Tingsret: generelt

This Element provides an in-depth analysis of the role of women's ownership of and access to land in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in determining gender equality and women's economic and social outcomes and gives suggestions to inform effective gender-sensitive land policies. Using cross-sectional regression analysis, we find that ownership of land by women positively contributes to women's absolute employment. Conversely, results from pairwise correlation show that a lack of ownership of land by women is highly correlated with increased women's unemployment. Despite these findings, the proportion of women who own land in SSA is lower than that of men. Moreover, women usually acquire land through either purchase from the market system or marriage, and even then their rights of ownership are usually very limited and precarious compared to the rights of men.

Der Autor entwickelt acht Thesen zur Anwendung des Verbraucherschutzes im sozialen Mietrecht. Mieter sind in aller Regel Verbraucher. Eine Unterscheidung zwischen Kleinvermietern und Großvermietern ist möglich. Die Unternehmereigenschaft einer Hausverwaltung ist dem Vermieter zuzurechnen. Einschränkungen des Verbraucherschutzes durch § 314 Abs. 4 BGB und den Ausschluss bestimmter Schutzinstrumente nach vorheriger Besichtigung der Wohnung sind abzulehnen. Die teleologische Reduktion des Widerrufsrechts bei Mieterhöhungen durch den BGH überzeugt nicht. Der Verbraucherschutz im Wohnungsmietrecht sollte vertragsbezogen sein. Mieter sollten informierte Entscheidungen auf Basis eines Produktinformationsblatts treffen können, die Nichtbeachtung von Informationspflichten muss sanktioniert sein.

When landlords always win and renters pay the price, what can be done?

Die Ausbreitung des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 und der damit einhergehende Verlauf der COVID-19-Pandemie hat weltweit Auswirkungen auf unser gesellschaftliches Leben. Die notwendigen staatlichen Eingriffe zur Eindämmung der Pandemie bewirken eine Verlangsamung der Globalisierung und führen zu wirtschaftlichen Verwerfungen in den nationalen und internationalen Volkswirtschaften. Zu einem der bedeutendsten Wirtschaftssektoren zählt der Tourismus und die Gastronomie, der durch die einschneidenden öffentlich-rechtlichen Maßnahmen der Betriebsschließungen, Betretungsverbote und Auflagen von und innerhalb der Betriebsstätten besonders betroffen ist. Daraus resultierend, ergeben sich eine Vielzahl von juristischen Fragestellungen in Bezug auf das Bestandsrecht und die Geschäftstätigkeit vieler Unternehmen, um krisenbedingte Umsatzrückgänge, die zu Liquiditätsengpässen und Zahlungsschwierigkeiten führen, zu vermeiden. Die österreichische Bundesregierung hat umfangreiche finanzielle Hilfen in Form von direkten und indirekten Fördermaßnahmen bereitgestellt, um die langfristigen negativen wirtschaftlichen Folgen für Unternehmer abzufedern und diese zu entlasten. Die Betretungsverbote für Betriebsstätten sämtlicher Betriebsarten der Gastgewerbe und deren Folgewirkungen im Zuge der COVID-19-Maßnahmengesetze und Verordnungen führen zu kontroversen Auseinandersetzungen von Mieter und Vermieter, darüber ob diese Maßnahmen zur partiellen oder gänzlichen Unbrauchbarkeit des Bestandsobjektes führen und somit eine Mietzinsminderung gegeben ist. Ferner beschäftigt Bestandgeber und Bestandnehmer die Frage ob, eine allfällige Mietzinsminderung einer Geschäftsräumlichkeit aus pandemiebedingten Umsatzrückgängen infolge eines Rückganges der Kundenfrequenz zulässig ist bzw. ob ein Erlass des Mietzinses bei der Möglichkeit das Geschäftslokal zu Lieferservices und zur Abholung von zubereiteten Speisen und Getränken zu nutzen, besteht. Das COVID-19-Virus stellt als anzeigepflichtige Krankheit unstrittig den Tatbestand einer Seuche dar und ist iSd § 1104 ABGB als außerordentlicher Zufall zu werten. Die Rechtsfolge des § 1104 ABGB sieht daher bei der Unbenutzbarkeit der Sache ausdrücklich einen Erlass des Mietzinses vor. Die Brauchbarkeit der Bestandsache orientiert sich nach dem Verkehrszweck oder nach der Verkehrssitte.

This book focusses on the main grounds and key issues that most frequently arise in possession claims brought by the providers of social housing against their occupiers who enjoy varying degrees of security, ranging from licencees, to probationary and introductory tenants, to fully assured and secure tenants. It covers all stages of proceedings starting with pre-action conduct, such as compliance with the relevant pre-action protocol, notice requirements and review procedures, through to enforcement, emphasising requirements that are unique to social housing providers.It addresses the necessary requirements of possession claims, common defences and counterclaims raised in response.ABOUT THE AUTHORPatricia Tueje is a barrister at One Pump Court. She has practised housing law for over 20 years, and prior to becoming a barrister, worked in the statutory and voluntary housing sectors. She is particularly noted for her expertise in homelessness and landlord and tenant in Chambers & Partners UK. She specialises in all aspects of housing, property and related public law, including homelessness, landlord and tenant and leasehold disputes.Patricia is co-chair of the Housing Law Practitioners' Association, and a member of the Bar Council's Race Training Delivery Panel.CONTENTSChapter One - BackgroundChapter Two - Occupiers' StatusChapter Three - Initiating PossessionChapter Four - Possession ProceedingsChapter Five - SuccessionChapter Six - Termination by the Tenant

This practical guide is intended for practitioners seeking to navigate disputes involving easements and restrictive covenants.In the context of easements, this book addresses the creation of easements, liability, extinguishment of easements and remedies, with a particular focus on the issues that are most likely to be encountered in practice. Further, it also explores common freehold covenants, how these can be enforced, modified or discharged and the remedies available.The guide provides insight into how the courts are likely to resolve such disputes and important points on evidence and procedure which will inform case preparation.ABOUT THE AUTHORPriya Gopal is a barrister at Gatehouse Chambers. Her practice encompasses all aspects of Property Law, Commercial Dispute Resolution, Professional Liability and Costs. She is an experienced court advocate, appearing in trials, interim applications, appeals and hearings on ancillary matters, often against counsel who are more senior to her in call.CONTENTSChapter One - Rights of Way and Other Common EasementsChapter Two - Creation of EasementsChapter Three - Easements and LiabilityChapter Four - Extinguishment of EasementsChapter Five - Common Freehold CovenantsChapter Six - Enforcement of Freehold CovenantsChapter Seven - Discharge and Modification of Restrictive CovenantsChapter Eight - Remedies

Intended for busy solicitors and surveyors, 'A Practical Guide to Alienation, Alteration and User Covenants in Commercial Property' provides an efficient guide to the workings of these important covenants. Each type of covenant is dealt with in its own standalone chapter, highlighting the key legislative provisions and case law as well as discussing the practical issues likely to be encountered in practice. The book also explains the principles which govern the interpretation of leases generally, the test for the implication of terms into a lease, the workings of the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 and the principles governing forfeiture, all of which are of wider application and will be of use to those practising in commercial property. Each of the chapters is broken down by topic, so the busy reader can quickly extract the key points.Applications for landlord consent and tenant remedies for an unreasonable refusal of consent are considered in detail. The interrelationship between lease renewal proceedings under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 and alteration, alienation and user covenants is explained.This accessible account of the law of landlord and tenant will also be a valuable resource for those studying this technical area.ABOUT THE AUTHORRichard Clarke is a barrister at Landmark Chambers who specialises in all aspects of property litigation including commercial and residential landlord and tenant, easements, covenants, boundaries and injunctions.CONTENTSChapter One - The Interpretation of LeasesChapter Two - The Implication of Lease Terms at Common LawChapter Three - Rules Governing Alienation CovenantsChapter Four - Rules Governing Alteration CovenantsChapter Five - Rules Governing User CovenantsChapter Six - When Is Consent Unlawfully Withheld?Chapter Seven - Interaction Between the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 and Alteration, Alienation and User CovenantsChapter Eight - Remedies for Breach of Covenant

Das Fundrecht in §§ 965 ff. BGB birgt vielfältige Schwierigkeiten. Die Autorin befasst sich mit der Frage, was für eine Rolle der Besitz für das Fundrecht spielt und was eigentlich für den Fund entscheidend ist. Sie überprüft, ob die berühmte Formel von Martin Wolff und der h. M. ¿verloren sind alle besitzlos, aber nicht herrenlos gewordenen Sachen" in Grenzfällen passt. Dabei ist sie darum bemüht, die verschiedenen möglichen Fallkonstellationen kontrastierend gegenüberzustellen. Darüber hinaus klärt die Autorin die Fundvoraussetzungen auf Seiten des Finders und behandelt das Problem, ob ein Besitzmittlungsverhältnis zum Empfangsberechtigten anzunehmen ist. Die Arbeit, die sich die Besitzproblematik mit den Fundvoraussetzungen verknüpft, ist durchaus innovativ.

This open access book presents a legal geography of property rights in land through the lenses of landscape and critical spatial justice. It seeks to reassert the importance of landscape and place in property as an alternative to abstract concepts of property which dominate contemporary thinking. It investigates property¿s origins and uptake in the common law through the lenses of landscape and spatial justice, providing a genealogy of property, from its early origins in pre-feudal Scandinavia to its development as a cornerstone concept in English common law. It offers a new perspective and analytical tools to reconsider many accepted approaches to land in the law today. This book also contributes both to the decolonization of property law and critiques of property¿s unsustainability, as well as the examination of the role of law itself in facilitating large scale land changes that destroy place, and the ramifications of this process. As such, it should be of interest to inter-disciplinary scholars working in the socio-legal, environmental and property law fields

The second edition of this book incorporates the recent amendments to the Electronic Communications Code and recent cases including consideration of the Code by the Supreme Court. It is a practical guide to litigation arising out of the Electronic Communications Code. Its goal is to assist those who litigate about code rights or code agreements on behalf of clients who own or occupy land that is, or may become, subject to them.This book begins by explaining the relevant rights which may be conferred under the Code. This includes an analysis of its technical requirements, and the highlighting of potential pitfalls which may arise both in substantive disputes and the relevant tribunal procedures that apply.The text goes on to focus on the parts of the Code that are most likely to have a substantial impact on landowners or occupiers, and so contains a detailed consideration of the growing body of case law that is developing on the most contentions aspects of the new code.CONTENTSChapter 1: An Introduction to the New Electronic Communications CodeChapter 2: Code Operators, Their Networks, and Code RightsChapter 3: Notices, their Service, and Paragraph 20 NoticesChapter 4: The Identity of "the court", and Applications to it to Acquire Code RightsChapter 5: Terms of and Formalities for Code Agreements, and EnforcementChapter 6: Consideration and ValuationChapter 7: CompensationChapter 8: Part 5 of the Code, and the Continuation and Termination of Code Agreements to Which it AppliesChapter 9: Variation of Code Agreements, and Interim Payments of ConsiderationChapter 10: Removal of ApparatusChapter 11: Third Parties, Code Rights and Land Registration, and the Assignment of Code RightsChapter 12: The Transitional ProvisionsChapter 13: Parts 4A and 4ZA of The Code: Unresponsive Owners and OccupiersChapter 14: ADR, Procedures and Practicalities

Le droit de l'urbanisme demeure encore aujourd'hui un domaine complexe qui requiert une profonde connaissance du droit public, privé et des connaissances juridiques approfondies.Dans ce livre, Fares Zlitni revient aux sources, définitions, rouages et aux nombreux enchevêtrement de ce droit avec les différentes juridictions et lois. Sous toutes ses facettes, permis, obligations, insécurité juridique, cas spéciaux, protection de l'environnement ou transition énergétique. Nous passerons au crible et en détails les champs d'application de ses règles ainsi que les spécificités régionales et les contentieux inhérents.Avec des exemples pratiques et des cas d'école, nous constaterons les évolutions ainsi que les obstacles qui peuvent encore aujourd'hui mettre à mal la compréhension de ce droit, son respect et sa mise en pratique.Écrivain et entrepreneur immobilier. Fares Zlitni est également le fondateur de F-Groupe, un groupe spécialisé dans le conseil immobilier aux investisseurs. Il nous offre à travers cet ouvrage un recueil complet des procédures, définitions, lois et législations relatives à ces vaste domaine.

Knowledge of the law, and litigation of the cases, are two very different concepts. This book is not a legal textbook in the conventional sense as that already exists in an excellent work by HHJ Luba KC, Catherine O'Donnell, and Giles Peaker. This work concentrates exclusively on how to litigate housing conditions cases successfully so as to achieve the best result for the tenant in the shortest reasonable timescale. In all areas of practice, efficient and cost-effective conduct of litigation is essential. This work aims to achieve that important objective.As the title of the book suggests, it is aimed at solicitors, barristers and surveyors - the main professionals involved in this area of practice. It deals with many, if not all, of the areas likely to be encountered on a daily basis in housing conditions cases, and answers many of the questions frequently asked about day-to-day conduct. It is essential reading for those practising in this very important area of the law, and should make the work involved a lot more straightforward for both experienced professionals, as well as newcomers.ABOUT THE AUTHORDavid Bennett is a senior barrister and head of chambers at Liverpool Civil Law, 1 Old Hall Street, Liverpool.During his long career at the Bar he has practised in many different areas of law, including housing conditions litigation, but for the last 10 years he has concentrated solely on housing conditions work in which he has a very busy practice.His decision to write this practical guide was motivated by two factors.First, he considers this to be a very important area of law in which the lay clients are heavily reliant on the expertise of all the professionals concerned, namely solicitors, barristers and surveyors. In many cases the lives of tenants and their families are often badly affected by their housing conditions, causing discomfort, inconvenience, frustration, and not infrequently ill-health. He regards the work therefore as very important, and for many tenants, life changing.Secondly, he has acquired a great deal of knowledge and expertise in housing conditions work over many years and feels that he needs to pass on this expertise to the relevant professionals - some of whom may be new to this area of law, so that the work done at all levels by the experts involved, is of the highest quality to ensure the best result for the lay client.CONTENTSPART ONE - THE WORK OF THE SOLICITORThe Correct PartiesTaking InstructionsThe Correspondence PhasePre-Action Disclosure / Subject Access RequestUse of the Landlord's Internal Complaints ProcedureThe Landlord's Obligations Under the ProtocolThe Requirement for the Tenant to Provide Access to the LandlordPersonal InjuryThe Protocol Requirements for Personal Injury ClaimsLimitationHuman RightsJudgement in DefaultBreach ProceedingsInstructing a SurveyorInstructing CounselPART TWO - COUNSELThe Role of CounselOther Points Commonly Raised in the DefenceAllocation HearingsBirmingham City Council v Avril Lee [2008] EWCA Civ 891DamagesPART THREE - SURVEYORSThe Function of the Surveyor in Housing Conditions CasesPART FOUR - MISCELLANEOUSThe Housing Ombudsman ServiceConclusion