Folkeret: økonomi og handel

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

"This book addresses the international legal issues surrounding the adoption of secondary sanctions. These controversial measures aim to regulate economic or financial transactions between third states and a target state. The volume takes on board recent evolutions in case-law and practice, such as the drafting of the EU Anti-Coercion Instrument"--

This book discusses the most recent developments in the WTO regime. Issues such as E-commerce, security exception clause, China's compliance with the WTO obligations, sustainability development, IP protection in FTZs, trade controls and etc., are at the forefront of WTO studies. These issues strongly influence people's understanding of the current role of WTO and provides possible way to revitalize the function of WTO. Meanwhile, as the world's second largest economy, the world's largest trading nation and the holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, China is apparently a powerful figure in leading these issues. Therefore, this book explores extensively these issues from a Chinese perspective to see what China could do to reboost the world trade.

The State In Its Relation To Trade is a book written by Thomas Henry Farrer in 1902. The book explores the role of the state in regulating and promoting trade. Farrer argues that the state has a responsibility to ensure fair competition and protect consumers from harm. He also discusses the benefits of free trade and the potential drawbacks of protectionism. The book provides a historical perspective on the development of trade policy and examines the impact of government intervention on the economy. Farrer's analysis is based on his extensive experience as a civil servant and his knowledge of economic theory. The State In Its Relation To Trade is an important contribution to the debate on the role of the state in the economy and remains relevant today.This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the old original and may contain some imperfections such as library marks and notations. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions, that are true to their original work.

This book assesses the EU legal framework applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation. It maps the authorisation and labelling requirements for these products to be placed on the EU market. It compares these provisions to those governing the food markets in the USA and Singapore, which are considered to be more innovation-friendly. At the time of writing, the precision-fermented dairy sector is still in the developmental phase, with only a few precision-fermented dairy alternatives available on the market, none of which are present in the EU. Regulatory uncertainty has been cited as significant obstacle for food business operators seeking to introduce alternative protein products in the EU. The book confirms these reports, as the current EU regulatory framework presents several legal uncertainties that are challenging for food business operators to overcome. Broadly speaking, there are two authorisation frameworks applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation in the EU. The choice between these frameworks depends on the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or residues thereof in the final product. If such GMOs or residues are present, the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed by the Genetically Modified Food and Feed Regulation (GMFR). If the final product does not contain any GMOs or residues, it falls under the scope of the Novel Food Regulation (NFR), and the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed accordingly. Both of these authorisation pathways entail high regulatory requirements, which can pose challenges for the development of the precision fermentation sector. Despite the difficulty in accurately classifying products, it is crucial for food business operators to comprehend the applicable legal framework early in the product development process, given that the authorisation paths differ in their standards. In addition to pre-market authorisation requirements, companies must address labelling issues. Food labelling shall provide a basis for consumers to make informed choices in relation to the foods they consume. The primary objective of EU food labelling law is to prevent consumer deception , making it crucial for dairy products and their animal-free alternatives, to adhere to a stringent naming law as stipulated in the Common Market Organisation and specific accompanying legislation. Moreover, it is imperative to consider regulations regarding the use of health and nutrition claims, as well as labels such as ¿vegan¿ or ¿organic¿, etc. Furthermore, the labelling of novel foods and genetically modified foods may necessitate mandatory information specified in the authorisation process. The book serves as a comprehensive guideline for food business operators involved in the production of precision-fermented dairy alternatives, aiding them in navigating the intricate European regulatory landscape.

Die Globalisierung und die damit einhergehende Vernetzung der Märkte führt zu einem steigenden Wettbewerbsdruck für Unternehmen. Mit diesem Globalisierungseffekt geht ein Anstieg des juristischen Regelungsbedarfs einher, so dass die Unternehmen vor der Herausforderung stehen, die rechtlichen Blickwinkel sowohl in ihren strategischen als auch in ihren operativen Entscheidungen mit einzubeziehen. Gerade kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen haben strukturell bedingt meist keine eigene Rechtsabteilung oder juristisches Fachpersonal, auf die sie bei der Bearbeitung solcher Themen zurückgreifen können. Somit stehen Sie vor der Wahl, sich stetig rechtlich beraten zu lassen oder tragen das Risiko von Fehlern und möglichen Bußgeldern, was zu einer Verschlechterung der Wirtschaftlichkeit führen kann. Die Unternehmen übertragen damit den steigenden wirtschaftlichen Druck auch auf den juristischen Sektor, der seine Dienstleistungen immer schneller und kostengünstiger anbieten muss. Gerade der juristische Bereich ist durch die Ressource Mensch geprägt, deren Kapazitäten endlich sind. Dr. Cathleen Hesselbarth zeigt, dass Legal-Tech-Anwendungen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung darstellen können, um den Zwiespalt zwischen begrenzten Ressourcen und immer schneller benötigten Informationen zu verringern und schafft gleichzeitig eine fachübergreifende Verbindung zwischen Wirtschaft und Recht.

Including An Examination Into The Nature Of Value, And The Agency Of The Natural Forces In Producing It.

This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.

This book thoroughly reviews Chinäs participation in the WTO dispute settlement system with a focus on the interaction between Chinäs distinctive institutional characters and international legal regime and an aim of not only revealing the Chinese phenomenon but also identifying the Chinese mode and the rationale that lies behind Chinäs mode change. It further analyzes two fundamental issues China is confronted with. One is the distinctive member status issue of China due to the concurrence of its multiple member status as member state, accessing member state and developing member state. The other is the issue of invoking and applying the special rules of The Protocol on the Accession of China in the WTO dispute settlement. In-depth examination of assorted cases that involve China and representative individual cases thereof, is also provided. Upon the insight into Chinese phenomenon and Chinese issues in the WTO dispute settlement, the book tries to respond to the imminentneed of reforming the WTO dispute settlement regime by providing directions that accord with the regular pattern of evolution of international economic law system and pragmatic suggestions that stem from Chinäs strategic position.This book serves for academics, policymakers, and business practitioners by providing useful insights into the legal, regulatory, and economic issues raised by distinctive character of China in WTO dispute settlement.

"With a diverse range of expert contributors, this collection traces how customary international law is practised in international investment law and arbitration. It considers how custom should be interpreted and how its rules and principles should be understood and applied by investor-state arbitral tribunals. Available as Open Access"--

This book is the final study report of the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, ¿China and the Reconstruction and Innovation of International Rules in the New Era of Global Value Chain¿. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the complex situation of international rule reconstruction and innovation in the new era of the global value chain, this book makes an in-depth and systematic analysis on six types of international rules, namely official export credit rules, international competition rules, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade rules, ISDS, multilateral agreement on investment and international regulatory cooperation. It also introduces the theories and practices of China's engagement in the new round of reconstruction and innovation of international rules.

Dieses Open-Access-Buch behandelt die globale Mindeststeuer für Großkonzerne, auf die sich im Herbst 2021 137 Staaten verständigt haben, die als Mitglieder im Inclusive Framework (IF) on BEPS von G20/OECD an der Reform des internationalen Steuerrechts arbeiten. Das Buch untersucht, ob die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als an der Einigung beteiligtes Mitglied des IF die neuen Regeln, wie sie aus der Einigung vom 8. Oktober 2021 und den Modellregeln vom 20. Dezember 2021 hervorgegangen sind, implementieren kann. Abgestellt wird hierbei auf eine zum Zeitpunkt der Einreichung dieser Arbeit noch diskutierte rein nationale Umsetzung ohne unionsrechtliche Harmonisierungsvorgaben. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Regelungen auf ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den Vorgaben des Grundgesetzes, des EU-Rechts und der nach völkerrechtlichen Rechtssätzen verbindlichen Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen überprüft. Unter Berücksichtigung der bislang zu diesen Fragen erschienen Literaturstimmen setzt sich der Autor mit den konkreten Empfehlungen der Modellregeln auseinander und bringt seine eigenen Überlegungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Perspektive ein.Der AutorNicolas Steinmeister studierte von 2013 bis 2018 Rechtswissenschaft an der WWU Münster. Im Jahr 2018 legte er die erste Prüfung vor dem Justizprüfungsamt bei dem Oberlandesgericht Hamm ab. Anschließend begann er im Jahr 2019 sein Promo-tionsvorhaben an der WWU Münster. Seit Juli 2022 ist Nicolas Steinmeister Rechtsreferendar am Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main.

This book gives practical and in-depth presentation and analysis of the issues under China export control law and economic sanctions regime. This book not only addresses issues faced by the legal entities in China, but also attends to the concerns about Chinese extra-territorial jurisdiction of China export control law and sanctions legislations, on the part of foreign companies. Finally, the author shares his experiences on how to structure export control and sanctions compliance under Chinese law on the part of both Chinese and foreign companies.

Das Jahr 2024 kann zu einem Jahr der Entscheidung werden. Die Bundesregierung plant den sog. Pandemievertrag der WHO zu unterschreiben und damit noch nie dagewesene Verpflichtungen einzugehen! Noch ist dieser Vertrag, der nach Willen der Ampelregierung völkerrechtlich bindend werden soll, allerdings lediglich ein Entwurf.Deshalb lohnt sich der Blick auf die inoffizielle, manuell durchgeführte Übersetzung. Bevor es zu spät ist!Das neue Kunstwort der "Infodemie" kann die Meinungsfreiheit zeitweise abschaffen.Der bereits seit Monaten von der umstrittenen WHO fein geschliffene Entwurf (in einer der gültigen Vertragssprachen, Englisch) offenbart inzwischen seinen wahren Kern: Bereits die veröffentlichte Fassung ohne Zusatzprotokolle oder -vereinbarungen enthält Regelungen, die ganz eindeutig dem Grundgesetz widersprechen. (Stand vom 30. Oktober 2023)Wer sich für die Veränderung der Demokratie und der Strukturen interessiert, die die Freiheit in Zukunft verändern werden, der wird Schritt für Schritt durch den Vertragstext aufwachen. Beim Vertragstext habe ich nichts hinzugefügt. Sofern ich als Übersetzer Anmerkungen habe werden diese in eckigen Klammern dargestellt.Wäre dies ein echter Auftrag eines Unternehmens oder einer Behörde, so würde ich gegenüber meinem Auftraggeber auf dem Dienstweg allerdings sofort die Alarmglocken läuten lassen. Dann wären "Interne Revision", die Unternehmensfunktion "Risiko & Compliance" oder der für die Sicherheit zuständige Beamte meine unmittelbaren Ansprechpartner. Ich würde sozusagen "Orange Alert" geben. Da Sie aber als hoffentlich geneigte Leserinnen und Leser meine Auftraggeber sind und ich das Buch für Sie anfertige... geht der Alarm direkt an Sie. Im Vertrag finden sich Wortschöpfungen und Verfahren zur Einschränkungen der Freiheit wie der Begriff der"Infodemie". Und die Verpflichtung von Herstellern bestimmte Anteile der Produktion zwangsweise an die WHO abzutreten und die Übernahme vieler nationale Funktionen der Gewerbeaufsicht und des Verbraucherschutzes. Zudem werden neue, dauerhafte Strukturen etabliert, die nicht nur im seltenen (?) Pandemiefall gelten werden. Es ist der zweitschlechteste Vertragstext, den ich bisher gesehen habe. Mit Nachteilen für den Staat als Ganzes, für Pharmahersteller, Angehörige von Gesundheitsberufen, Patienten....

Das vorliegende Jahrbuch umfasst die Leitartikel der EuZ ¿ Zeitschrift für Europarecht aus dem Jahr 2023. Die EuZ berichtet im nunmehr 25. Jahrgang über die jüngsten Entwicklungen im Recht der EU sowie über die Beziehungen der Schweiz zur EU. Im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Beiträge analysieren renommierte Expertinnen und Experten aktuelle Rechtsfragen in allen wirtschaftsrelevanten Bereichen des EU-Rechts.

This book gathers contributions from a broad range of jurisdictions, written by practitioners and academics alike, and offers an unparalleled comparative view of key issues in competition law, intellectual property and unfair competition law, with a specific focus on the use of personal data. The first part focuses on the role of competition law in shaping the digital economy. It discusses the use of personal data, the market power of platforms, the assessment of free services, and more broadly the responsibility of dominant companies in the smooth functioning of the digital economy. In turn, the second part sheds light on how the conduct of influencers, native advertising and the use of AI for marketing purposes can be controlled by the law, focusing on the use of personal data and the impact of behavioral advertising on consumers. In this regard, the book brings together the current legal responses across a number of European and other countries, all summarized and elaborated on in the form of two international reports.The LIDC is a long-standing international association that focuses on the interface between competition law and intellectual property law, including unfair competition issues.

This book critically analyses the availability of environmental counterclaims in investment arbitration presented by the respondent host state against the claimant investor. It starts from the premise that the conflicting relation between investment law and environmental protection cannot always be avoided. Yet, the instrument of environmental counterclaims in investment arbitration might alleviate such relation. Throughout its chapters, this book addresses the questions about the societal and practical relevance of seeking redress for environmental damage in investment arbitration, the functioning of such instrument both in contract-based and treaty-based investment arbitration, the suitability of arbitral tribunals to rule upon environmental issues, and the kind of environmental damages that could be redressed. Most importantly, by deconstructing the requirements of jurisdiction, connection between main claim and counterclaim, and cause of action, this book provides the tools for there-conceptualisation of the instrument of counterclaims with the hope of harnessing its utility to achieve appropriate redress for environmental damages caused by foreign investors.

The book provides an analysis of the emergence, evolution, and transformation of transnational securities regulation and of the influences from and the interactions between global regulatory powers in the field. Combining insights from law and political science, the work employs a two-tier complementary "e;on-the-books"e; and "e;in-action"e; approach. The more classical "e;on-the-books"e; approach draws on scholarship in United States and European Union securities regulation; transnational regulation and global administrative law; regime complexity; global governance studies; and the regulatory production of the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The law in-action approach leverages the author's experience as Compliance senior professional in a multinational financial institution as well as research interviews with senior IOSCO staff.The author's findings enable the reader to develop an original understanding of IOSCO, its standards, and its unique place in the transnational regulatory arena. They also challenge the doxa that the US are the only driving regulatory power in the securities area when in fact, other regulatory powers are emerging - for the time being, the EU. The balance has shifted and regulatory compromises are achieved at different points in the rule making process.

This book discusses Indonesia's international economic strategies. It examines unilateral aspects, foreign direct investments, bilateral economic relations, regional elements, ASEAN's role, and the Indo-Pacific's dynamic frameworks.Starting at the unilateral level, the book outlines how Indonesia managed its macro-economy to recover quickly and adequately from 2020 to 2021 amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that Indonesia needs an open economic principle to enhance trade and investment relations. In addition, the book elaborates on how Indonesia transforms its economy with export-oriented long-run investment (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows as a necessary condition for economic transformation as it fits with Indonesia's manufacturing sector, which is critical to the country. Further, the book thoroughly explains Indonesia's bilateral economic relations, from its production networks with Indonesia's major partners to their impacts. It highlights the products which will provide enormous potential benefits for the country.The book also covers regional and mega-regional aspects of Indonesia's economy. Focusing on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), it emphasises the regional organisation's three essential principles for economic integration: openness, convergence, and inclusiveness. In doing so, research in the book also includes perspectives on how ASEAN sees Asia and the Indo-Pacific framework. It also argues that ASEAN needs centrality in enlarging its economic cooperation with other countries or regions and how a member state's unilateral and bilateral liberalisation are building blocks for ASEAN.