Konkurrence i erhvervslivet

At the beginning of the third millennium, with the passing of the industrial age, the fourth wave of human life, which Peter Drucker uses the term "knowledge society" for this wave, has been formed, and the schools of advanced countries in this era have achieved characteristics that traditional form of schools is understood to be distinct. Also, education has always played a very important role in human life and has changed and transformed along with the change of human life and the development of technology. In this way, it can be claimed that the development of the educational system in the age of information and communication technology is one of the main challenges of policy makers. In many countries of the world, the expansion of information technology has been considered in education and both developed and developing countries have designed comprehensive programs to equip schools with various facilities.

The purpose of this book is to equip learners with knowledge and skills of assessment and evaluation. The book explores the importance and use of evaluation to all education stakeholders. Most importantly, evaluation helps to determine to what extent the broad objectives of a programme have been achieved. In addition, the book focuses on the scales of measurement, various ways a teacher can use to estimate reliability of measurement instrument using test-retest, measure of equivalence and measure of internal consistency. Guidelines of test construction are also discussed which include test blue print construction. Further, the book highlights the statistical ways of analyzing learners test results such as measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. Finally, this book provides a discussion of statistical item evaluation such as item difficulty level and the discrimination index.

The aim of the training manual is to develop knowledge, skills and competencies necessary to organise the human resources management system, apply methods and create technologies for the use of human resources; to consolidate and deepen the theoretical knowledge gained during lectures and to develop students' skills and abilities to solve practical tasks in human resources management in organizations. The content of the manual includes a summary of the main theoretical points, topics for discussion, assignments and control questions. The manual will assist students in choosing and carrying out various types of independent study and research work. The textbook is an educational-methodical complex, which presents the theoretical course and provides materials for practical work, designed to develop professional competencies of bachelors, masters, doctoral and postgraduate students and civil servant trainees in the field of human resources management.

The services provided by biodiversity are today subject to strong pressures. To remedy this situation, the ECCAS States have opted for a regionalization of efforts to ensure the sustainable management of the ecosystems of this forest massif. This involves a sectoral approach characterized by the establishment of normative, organic, technical and strategic frameworks that govern the action of institutions dedicated to the harmonization of forestry policies.

Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs) is the buzz word in the corporate world today. In a growing enterprise, the management not only wants to retain its entire working team but also desires that the members be suitably rewarded for their efforts. Thus, in addition to salaries, employees are offered ESOPs at a discounted price (generally lower than market price) for a specified period of time. Employee enthusiasm, contentment, and performance are influenced by the compensation practices (Kerr and Slocum, 1987). The compensation policy is in turn influenced by cultural aspects (Tosi, Henry L. and Greckhamer, Thomas, 2004). Culture has become an important thing in guiding different aspects of organizational behavior (Laurent, 1986). In this work the researcher is not focusing on cross-national disparities but focused on the cultural values within one society and their impact for compensation schemes. More specifically, it has been intended to scrutinize likely associations between preferred compensation policy ESOPs and cultural dimensions. The present study attempts to take a step forward in identifying and analyzing the impact of culture on employee stock options in Indian context.

The study assess Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Performance and Job Creation ability to the potency of Cooperative Societies Networking Activities mediating these relationships with Entrepreneurial orientation in South West, Nigeria. It conducts empirical investigation with focus on cooperative societies networking using entrepreneurship orientation as a mediator.The study observes that entrepreneurial orientation critical to performance constituents of SMEs especially, when the SME owners are members of cooperative society. It also shows direct relationship between cooperative networking and SME performance. The study is significance because it the need to maximize the impact of cooperatives through SMEs towards enhanced development.

The study provides an insight into the labor welfare facilities provided by the Large-scale Automobile Industry in Maharashtra. Moreover, from the study, the level of motivation experienced by employees in the Large-scale Automobile Industry in Maharashtra will also be realized. This will be of interest to the employers of these companies, as it will make them aware of the importance of providing labor welfare facilities, which facilities need to be improved upon, the extent of job satisfaction experienced by their employees, and how satisfaction at work can be enhanced. The study will make the employers realize that the labor welfare facilities act as a key for the workers and will motivate them to work in a laudable manner. Furthermore, through the study, these companies will be able to realize which factors of motivation need to be improved, so that appropriate measures can be taken to improve the productivity of the employees. Moreover, the study can assist employers to arrive at policy decisions that will ensure efficiency in the enterprise, make workers work in the best interest of the company, and retain their loyalties with the company.

The performance of organization and employee motivation has been the focus of intensive research effort in recent times. Employee performance is a most important factor in an organization, high performance is a well pronounced trend in most institutions especially in the hospitality sector. This book is an attempt to analyze motivation in relation to employee¿s performance among the employees of Beach Restaurants in Jaffna. In this book employee performance will be stated as the dependent variable of this study and the independent variables are salary, work environment, recognition and management support.

Konkurrencestaten er et discountsamfund. Det er konklusionen i denne bog om forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet, i velfærden og i uddannelses­systemerne. I konkurrencestaten er det selv­forsørgelsen og overlevelsen, der er det centrale. Ikke den enestående præstation. Velfærdsprofessionelle beskriver arbejdsforhold, der sætter lav pris over høj kvalitet, også selvom det går ud over borgernes velfærd. Og eget helbred. Elever fortæller om en 'frygtkultur' og et karakter­ræs i en skole, hvor det er vigtigere at bestå end at forstå. I discountsamfundet er det vigtigere at passere end at præstere. At præsentere noget, der ser godt ud, snarere end at gøre godt. At makke ret, snarere end at gøre det rigtige. Individet presses derfor til at gå på kompromis med faglige og etiske standarder og til at tilsidesætte både sin egen og den andens menneskelighed. Men, der ydes også modstand - fra alle dem som i hverdagen bliver udsat for discountsamfundets umenneskelige krav om selv­afvikling.

This monograph explores topical issues of improving strategic management accounting and analysis in the activities of farms specializing in rice cultivation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and regions. Comprehensive research has been carried out in the field of organizational areas to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of strategic management accounting and analysis at enterprises operating in a cluster system and other forms of ownership and management in agriculture, as well as to improve the methods of strategic management accounting, the system of strategic income analysis and costs in making efficient management decisions in compliance with international standards.

Industrial Engineering methods have been extensively developed during recent years. Thus all mathematical Models have been extended in different directions. The purpose of this book is to provide some discussion about some well-known topics of industrial engineering. The book presents clear and applied concepts and results about different techniques of industrial engineering, with particular emphasis on discussing the merits of such models. First basic description on the methodologies are discussed and more recent developments in optimization models are presented in several cases.The text concentrates on mathematical details and formulations and it is tried to present the theoretical results in a precise manner to make it consistent with the overall level of the book.Prerequisites for the book are some familiarity with concept of optimization and quality control in industrial engineering.

Today, human resources are the main capital of the organization. Despite having competent and worthy human resources, organizations need the ability to use these resources. In fact, by relying on the performance of employees and human capital management and providing scientific and practical methods, organizations seek to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Human resource management tasks have been considered as one of the most important components affecting organizational performance. In fact, organizations can use the strategic tasks of human resource management such as recruitment, training and development, participation, performance evaluation and reward in order to improve effective performance. The strategic tasks of human resources play a vital role in influencing the performance of the organization. When organizations improve innovative activities, they face more uncertainty and variation in work processes. In this situation, these organizations need creative and flexible employees, risk-takers and high tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. Therefore, organizations should put more emphasis on the task of recruiting employees.

Risk management for PPP models in urban water supply projects is a step by step process in which the process of risk management is carried out.The most important step is to determine and implement suitable PPP structure.The process of risk management includes risk identification, allocation and mitigation.It is need of the hour to generate awareness and systematic knowledge of risk management.The use of computers,different types of risk management tools and software's play an important role in the process. This study is focused on survey methodology in order to check the awareness and knowledge regarding risk management.An attempt is made to formulate critical risks associated with urban water supply PPP projects.From survey results and analysis a risk management framework for PPP models is proposed.A more structured approach towards risk management should be there to introduce transparency to the process.Based on this study conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made.

India is an emerging economy with a population of more than One Billion. Nearly 40per cent of the population lives below the poverty line and 70 per cent of the population is dependent on the agriculture for sustenance. The economic reconstruction of India depends on the balanced growth of economy in the fields of agriculture and industry. Because capital and finance have been scarce in India, the Government of India has encouraged alternatives to agriculture and heavy industries like small-scale industries, which can operate on limited resources. A small-scale industry can be operated by an entrepreneur without needing sophisticated machinery and modem technology. These small-scale industrial units can be established in semi-urban and rural areas where the infrastructure is underdeveloped. The objective is to use local raw material for raising production with the help of local skills. Small-scale industries provide employment without affecting the main occupational -agriculture- of illiterate people in rural areas in India.

En sciences de gestion, plusieurs travaux ont porté sur la thématique de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et celle du comportement organisationnel des salariés. Cependant, rares sont celles qui ont concilié ces deux thèmes. Ainsi, cet ouvrage étudie les effets de la perception de la RSE par les salariés sur leur engagement affectif et leur satisfaction au travail. En effet, nous avons porté notre attention sur les processus et les mécanismes intermédiaires à partir desquels la RSE influence les attitudes et comportements des salariés. Comme terrain d¿investigation, nous avons choisi les entreprises du secteur privé de Côte d¿Ivoire. Ce livre qui est le résultat de plusieurs années d¿études et de recherche s¿adresse aux étudiants, aux professionnels ainsi qüaux enseignants désireux d¿approfondir leurs connaissances sur les concepts évoqués. Pour traiter la problématique de notre recherche, nous nous sommes appuyés sur la théorie de l¿échange social pour aboutir à l¿influence positive de la RSE sur l¿engagement affectif de même que le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction dans cette relation.

The book's core concept is Bitcoin, NFT, Crypto etc, and various types of decentralized digital currency. It explains how this type of system works and explains how it challenges central banks' ability to plan the economy. Ultimately, the book is an educational guide for those who are not developers but want to get more acquainted with this emerging technology. The Introduction to "Book on Decentralized Finance" is the perfect first read for any investor looking for a thorough introduction to the emerging world of decentralized finance. The book covers decentralized finance from basic concepts to in-depth explanations of the various services. It also includes a brief history of finance and a primer on FinTech. The book is organized into chapters that cover various aspects of this emerging area. For instance, the company Synthetix has developed a new kind of derivative made of three assets, each staked by a different individual. This derivative will profit or lose in subsequent market movements. The concept is similar to a "3-D" futures contract.

In the hyper-competitive era, organizations are located in an environment that is characterized by increasing complexity, globalization and dynamism, so organizations face new challenges for their continuity and establishment, and overcoming these challenges requires more attention to the development and strengthening of skills and abilities. It is internal that this work is done through the foundations of organizational knowledge and intellectual capital that organizations use to achieve better performance in the business world. Knowledge and intellectual capital have been recognized as sustainable strategies for obtaining and maintaining the competitive advantage of organizations. On the other hand, any organization created with human power will not be able to survive without it. Therefore, recognizing the needs, motivations, inclinations, factors of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employees as one of the competitive advantages of the organization is not only necessary, but also necessary to adopt correct policies, appropriate strategies and effective programs.

L¿ouvrage est le fruit de plus de dix ans d¿expérience d'enseignement du module management des opérations au niveau de notre chère École supérieure de commerce. Son contenant était validé par le conseil scientifique. L¿objectif de cet ouvrage est : - Apporter à l¿étudiant les connaissances et les méthodes d¿organisation de gestion de la production et des opérations.- Décrire les principaux aspects de la prise de décision en matière de gestion de la production et des opérations.- Maîtriser les outils opérationnels de gestion de la production et des opérations. L¿ouvrage se compose de deux parties : partie théorique elle-même structurée en ; cinq chapitres : Introduction à la gestion de la production et des opérations, la prise de décision dans la gestion de production et des opérations, La gestion des stocks, la planification des besoins matières (MRP), Ordonnancement. Et une partie pratique qui est composée d¿une série d¿exercices avec solutions et d¿autres sans solutions.

Digital Twinning (DT) is one of the concepts of modern technology, and the size of the scientific market for DT in 2020 reached about $6 billion, and this value is expected to reach $115 billion in 2035, an annual growth rate of 24%. The rate increased to 27% during the period 2020/2030.DT is an electronic digital copy that is identical to something in practical life. The real body is linked with the virtual copy in a way that allows data to be transferred between them through sensors installed in the physical assets through which the data is collected and stored in a storage cloud, after which the original physical object is simulated. There are many benefits to the organization and society from the application of DT. These benefits are reducing product quality problems, reducing maintenance costs, improving employee training, improving the performance of real assets, improving the performance of machines, reducing risks, protecting the health and safety of workers, improving manufacturing processes, and meeting the needs and desires of customers.

The subject of Metaverse technology is still a new topic that needs further study and analysis.It is worth noting that the Metaverse technology is part of the technology, and no one can turn his back on it, and he should be aware of its risks and use it to the extent that it achieves the desired benefit.The governments should pay attention to this technology, and hold conferences, lectures, seminars, and scientific courses to educate members of society and explain its advantages and how people can benefit from it in identifying its risks and impact on humans. This is in addition to the necessity of raising children in a good way in terms of making them aware of this Metaverse technology at home, school, club, and other institutions concerned with education, to produce a good generation that is aware of the dangers surrounding them.

With the continuous development of work organization, there is a growing concern for improving the performance of team members. In this regard, work motivation is considered to have a significant impact on the performance of team members. The purpose of our study is to establish the link between overall motivation and the overall performance of team members.To achieve this goal, we first constructed an analytical framework in which work motivation is considered as the independent variable and work performance as the dependent variable, based on the literature on these two concepts. Specifically, we are interested in the link between motivation and intra-role performance, extra-role performance and overall performance of team members. To establish this link, we sent a self-administered questionnaire to team members in companies.

La communication des organisations, prise dans sa globalité, est la composition des actes de communication des organisations avec elles-mêmes et avec leurs environnements extérieurs en ce qui concerne leur fonctionnement. Elle est pour cette raison, la preuve indéniable d¿une organisation vivante. Cela pose également les fondements de son caractère incontournable dans les différentes activités organisationnelles. L¿intelligence économique, en tant qüactivité de collecte, traitement et diffusion de l¿information stratégique et de lecture des signaux faibles, ainsi que les interactions entre acteurs d¿un même jeu, n¿est pas en reste de cette réalité. Ce travail de recherche met en relief les enjeux du management de la communication organisationnelle dans les différentes pratiques de Côte d¿Ivoire Tourisme, en matière d¿intelligence économique. Et cela, face à la problématique de l¿absence du management de la communication organisationnelle dans une démarche d¿intelligence économique.

There was an effort made in this study to account for the impact of entrepreneurship development on human welfare in Nigeria within the time frame 1990 to 2019. The study sets out to establish, among others, the relationship between the advancement of SMEs and households' income in Nigeria, the linkage between the advancement development of SMEs and households' human capital in Nigeria, relationships between the advancement in SMEs and households' poverty level in Nigeria and the direction of causality between the development of SMEs and household welfare in Nigeria.

In this book, we are going to introduce artificial intelligence and specify the application of artificial intelligence in management. Artificial intelligence can have wide applications in different levels of management. However, an attempt has been made to express the important achievements of artificial intelligence in management with brief definitions and to highlight its role in the financial, sales and marketing process. Artificial intelligence in management has been able to create extensive changes and deep transformations, so paying attention to this category can be important for many managers and business strategists. In fact, artificial intelligence in management can destroy many business models and create new models. In the following, we will discuss each of these cases.

Mutual Fund is one of the financial instruments in capital market, here the study based on the empirical investigation on the investment strategies and performance of Mutual Fund schemes, main purpose of the study is to identify that what are the investment strategies of selected schemes and which schemes provided highest return and minimize the risk. Research need because of the capital market is unexpected volatility and some time reaction was positive and negative. Good and bad news affects price movement, that needs to identify how much market or bench mark provided return. Investors need to keep watch on investment strategies of schemes and identify trade ¿ off return and risk. The year 2009 had unprecedented global liquidity crisis that led to a share slowdown in growth. The industrial growth index was zero. Time valuations are attractive for investment decision and strategies for active diversification of portfolio. March 2009 sensex and Nifty down by 37% & 36 % respectively. Mutual fund industry has been affected by stock market movements. Mutual fund increased their stock/scrip fund holding from 4.1% to 21.2% of the total market capitalization.

Fundamental analysis is one of the leading methods used in the selection of firms for investment decisions in stock markets. Fundamental analysis is used to obtain information about a firm by taking into account its financial information such as sales, profitability, cash flows and growth rates. In other words, fundamental analysis tries to show the "big picture" of the financial position of firms in the future. Technical analysis is used to determine the time to invest in the stocks of the firm for which an investment decision is made. Technical analysis is used to determine the time to invest in the stocks of the firm that has taken the investment decision. The combination of fundamental analysis and technical analysis can provide investors with extra gains. In this second book of the technical analysis applications series, the indicators used in technical analysis are introduced. It also includes the results of the application in Borsa Istanbul. This study is derived from the postgraduate thesis titled "Formation Analysis in Stock Investments: An Application in Borsa Istanbul", which was prepared by Gumushane University Graduate Education Institute in 2022.

The manual reveals the problems of managing people in a modern organization, describes the main areas of personnel management: recruitment and adaptation of employees; assessment of the effectiveness of their work; managing staff motivation and creating a corporate culture; development of labor relations. The international aspects of personnel management are considered. The textbook is intended for students of the direction "Management" and other areas of continuous education, as well as the field of economics of all forms of education.The manual will assist students in choosing and performing various types of independent educational and research work. The methodological manual is an educational and methodological complex that sets out a theoretical course and provides materials for practical work, designed to develop the professional competencies of bachelors, masters, doctoral students and applicants, as well as civil servants studying in the direction of training personnel management.

Morality, religion and politics are indispensable to achieve the end of general welfare, nation building and international peace. Ethics of Sri Aurobindo thought stands the test of time for its universal character. Sri Aurobindo makes the individual mediate on the millions of dispossessed. Human beings should think about the general human interests and misery instead of concentrating on their own selfish interests. He makes the individual discover truth by thinking of his neighbour, who represents humanity in miniature. In this context, Sri Aurobindös teaching and philosophy is of utmost importance if human beings want to live in peace and harmony. He is relevant in the twenty-first century where science and spirituality must go side by side. The scientific development which is putting value only in materialistic progress will not be able to achieve permanent peace in the world; simultaneously it is necessary to uplift human beings through spirituality. He emphasizes on spiritual freedom and spiritual oneness.

Modernization and urbanization has catapulted the accumulation of E-Waste globally, an a time bomb issue that must be properly managed to reduce their hazardous effect. More than 50 million tones of E-Waste is generated globally with developing economies baring the Brant of adverse effects since they depend on second hand products to bridge the digital divide. The existing technologies are not particularly cost effective in many developing economies; thus management remains informal.

¿Control your own destiny or someone else will¿ - Jack Welch.The aforesaid emphatic statement by Jack Welch speaks volumes about entrepreneurs¿ personality attributes to meet the challenges of Business Growth. Entrepreneurs effectively utilize their resources to achieve the sound economic performance which is the foundation for profitable results and the progress thereupon. Entrepreneurs face many challenges from day one of their venturing into the incubation of the Business enterprise till they achieve their business objectives and grow constantly.