Økonomisk historie

This book provides a systematic account of the development of agriculture and agricultural civilization in ancient China. It mainly discusses the birth of traditional agriculture, the characteristics and advantages of traditional agricultural economy, traditional agricultural knowledge and technology system, flexible land relations and ownership structure, extensive irrigation system and water conservancy projects, complete policies and measures to emphasize agriculture, the three agricultural expansion processes, the value pursuit of revering agriculture, and the plight and decline of traditional agriculture.

Analyses data from the Bristol Port Books to rewrite the history of trade in Bristol, including the city's early involvement with the slave trade.

Bitcoin did not appear out of nowhere. For decades prior to Satoshi Nakamoto's invention, a diverse group of computer scientists, privacy activists, and heterodox economists tried to create a digital form of money that could operate independently of government control. The Genesis Book tells the story of the people and projects that inspired the invention of the world's first successful peer-to-peer electronic cash system.

World Oil Fact and Policy, a brilliant book published in 1944, delivers a deep exploration and disciplined examination of domestic and foreign petroleum resources, their import to United States energy and security policy during World War II, and their capacity to act as a civilizing catalyst for postwar prosperity and peace.The authors methodically make the case that world wars are both fought for and fueled by oil; that "oil shortage" scares are based upon projections of "proved reserves" and not real reserves or resources; and that Alaskan oil prospects could radically reduce future reliance on foreign resources.The authors also divulge dynamic details of the British-American Petroleum Agreement, a nascent bilateral agreement signed by both governments in 1944, albeit never ratified by the United States Senate.This remarkable book is a must-have addition to any archive and a must-read adjunct for any authority in academia, industry, or government. Read now and share with others. The rich research is as predictive and profound today as it was practically a century ago.

This edited collection explores the pivotal role of the hotel industry in building Western Europe¿s tourism economy during the 20th century.The book brings together ten contributions focused on the same period, 1900-1970, to offer comparative perspectives from across the region including Italy, Switzerland, France, Spain and Britain. Drawing on historical case studies, chapters illuminate the different factors linking hotels and the broader tourism system including interventions of the public authorities and the State, the importance of private involvement, commercial strategies, the medium-term development of private hotels, hotel entrepreneurship, and the impact of economic crises and wars. By placing differing national approaches taken to the growth of the hotel industry in comparison, the book aims to fill a gap in the historiography of European hospitality and shed light on the wider impact of hotels and tourism on economic development at both a national and regional level. It will be of interest to a range of scholars, including in economic and business history, tourism studies, the history of tourism management, and social history.

Cet ouvrage retrace l'histoire de l'éducation en Tunisie, des défis aux innovations, en explorant les aspirations de la nation pour l'avenir. Il célèbre une éducation qui nourrit l'âme autant que l'intellect, promouvant la passion et l'engagement. Un appel à l'éducation émotionnelle pour un avenir brillant, où chaque Tunisien contribue à façonner la nation avec dévouement et amour pour l'apprentissage.

Un voyage envoûtant à travers l'histoire, la culture, et les aspirations d'une nation. Tunisie connectée : De l'ombre à la lumière est bien plus qu'un livre, c'est une invitation à plonger au coeur de la Tunisie, à explorer ses racines, à comprendre son évolution et à rêver de son avenir. Une odyssée émotionnelle et intellectuelle qui vous connectera à l'âme profonde de ce pays fascinant.

This book delves into the intricate dynamics between economic elites and the political party system in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, particularly during their democratization phases in the twentieth century. It introduces a novel framework for comprehending the diverse political strategies adopted by these countries¿ economic elites during this critical period. The central premise of this book is that the interplay between the cohesion of economic elites and the mobilization of popular sectors at specific historical junctures profoundly influences the nature of elite political involvement.While existing literature has extensively discussed the strategies employed by economic elites to safeguard their interests, this book takes a fresh approach by considering three primary configurations of relationships between economic elites and political parties. It explores cases where economic elites are the primary constituency of parties they have founded, as well as instances where upper-class interests are predominantly defended outside the party system through mechanisms such as the armed forces, pressure groups, and lobbying. Additionally, it examines scenarios where economic elites align themselves with parties boasting a polyclass constituency, exerting limited influence over these parties.This book goes beyond traditional analyses by proposing a theory that elucidates how the interaction between elite cohesion and popular sector mobilization determines the specific forms of elite political involvement. It also charts the historical sequences of this process, emphasizing the evolution of the causal relationship over time.To illustrate this theory, the book employs a comparative historical analysis, scrutinizing the three aforementioned cases to identify factors that account for the different forms of economic elite political participation. It discerns that the level of cohesion among economic elites and the degree of mobilization among popular sectorsare pivotal factors shaping elite-party relationships.

Offering a fresh take on a crucial phase of European history, this book explores the years between the 1980s and 1990s when the European Union took shape. Whilst contributing to existing literature on the Maastricht Treaty and European integration at the end of the twentieth century, the book also brings those debates into the twenty-first century and makes connections with longer-term issues. The transformation of the European political climate in the wake of the global financial crisis in 2008, and the watershed Brexit vote in 2016, has made it all the more urgent to reconsider the way scholars and opinion-makers have looked at European integration in the past. Drawing from recently released archival documents, the authors analyse European cooperation as part of the broader international history in which it unfolded, taking into account the changes in the Cold War order and the advance of a new phase of globalisation. Comparing and contrasting the debates, objectives and achievementsof the 1980s and 1990s with the current political landscape of the European Union, this book proposes a novel interpretation of the choices that were made during the Maastricht years, and of their longer-term consequences.

"Originally published in French as Nature, culture et inâegalitâes: Une perspective comparative et historique in 2023 by Sociâetâe d'ethnologie, Nanterre, France"--Title page verso.

This book is based on an institutional evolutionary theoretical view to the Göta kanal. Canals were the major transport infrastructure system besides roads and maritime transport until railroads were introduced. The canal studied is the Swedish Göta kanal project during the preparation and construction phase from 1800¿1832. Thus, the Göta kanal, and the canal-era, is seen from a technological, an economic and a political perspective. Comparisons are made with two contemporary major canal-projects; the Erie Canal in the USA (1817¿1825) and the Caledonian Canal in Britain (1804¿1822). It is argued that the Göta kanal project, as Sweden's Mega Project of its time, represented an important development step in Sweden as regards learning and innovation and became a starting point for Swedish transport infrastructure projects in the time to come, primarily the railways.

This book, the first of two volumes, explores the legacy of Trevor Winchester Swan, often described as Australia's greatest ever economist. An insightful biography is accompanied with Swan's most prominent articles to provide a broad view of his life and work. Particular attention is given to the famous Swan Diagram, known among macroeconomists worldwide, Swan's four zones of economic unhappiness, his view of how economies grew based on capital deepening and technical progress, and the Solow-Swan model of economic growth.This book aims to shed light on the enigmatic and influential life of Trevor Winchester Swan. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the history of economic thought.

Keep from All Thoughtful Men overturns much accepted historical dogma on how World War II strategy was planned and implemented. It is taken for granted that the Axis powers were defeated by an avalanche of munitions that poured forth from pitiless American factories. So it is amazing that the story of how this "miracle of production" was organized and integrated into Allied strategy and operations remains untold. Keep from All Thoughtful Men is the first book that tells how revolutions in both statistics and finance changed forever the nature of war. While the book relates the overall story of how economics dictated war planning at the highest levels, more specifically it tells how three obscure economists came to have more influence on the conduct of World War II than the Joint Chiefs. Because military historians rarely understand economics and economic historians just as rarely involve themselves with the details of war, there has never been a military history that shows how economics influenced the planning of strategy and the conduct of any war. This is sadly true of even World War II, which has been called by Paul Samuelson, "The Economist's War."

In this sweeping study, Julie Hessler traces the invention and evolution of socialist trade, the progressive constriction of private trade, and the development of consumer habits from the 1917 revolution to Stalin's death in 1953. The book places trade and consumption in the context of debilitating economic crises. Although Soviet leaders, and above all, Stalin, identified socialism with the modernization of retailing and the elimination of most private transactions, these goals conflicted with the economic dynamics that produced shortages and with the government's bureaucratic, repressive, and socially discriminatory political culture.

"Between 1945 and 1960, Germany and Japan rocketed from crushing defeat to become two of the five largest economies in the world - positions they have maintained since. What accounts for this remarkable transformation? In this uniquely comparative account, Ray Stokes examines the spectacular resurgence of Deutschland AG and Japan Incorporated"--

This book journeys through human history, beginning with the tribal age and ending with an option for what's to come after the knowledge age. It examines the profound influence that culture, civilization, and materialism have on the distribution of wealth, knowledge, and power. It critically examines the shortcomings of current education and healthcare systems, shedding light on the difficulties nations face in effectively addressing the needs of citizens and population including refugees. The author challenges the existing societal frameworks, advocating for the adoption of novel political and economic systems firmly grounded in the principles of justice, freedom, and equity. At the core of this is a folk-political system that values productivity and empowers workers and workforces to innovate.Written for a discerning audience of economists, policymakers, scholars, and students, the book shifts the paradigm of the knowledge age away from issues with power and toward a future that values justice, freedom, and sustainability. Readers will gain invaluable insights into reshaping our societies, fostering inclusive economic growth, and ensuring a better world for all.

Braunkohle war und ist ein problembehafteter Rohstoff. Dieser Befund gilt im Besonderen für die DDR, die von ihrer wichtigsten Energieressource in fataler Weise abhängig war. Viele der Umweltprobleme, die wir mit dem sozialistischen Staat verbinden, hatten ihren Ursprung in der Nutzung von Braunkohlen. Dabei versuchte die DDR lange Zeit, sich diesen Umweltproblemen zu stellen. Von einem determinierten "sozialistischen Ökozid" kann daher nicht die Rede sein. Der Autor zeichnet anhand der Rekultivierungsforschung und -praxis ausgekohlter Tagebaue nach, wie die DDR sich bereits ab den frühen 1950er-Jahren den Problemen stellte und Lösungen suchte. Die reich bebilderte Studie zeigt, wie bis in die 1970er-Jahre ein Wissenschaftsnetzwerk entstand, das seine Erkenntnisse auch systemübergreifend distribuierte. Dank dieser Forschungen war die DDR für einen historischen Moment eines der führenden Länder in der bergbaubedingten Umweltpolitik.

This is a significant book that investigates how the French internal resistance and external Free French movement were financed during the Second World War. It brings together the secretive financial aspects of resistance inside France with those under the control of the Free French movement in London. To date, there have been a number of studies that have followed the Gaullist movement, but none have studied how they were funded. This exploration also demonstrates the global scale of the war. It shows how the Free French were not simply a European, Atlantic-based movement, but were, in fact, colonial and operated on a global scale, shedding light on French relations with their colonies in Africa and the Pacific. It underlines the role played by expatriates, those belonging to the French diaspora and third-country nationals, in Allied nations and neutral countries, including Central and South America.Through the combination of digital humanities methods, including social network analysis and GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the Allied funding for de Gaulle¿s movement and the internal resistance will be unveiled, for the first time, in its entirety. The painstaking reconstruction of the financial records of the Free French and their lines of subsidy is a novel approach that sheds new light onto the financial networks between French, British and American officials who made this financing possible. This illuminates the complexity of international relations in a time of war. Using a combination of economic and accounting analysis, as well as primary-sourced historical research, this book distinctively applies sociological methodologies to this long-held question. This book will be of interest to those in economics, economic history, finance, accounting, digital humanities, modern history, international relations, political science and war studies.

Toynbee's lectures on the Industrial Revolution remain a landmark in economic history. Drawing on his deep knowledge of the social and economic conditions of eighteenth-century England, Toynbee provides a comprehensive analysis of the technological, political, and cultural factors that drove the development of the Industrial Revolution. His insights into the dynamics of industrialization and its impact on society continue to inform contemporary debates on economic growth and development. A seminal work of economic history, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the roots of modern economic thought.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This historical work provides an in-depth examination of the charter and proceedings of the Hudson's Bay Company, with a particular focus on the grant of Vancouver Island. Fitzgerald provides detailed analysis and sheds light on many of the complex legal and political issues surrounding the company and its activities. This is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of early Canadian business and politics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Experience the economic theories and insights of one of the greatest minds of the 17th century with this comprehensive collection of Sir William Petty's writings. Covering topics such as taxation, foreign trade, and population growth, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in economic history and policy. A must-read for scholars, economists, and history buffs alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.