproduced utilizing a C++ model. Reenactment results for a haphazardly appropriated traffic design with a 90% likelihood of cells showing up in a schedule opening produces a Cell Loss Ratio of 1.0x 10-8 with yield buffers that can hold 64 cells. The gadget is then modeled in VHDL to confirm its usefulness. At long last the design of a 8x8 switch is delivered utilizing a 0.5 ¿m CMOS VLSI cycle and reenactments of that circuit show that a pinnacle throughput of 200 Mbps per yield port can be accomplished. An ATM network must oversee traffic reasonably and give viable designation of organization assets for various applications like voice, video and information and give savvy tasks comparative with the quality of service (QOS) specified by the client. The administration of multi-application traffic requires some traffic and clog control methodologies.

Wireless communication is essential in today's world. Without wireless connectivity, life will be tough because everything is dependent on the internet, data transmission, and so on. Although wired internet is an alternative, it has several disadvantages, such as installation being difficult, taking more time, being more expensive, looking less organized and flexible due to wires, and so on.5G will use Advanced Antenna System (AAS) - a mixture of AAS radio and a set of AAS features. AAS includes multi-antenna techniques namely beamforming and MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output).Telecommunications companies use 5G antennas to handle the greater speed, capacity, and bandwidth of 5G networks. As these networks become more commonplace, new design challenges, capabilities, and opportunities will continue to emerge. A patch antenna is a low-profile directional radio antenna that is used for indoor locations covering single-floor offices, stores and small studios. It is mounted on a small, rectangular, flat surface and consists of two metallic plates placed upon each other.

L'Extrême-Orient a l'originalité d'être le premier producteur de richesse de la planète et de constituer une région économiquement très intégrée, tout en ne disposant d'aucune organisation politique qui assurerait sa cohésion.Faut-il pour autant regarder les pays qui la composent comme les simples contributeurs d'une gigantesque chaine de production manufacturière, ou bien les considérer comme un ensemble disposant de valeurs communes de nature à leur assurer le leadership futur de l'économie mondiale ? Pour répondre à cette question, il faut avant tout mesurer comment les deux géants de la région, la Chine et le Japon, ont contribué à la création de ce modèle économique régional, la première en étant son creuset culturel, le second son point de référence en matière de modernité.Guidés par les principes du nationalisme économique, l'un et l'autre ont entrainé derrière eux toute une région pour tirer le meilleur parti d'un processus de mondialisation que ce nouvel ensemble a largement contribué à modeler.Le prochain défi de l'Extrême-Orient est de passer de la performance industrielle à l'excellence en matière d'innovation, tâche ardue au moment où le vieillissement accéléré de sa population est en train de s'imposer.

This collection contains poems, articles and stories of more than 50 of the most advanced and sharp young artists of Uzbekistan. You can read, memorize, and express your opinion from this collection of short stories, heartwarming poems, and articles on social issues

The second edition of this Palgrave Pivot offers a history of and proof against claims of "buying power" and the impact this myth has had on understanding media, race, class and economics in the United States. For generations Black people have been told they have what is now said to be more than one trillion dollars of "buying power," and this book argues that commentators have misused this claim largely to blame Black communities for their own poverty based on squandered economic opportunity. This book exposes the claim as both a marketing strategy and myth, while also showing how that myth functions simultaneously as a case study for propaganda and commercial media coverage of economics. In sum, while ¿buying power¿ is indeed an economic and marketing phrase applied to any number of racial, ethnic, religious, gender, age or group of consumers, it has a specific application to Black America. A new foreword by Dr. Darrick Hamilton, Henry Cohen Professor of Economics and Urban Policy at the New School (in New York, USA), and a new chapter on cryptocurrencies are included in this new edition.

Die Beiträge des Tagungsbands spiegeln die komplexen Problemlagen der historischen Biographik und der prosopographischen Forschung im Zeitalter der Digital Humanities. Das Spektrum der Themen reicht von der individual-biographischen Forschung und Oral History über Erfahrungsberichte prosopographischer (Groß-)Vorhaben bis zu den Herausforderungen multifunktionaler Prosopographiedatenbanken und ihrer Verfügbarmachung im Internet.

Der kanadisch-amerikanische Ökonom John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006) gilt als einer der profiliertesten Kommentatoren von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Anne-Kristin von Dewitz untersucht seine Beziehungen zu Deutschland von den 1940er bis 1970er Jahren und beleuchtet seine Position als öffentlicher Intellektueller. Als Experte mit Gestaltungsmacht gelang es Galbraith, in den Jahrzehnten nach dem Krieg Einfluss auf die politische und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung der Bundesrepublik zu nehmen. Galbraith' Bücher und Reden fanden viel Resonanz, vor allem im Kontext der kritischen Betrachtung des neuen Wohlstands seit den 1960er Jahren. Warum fanden seine Worte so starken Widerhall? Welche Parteien und Gruppierungen waren an seinen Perspektiven interessiert und aus welchen Motiven? Die Analyse seiner Schriften und Korrespondenzen sowie seiner medialen und politischen Rezeption nimmt das Wirken Galbraith' - auf Basis bislang ungenutzter Quellen - neu in den Blick.

The field of bioinformatics has undergone a rapid transformation over the last few decades. The exponential growth of data from various high-throughput technologies has revolutionized the way we study biological systems. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques has enabled us to extract meaningful insights from large and complex datasets, and has opened up new avenues for biomedical research and drug discovery. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current landscape of AI and machine learning in bioinformatics, highlighting the major trends, challenges, and opportunities in this field.

The collection of poems FIRST LOVE is an anthem of love, a cry of the heart. Sometimes tinged with melancholy, these poems tell the story of the greatest and most beautiful thing that exists, namely the purity of love which is the source of life and hope. These poems were written in French and translated into English, in order to allow more readers, with different backgrounds, to sing in one voice the verses of LOVE.

African slaves were brought into Brazil as early as 1530, with abolition in 1888. During those three centuries, Brazil received 4,000,000 Africans, over four times as many as any other American destination. Comparatively speaking, Brazil received 40% of the total number of Africans brought to the Americas, while the US received approximately 10%. Due to this huge influx of Africans, today Brazil's African-descended population is larger than the population of most African countries. Therefore, it is no surprise that Slavery Studies are one of the most consolidated fields in Brazilian historiography. In the last decades, a number of discussions have flourished on issues such as slave agency, slavery and law, slavery and capitalism, slave families, demography of slavery, transatlantic slave trade, abolition etc. In addition to these more consolidated fields, current research has focused on illegal enslavement, global perspectives on slavery and the slave trade, slavery and gender, the engagement of different social groups in the abolitionist movement or Atlantic connections. Taking into consideration these new trends of Brazilian slavery studies, this volume of collected articles gives leading scholars the chance to present their research to a broader academic community. Thus, the interested reader get to know in more detail these current trends in Brazilian historiography on slavery.

The book contains unforgettable stories and poems of Uzbek portal and poetesses. The stories of Uzbek writers will take and vital place in your heart . In addition, the wise words of many famous legend are presented. I looked everywhere for peace and in one place only , I found it in a corner , with a book . And also, the person you will be five years from now will come down to two primary influences, the people you associate with and the book you read.

This book brings together works written by academics from all over the world on all aspects of business history: accounting history, management history, economic history, audit history, tax history, financial history, and professional history. Writing, transferring and archiving historical knowledge allows future generations to take lessons from the past and make more informed decisions regardless of whether it is in politics, society, or business. "Historization" can also be seen as the first step of institutionalization for private and governmental companies, institutions, professionals, and states. Institutionally managed historical activities, decisions, and results are accepted as a very important reference about the company for decision-makers and stakeholders. Additionally, "historization" is used in the development and promotion of professions. Historization of professions such as certified public accountants, external auditors,internal auditors, economists, tax experts, certified fraud examiners, and managers nationally and internationally has the potential to educate and motivate new entrants to such roles. As such, this book is a valuable read for business historians, professionals in the field, academics, and students of business.

A carefully designed survey of Healthcare waste management was undertaken in Noakhali Municipality area, One of the District in Bangladesh. A range of sampling strategies and data gathering techniques were used. The data gathering techniques included observation, formal structured interview and informal dialogue. The shortcomings in the management practices of hospital solid waste in Noakhali were studied by looking at 23 Hospitals and 21 Diagnostic centers as Survey study. Apart from field surveys, the generated hospital waste was weighed to compute the generation rates and was followed through various management practices to the final disposal. The findings revealed a major policy implementation gap between the national government and the hospitals. While modern practices such as landfill and incineration are not used widely, their daily operations were not carried according to minimum standards. Healthcare waste is openly dumped and wastes are burned on landfills instead of being covered with soil. The incinerators used(One Hospital) are also not environmentally friendly as they store wastes over a month to incinerate.

Mingled bowl, The taste of African poetry is a collection of poems which cover genres such as satire, nature and matters of the heart. The poet paints people, scenes and situations to the extent that the readers are made to feel as if they are part of the situations. The book is divided into six chapters which include: Black steps, Singing hearts, The Mingled bowl, African pride, Memoirs of an African and Dialogues. By and large, the book advocates for black progress and pride as painted in the Black steps. Good literature is a strong hammer for society.

This book assesses major schools of thought in macroeconomic theory between the Great Depression and the Long Recession, focusing on their analysis of cycles, crises and macro-policy. It explores the road from the dominance of Keynesian ideas to those of New Classical Macroeconomics (NCM) toward the end of the millennium.The book covers the early influential work of Knut Wicksell; the economic debates of the 1930s, with core contributions from John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek; the rise of Keynesianism in the 1950s and its decline since the 1970s; the rise of Monetarism in the 1960s; and NCM's subsequent rise to prominence. Finally, the book outlines how macroeconomics has evolved from its birth in the 1930s as a theory separate from microeconomics, resulting in a split between macro- and micro-theories, and ended up with a new hegemonic paradigm based on microfoundations. The ensuing policy thinking witnessed a transformation from "e;active"e; macro-policy after the Great Depression to a far more "e;passive"e; macro-policy during the last quarter of the twentieth century, which may have contributed to missing the signs of the impending Long Recession of 2008."e;When the 2008 crisis struck, macroeconomists were caught with models that were theoretically elegant yet inappropriate to the needs of the moment. A broader historical perspective may have prevented the jettisoning of Keynesian models that had proved useful in the past and might have done so again. This highly readable book by Arie Arnon is a wonderful antidote to economists' short time horizon and contributes mightily to restore the profession's "e;collective memory"e; of the diversity of ideas within macroeconomics."e;Professor Dani Rodrik, Harvard Kennedy School

This collection of essays presents insight and methodology that are highly relevant for readers today as they consider the future of the world they live in. Experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic, people have realized how fragile the current economy is and the necessity for reconstructing the socio-economic system. That system, which was considered the default for so long, was succeeded by the analytical framework of economics and regional science. The contents of this book are diversified, as are the achievements of Prof. Yasuhiro Sakai, to whom this volume is dedicated, and cover a wide area from mathematical and experimental economics to conventional and emerging fields of regional science. Some are timeless topics that have had new life breathed into them. Part I deals with, among other areas, risk management with uncertain events; the effectiveness and impacts of regulation and friction related to trading; the stability of strategic behavior and market equilibrium; and sustainable regional development and urban planning from the long-term perspective. Part II also presents a diversity of subjects, including input¿output analysis and computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling for internal as well as external structure and network linkage, such as a value chain; openness and creativity as related to competition among cities and regions; dispersion versus concentration; and inequality versus equality.

The book talks about hope and love. I try to explain that's we need to bring love in our World to find peace. I use poems to push my readers to embrace love, whatever the pains they are confronted with. Furthermore, I also dream and invite to a better world.In this book, I also invite readers to project in the future. And I also invite people to have faith and to be believer because I deeply think to another world where we all will live in harmony.

The purpose of this book is three-fold. The first purpose is to posit that the fundamental substance of the universe is energy, and that energy is required (consumed) for any material transformation, or information transmission. The labor theory of value, articulated by the physiocrats and elaborated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J.B. Say and Karl Marx was a rough first approximation of the value creation process, in the 17th and 18th centuries, but is now obsolete. Labor is now (mostly) performed by machines, not by humans (or animals). The second aim of the book is to argue that the economy is a living (open) system -- an ¿island of order¿ ¿that exists far from both thermodynamic and economic equilibrium. Order is achieved by dissipating a flux of exergy. Economists frequently emphasize the equilibrium assumption, introduced originally by Leon Walras in 1854. But in reality, biological systems and human social systems are dissipative cycles, far from both thermodynamic equilibrium, and economic equilibrium, yet stable and capable of evolution, driven by the solar exergy flux. The third aim of the book is to re-emphasize, that ¿ being open ¿ the economic system cannot be regarded as a collection of individual competitive utility-maximizing transactions. There are, increasingly, important possibilities for cooperation instead of competition. Moreover third party effects, both ¿bads¿ (externalities) and the ¿public good¿ (happiness) ¿ need to be incorporated into the socio-economic decision making process.

This book deals with the economic impact of technological changes and the rise of passenger shipping on social relations on board and ashore in European shipping industries between c.1850 and 2000. The changes in motive power, communication techniques and positioning technologies and the rise of passenger shipping went together with the creation of new tasks and functions and the marginalization or disappearance of traditional jobs and skills. This book presents case-studies on changes in different maritime professions between the middle of the nineteenth century and the end of the twentieth century, covering the shipping industries of a variety of seafaring countries in Europe. The subjects include changes in maritime labour at large, changes in specific groups of deck, catering or engine room personnel, such as captains, cooks, catering personnel, engineers, or radio-operators. A number of chapters employ a prosopographical or micro-historical approach, while others applya spatial perspective, analyze business records, materials from professional associations or distil information from large sets of quantitative data. This book will be of interest to academics and students of economic history, maritime and labour history.

Innovationen sind wichtige Triebkräfte des Wirtschaftswachstums und erklären den Anstieg des Lebensstandards. In diesem Buch untersuchen wir, welche institutionellen und ökonomischen Faktoren Innovationen und technologischen Wandel in den deutschen Staaten während der ersten industriellen Revolution im 19. Jahrhundert begünstigten. Dazu zählen das Patentrecht, Institutionen zur Sicherung fairen Wettbewerbs, das Bildungssystem, aber auch die Schaffung integrierter Märkte, welche die Erschließung neuer Absatzquellen ermöglichte. Die Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung bildet ein umfassender Datensatz aller zwischen 1815 und 1877 in den deutschen Staaten gewährten Patente. Darauf aufbauend analysieren wir, wie sich die Innovationstätigkeit über die Zeit veränderte, welche sozialen Gruppen die Triebkräfte des Fortschritts waren, wie sich regionale Entwicklungsdisparitäten erklären und inwieweit Persistenz und Pfadabhängigkeit festzustellen ist.

A Compilation of Poetry is a book of different poems compiled by Roli Hazel Oburoh. It was first written when she was 22 years old and published that same years June 2021, It is one of the books in the author's first book album. A concept unique to her due to the number of books written by the author, along with For Her, life hack and the first set of books written b the author. The book further exposes the author's love of poetry.

Life Hack is a 40 rule book written in the fashion of 48 laws of powers. It is specifically to guide the reader on how to stay winning in life from someone who wins for a living. There is no doubt that in life we are plagued with numerous obstacles and sometimes like could feel like a battle ground and not a play ground. It can seem that we are at war, even with ourselves, The rules provided by the author written when she was only 22 years old would help the reader in winning those battles.

For Her is a tribute to women. The book praises her strength, her beauty and her feminity as well as her masculinity. It was first written by Roli Hazel Oburoh when she was 22 years old and published that same year June of 2021. It accredits every reliable source and seeks to expose the beauty of women. A woman is a beauty even in her pain and suffering, she is to be celebrated. To take up the many responsibilities of being a woman is truly phenomena.

This volume focuses on Chinese economic statecraft during the first decade of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening-up policies, from 1978 to 1989. During these years, Chinese economic engagement with the external world was tentative and experimental, with long-term strategies still decidedly under development. Prominent topics covered are China's efforts to steer an economic course tailored to and representing what Deng Xiaoping famously described as "e;socialism with Chinese characteristics"e;; China's quest for advanced science and technology; China's dealings with international economic institutions, especially the World Bank; China's engagement with other powers, including Japan, the United States, the ASEAN nations, and Europe; and the role of non-governmental organizations, including foreign policy think tanks, exchange groups, and educational institutions, in developing Chinese economic thinking and methodology during this decade. Contributors also focus on how elements of the Chinese military turned to building China's new economic infrastructure, and on Chinese efforts to break into foreign markets. The volume ends with an overview and reassessment of earlier findings on Chinese economic statecraft in these years, by one of the leading Chinese experts on the PRC's international policy.