Menneskerettigheder og borgerrettigheder (jura)

The public supports the police but sometimes needs help understanding how police chiefs, officers, and departments can make questionable decisions when the stakes are high. Millions of dollars are paid by cities each year to settle police misconduct and risk issues. What is happening to our nation's police departments, and what can communities do about it? In this fast and hard-hitting book, Chief Epperson outlines several steps police agencies can take to improve their responsibilities. At the same time, this book empowers communities and individuals with specific and direct information to manage the blue line.

This book considers the value of constitutional environmental rights in protecting water resources through an examination of the legal strategies utilized by communities engaged in protracted mining conflicts, including oil sands development in the Canadian boreal forest and gold mining in ecologically sensitive, glacier-rich areas of Argentina.

What is artistic freedom? Something you take for granted in the Nordic countries? Yes, most people would probably say. But perhaps this is not the case at all? After all, does freedom really feel completely free when you as an artist need to please large foundations or well-established museums? How do you express yourself artistically in hyper-sensitive times? And in which direction is art moving towards in a digital age?This anthology explores artistic freedom through a wide variety of texts. All contributors are concerned with the topic – each in their own way – ranging from the legal and practical aspects to the personal and experiential. Like a kaleidoscope, the anthology illuminates different ways of looking at the subject.The anthology is published by a/nordi/c – a think tank that from 2021-2023 worked to bring the practice of the art world and the political reality closer together.The following people have written contributions in the book:CARSTEN STAURANNI SYRJÄLÄINENSARA WHYATTFREDERIK TYGSTRUPADELHEID ESHITOK SEYFARTH GULBRANDSENKHALED BARAKEHJENNI LAITISANDRA WEILOLE REITOVHEIKI RIIPINENANNA JUULCHRISTIAN VILLUMKRISTOFFER ØRUMSTINA GUSTAFSSONELINE SIGFUSSONSIGNE WULFF

In The Chokehold, political analyst Earl Ofari Hutchinson details the controversy over police and civilian use of chokeholds, how the courts, the police and the public view the use of chokeholds, and the always lurking issue of racial bias in its use. Hutchinson asks, is it a legitimate tactic to protect, or a deadly cause of physical mayhem. The Chokehold confronts that challenging and troubling question.

2023 Reprint of the 1961 Edition. The Negro Motorist Green Book was an annual guidebook for African American road trippers. It was originated and published by African American mailman Victor Hugo Green from 1936 to 1966, during the era of Jim Crow laws, when open and often legally prescribed discrimination against African Americans especially and other non-whites was widespread. Although pervasive racial discrimination and poverty limited black car ownership, the emerging African American middle class bought automobiles as soon as they could, though they faced a variety of dangers and inconveniences along the road, from refusal of food and lodging to arbitrary arrest. In response, Green wrote his guide to services and places relatively friendly to African Americans, eventually expanding its coverage from the New York area to much of North America, as well as founding a travel agency.Many Black Americans took to driving, in part to avoid segregation on public transportation. As the writer George Schuyler put it in 1930, "all Negroes who can do so purchase an automobile as soon as possible in order to be free of discomfort, discrimination, segregation and insult." Black Americans employed as athletes, entertainers, and salesmen also traveled frequently for work purposes.Shortly after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed the types of racial discrimination that had made the Green Book necessary, publication ceased, and it fell into obscurity. There has been a revived interest in it in the early 21st century in connection with studies of black travel during the Jim Crow era.

This concise but comprehensive book engagingly summarizes both the broad themes and specific tenets of First Amendment law, and the strongest arguments for and against protecting controversial speech such as hate speech and disinformation. It explains the many speech-protective legal rules that emerged during the Civil Rights era, demonstrating how essential free speech is for other human rights.

The Church is commonly spoken of as an institutional reality, but much less frequently recognized as a spiritual and heavenly reality called by God " to make disciples of all nations." (Mt. 28:19) This modest work furthers the development of a structured and integrated Christian Orthodox political thought, whereby the Church is neither sidelined as having no relevance to this present life, nor dominated by temporal questions or popular movements at the expense of its eternal salvific mission. The author seeks to ground the mission of the Church in the present world both on an understanding of God as Trinity and in Her mission to baptize diverse cultures. To do this effectively the Church must recognize and adapt to local and contemporary political and social trends and patterns. It must exemplify the Gospel as a way of communal and social life, not allowing itself to be reduced to an impersonal ideology manifest within the sphere of either imagination, ideology, or a private individualistic existence.

Seit Jahrzehnten sind die in den jeweiligen Berufsordnungen (BRAO, StBerG, WPO) enthaltenen Restriktionen für Rechtsanwälte, Steuerberater oder Wirtschaftsprüfer hinsichtlich weiterer paralleler Tätigkeiten perpetuiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit hinterfragt die bisherigen Argumentationsmuster des Gesetzgebers und der Rechtsprechung. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Inkompatibilitätsnormen sowie deren Auslegung durch die Rechtsprechung auf ihre Vereinbarkeit mit höherrangigem Recht überprüft. Letztlich zeigt sich die weitgehende Unvereinbarkeit der Regelungen der Berufsordnungen zu Inkompatibilitäten mit deutschem Verfassungsrecht und den europäischen Grundfreiheiten.

Every human being possesses the right to live with grandeurwhich can only be realized with good health as well as a sense ofwell-being. As the health as well as morality of the people is cardinalto their well-being, as well as for the peace and permanence of thestate, it shall be obligatory for the legislature to safeguard andencourage these vital interests ,as healthy nation emerges fromhealthy citizens.The word health have been obtained from the old Englishword hoelth and makes reference to a state of being sound. It wasused to infer the soundness of the body.1 Health is a state which isfree from disease or impairment and is a fundamental universalhuman right .2 Health has also been defined as a zestful state of well.

The Mahad Satyagraha was a peaceful protest by the Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) who were denied the right to use the water in the public tank at Mahad, which was reserved for the upper castes. Dr. Ambedkar organized the satyagraha to challenge this discriminatory practice and to assert the fundamental rights of the Dalits to access public resources.Thousands of people from the Dalit community participated in the Mahad Satyagraha, and after a long struggle, they succeeded in securing the right to access the public tank and its water. The Mahad Satyagraha was a significant event in the Dalit movement in India and marked a turning point in the struggle for social justice and equality for Dalits.

Annie Besant (née Wood; 1 October 1847 - 20 September 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, freemason, women's rights and Home Rule activist, educationist, and campaigner for Indian nationalism. Regarded as a champion of human freedom, she was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian self-rule. She was also a prolific author with over three hundred books and pamphlets to her credit. As an educationist, her contributions included being one of the founders of the Banaras Hindu University. For fifteen years, Besant was a public proponent in England of atheism and scientific materialism. Besant's goal was to provide employment, better living conditions, and proper education for the poor.

What is the history of prisons in America? Were they made for punishment or rehabilitation? What is the pardon and parole board? How to get parole? What is restorative justice? All of these answers will be answered and more.

The full text of this decision is vitally important for anyone who cares about reproductive justice and public health. With every new decision from a court or regulatory agency regarding abortion drugs comes an opportunity both for progress and for setbacks. It can be difficult as a layperson to keep up with these developments. By studying court briefs and rulings related to lawsuits against the FDA concerning mifepristone use in abortions, readers will gain a better understanding of what goes into current regulations around medication-assisted abortions- why they exist, why they are currently being challenged by plaintiffs, and what the future may hold.AI summary:The document is a district court decision related to lawsuits challenging the FDA's approval and regulation of chemical abortion drugs, specifically mifepristone. The plaintiffs in these cases argue that the FDA's actions have been unlawful and have put women's health at risk. They also claim that the FDA's decisions violate federal law, including the Comstock Act, which prohibits the mailing of items designed to produce abortions. The court rulings and legal briefs provide detailed analyses of the legal arguments and precedents involved in each case.One of the court rulings declares the FDA's approval of chemical abortion drugs under Subpart H to be unlawful, as chemical abortion drugs do not meet the requirements of Subpart H, which allows for the accelerated approval of drugs that treat serious or life-threatening illnesses and provide a meaningful therapeutic benefit. The court determined that pregnancy, which is not an illness, cannot be considered a serious or life-threatening illness. The court also found that chemical abortion drugs do not provide a meaningful therapeutic benefit over surgical abortion.The decision presents arguments against the use of chemical abortion drugs, specifically mifepristone, citing concerns about safety and efficacy. The document highlights several cases where women experienced complications or even death after using the drugs, including misdiagnosed ectopic pregnancies and misdated gestational ages. The document argues that FDA approval of mifepristone was based on incomplete or insufficient information, and that the agency ignored its own prior findings about the drug's safety concerns.Overall, the decision highlights the ongoing legal battles over the FDA's regulation of chemical abortion drugs and the complex legal arguments involved ¿¿in these cases.The full text of this decision is vitally important for anyone who cares about reproductive justice and public health. With every new decision from a court or regulatory agency regarding abortion drugs comes an opportunity both for progress and for setbacks. It can be difficult as a layperson to keep up with these developments. By studying court briefs and rulings related to lawsuits against the FDA concerning mifepristone use in abortions, readers will gain a better understanding of what goes into current regulations around medication-assisted abortions- why they exist, why they are currently being challenged by plaintiffs, and what the future may hold.This book is annotated by Nimble AI and includes a Foreword by Cincinnatus [AI]; a variety of pithy, opinionated abstracts including scientific style, tldr, tldr one word, Explain It to Me Like I'm Five Years Old, and Action Items; tools for viewpoint diversity such as Dissents, Red Team Critiques, and MAGA Perspectives; a recursive summary with synopsis; a virtual context summary; and experimental multimodal mood art.

UNFORGOTTEN Voices from Heart Mountain chronicles the lives of those who lived on both sides of the barbed wire fence in a place known as Heart Mountain, a U.S. government prison camp in the harsh high desert of Wyoming during World War II. In 1941, when Japan attacked the United States, West Coast residents of Japanese ancestry-two thirds of them American-born citizens-became the "enemy" overnight. In a matter of months 120,000 men, women and children were imprisoned in 10 such camps, though their only crime was looking like the enemy. Told in their own words, from interviews, diaries, and letters; these are heartfelt histories told by the prisoners, those who imprisoned them, and nearby townspeople. These are personal narratives of students, teachers, young adults whose lives were on hold, those who served in the army, the WACS, and resisters who refused to serve unless their rights as citizens were restored and their families released. From Dec 7th to the post war years, Unforgotten tells the story of a little know chapter in our country's history. Illustrated with photos from family collections, archives, and newspapers. Their voices live on to warn as well as witness what happens when the foundational principles of our democracy are forgotten, and we fail to protect the civil liberties of others as well as our own.Here are just three of the memorable voices...¿¿"My dad, on the 7th of December 1941, couldn't understand why, as he said, the land of his birth was attacking the land of his heart." - Hon. Norman Mineta "When I first saw Heart Mountain, my heart sank. Bleak, scrubby, barren, desolate... somber tar-paper shacks...guard towers with armed American soldiers, guarding American prisoners." - Frank Hayami "I'm afraid there's going to be some trouble if the mess hall situation isn't cleared up...they had no food for breakfast...there wasn't enough for supper, and they had been eating frankfurters for three days. - Administrator John A. Nelson Diary

Diese Studie widmet sich dem im Jahr 1662 gedruckten Landrecht des LandesKehdingen im nördlichen Niedersachsen. Eine historische Rechtsvergleichungbeleuchtet, welchen dogmengeschichtlichen Traditionslinien dieses Partikular-recht zuzuordnen ist und wie es von der Justiz der bäuerlichen Landesgemein-de angewandt wurde. Ausgehend davon entfaltet sich ein Rundgang durchdas Privatrecht und den Zivilprozess im frühneuzeitlichen Norddeutschland.Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Rechtsanwendungslehre des Ius Commune,auf dem erstinstanzlichen Verfahren sowie dem Erbrecht. Eine umfassendeAuswertung und Edition von Verwaltungs- und Untergerichtsakten des 17. und18. Jahrhunderts macht die ländliche Zivilgerichtspraxis in der Epoche desUsus modernus pandectarum anschaulich.

Who Were the Shudras? 1946 book by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar on the history of the Shudra (lowest) Varna of the Indian caste system. The book is dedicated to Jyotirao Phule and seeks to dispel the idea that in India, Shudras are an untouchable caste. Ambedkar references Indian texts such as The Vedas and Mahabharata, among others, to suggest that the Shudras were really Aryan rulers who were demoted to a lower caste after a protracted struggle with the Brahmans. Ambedkar also analyses the Aryan race theory and disagrees with the widely accepted Indo-Aryan migration narrative in the history of the race. The book debunks beliefs and ideas and aims to foster compassion for a caste in India that is misunderstood and mistreated.

It was an awful wintery day when police were called to investigate an alleged inside job. The call and subsequent investigation lead to the discovery of a dead millionaire. When local news gives their opinion of the possible motive, the Henson Family finds themselves searching for justice, in more ways than one, for a murder that is personal to them all. Years later, a school assignment triggers Axel Henson to investigate whether or not his own brother was involved. When his brother's defeats start to pile up, the family ends up relying on a less than perfect system of legislators, science, and exonerations, which drive Axel to fight on. Despite the conviction that closes the case file, Axel digs deeper to expose the manipulations that con the uninformed into waiving away their fundamental rights.

A collection of 3 works by Bhimrao Ambedkar1. Castes in India2. Grammar of Anarchy3. Annihilation of Caste

Wastewater in the Netherlands has been examined for more than 20 years for traces of pathogens and other substances, such as genetic particles of poliovirus, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and drug residues. Since 2020, wastewater testing has also been successfully used to monitor the spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Thanks to the success and increased popularity of wastewater testing, both the frequency and number of sites where wastewater testing is carried out has increased. RIVM is also planning to expand wastewater testing to include research on stress, lifestyle and non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. The techniques used in this regard are also under development.Wastewater researchers defend the position that their measurements are not traceable to individuals and that the privacy of these individuals is not affected. However, with the expansion of the scope, scale, frequency and techniques used in wastewater research, the irreducibility of individuals in wastewater research is no longer a given.This academic essay describes both the possibilities of wastewater research as well as when the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is applicable and provides parameters to estimate the identifiability - and thus the applicability of the GDPR - of individuals through wastewater research.

Het afvalwater in Nederland wordt al meer dan twintig jaar onderzocht op sporen van ziekteverwekkers en andere stoffen, zoals genetische deeltjes van het poliovirus, bacteriën die resistent zijn voor antibiotica en medicijnresten. Sinds 2020 wordt rioolwateronderzoek ook succesvol gebruikt om de verspreiding van het coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 te volgen. Dankzij het succes en toegenomen populariteit van rioolwateronderzoek is zowel de frequentie als het aantal locaties waar rioolwateronderzoek wordt uitgevoerd toegenomen. Ook is het RIVM van plan om het rioolwateronderzoek uit te breiden met onderzoek naar stress, leefstijl en niet-overdraagbare ziektes, zoals diabetes en bepaalde soorten kanker. Ook de daarbij gebruikte technieken zijn volop in ontwikkeling.Rioolwateronderzoekers verdedigen het standpunt dat hun metingen niet herleidbaar zijn tot individuen en dat de privacy van deze individuen hierdoor niet wordt geschaad. Door de uitbreiding van de scope, schaal, frequentie en gebruikte technieken bij rioolwateronderzoek is de onherleidbaarheid van individuen bij rioolwateronderzoek echter niet langer een gegeven.Dit wetenschappelijke essay beschrijft de mogelijkheden van rioolwateronderzoek, wanneer de AVG van toepassing is en reikt parameters aan waarmee de identificeerbaarheid - en dus toepasselijkheid van de AVG - van personen middels rioolwateronderzoek kan worden ingeschat.