Fysiologi

Tauchen Sie ein in die faszinierende Welt von Geschmack und Duft! Von der einzigartigen Fähigkeit des Geschmackssinns, Nahrung zu erkennen und zu genießen, bis hin zur tiefgreifenden Wirkung von Düften auf unsere Stimmung und Erinnerungen ¿ dieses Buch enthüllt die Geheimnisse, die unseren Alltag prägen. Entdecken Sie, wie bewusst eingesetzte Düfte Atmosphären schaffen und wie sie unbewusst unsere Kommunikation beeinflussen. Tiere nutzen Duftstoffe zur Verständigung, und wir Menschen sind ebenso stark von Gerüchen geprägt, oft ohne es zu bemerken. Dieser leicht verständliche Text erklärt die grundlegenden Prozesse dieser Sinneswahrnehmung und zeigt ihre Bedeutung in Psychologie, Philosophie und Literatur auf. Ein Buch, das Geruch und Geschmack in einem breiten Kontext präsentiert und sich an neugierige Laien sowie Studierende der Medizin, Psychologie, Philosophie und anderer Fachgebiete richtet.

Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022 and 2023!  Enhanced with new Clinical Cases, new practice questions, and additional animations, Lippincott ® Illustrated Reviews: Physiology, 3rd Edition, brings physiology clearly into focus, detailing who we are, how we live, and, ultimately, how we die.   By first identifying organ function and then showing how cells and tissues are designed to fulfill that function, this engaging resource decodes physiology like no other text or review book. Tailored for ease of use and fast content absorption, the book’s straightforward outline format, visionary artwork, clinical applications, and unit review questions help students master the most essential concepts in physiology, making it perfect for classroom learning and preparation for course and board exams.

Human health is closely linked with the health of the soil, which is both a vital resource for feeding the burgeoning global population via agriculture and vital to realizing most of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, increased salinization is significantly impacting the health of soil due to excess accumulation of varied salts (e.g., toxic ions including Cl¿ of Na+, HCO3¿, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and sometimes SO42¿ and CO32¿). Unfortunately, soil salinization has already affected about 20% of total arable land and 33% of irrigated land. Soil salinization negatively affects the health and productivity of plants and crops and thus threatens agriculture and food security worldwide. Moreover, it is predicted that by 2050, 16. 2 million ha of land will be affected by salt, which is predicted to cause 30%¿50% yield losses worldwide. Making Plant Life Easier and Productive Under Salinity - Updates and Prospects provides a comprehensive overview of salinity and its major impacts. Chapters discuss important approaches for making plant life easier and more productive under salinity, the scale and complexity of salinity impacts on Sri Lankan rice farming systems, salinity stress responses of major metabolites, in vitro production of terpene in plants, the major mechanisms underlying phytohormone-mediated control of salinity impacts in plants, and genomics-assisted breeding approaches for achieving salinity tolerance in cereal crops.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of obesity. The chapters are authored by prominent scholars in the field with direct knowledge, through practice and research, of the real-world problems associated with obesity. Chapters address such topics as obesity in children, stigmatization of people with obesity, metabolic effects of obesity, recent advances in pharmacology and surgical interventions for obesity, and more.

"Heart: An Owner s Guide is an informative, practical, and engaging introduction to all aspects of heart health with the goal of living well and longer. Find out what exactly is the key to a long and healthy life and what is your own personal cardiac risk."--

Ecophysiology and Ocean Acidification in Marine Mollusks: From Molecule to Behavior provides an extensive overview of the latest research on the various ecophysiological effects of ocean acidification on marine mollusks. This book synthesizes historical information and recent findings on the effects of environmental change, ocean warming, and acidification on key mollusks and their life-history. It also discusses the underlying mechanisms underpinning the effects of ocean warming and acidification. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field of marine biology, this book systematically examines the effects of ocean acidification on the reproduction, growth and development, physiological metabolism, immunity, and behavior of marine mollusks. The book concludes by discussing the implications of current research, acknowledging data limitations in the field, and proposing future research directions, providing a better understanding of the potential impacts of ocean acidification on mollusks and the global aquaculture industry and inspiring new thinking for future research practices. It will be an indispensable resource for researchers, practitioners, undergraduate and graduate students, conservationists, and aquaculturists alike who are interested in marine environmental change, ecology, physiology, and marine biology.

The prefrontal cortex is known to play important roles for performing a variety of higher cognitive functions. Among regions of the prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays the most important roles for these functions. This book focuses on functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, summarizes research results obtained mainly by non-human primate studies, and describes neural mechanisms of executive functions that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex participates. First, to understand the feature of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and how its function has been understood, anatomical and functional features of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and historical overview of prefrontal functions are described. To understand functions of the prefrontal cortex and neural mechanisms of executive functions, working memory is an important concept and sustained activation during the memory period of working memory tasks is known as a neural mechanism of working memory. Therefore, this book describes features of sustained memory-related activity based on neurophysiological results obtained in the prefrontal cortex and how memory-related activity contributes to executive functions including control of attention, inhibitory control, task management, and planning. And further, this book describes how the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to neural mechanisms for sensory and motor processing, memory control in multi-task performance, decision-making, metacognition, and top-down control. Thus, this book provides important information regarding neural mechanisms of dorsolateral prefrontal functions to neuroscientists and helps to plan further investigation to understand prefrontal functions in primates and human subjects.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs in our bodies that produce and release hormones. These hormones serve as chemical messengers, controlling various bodily functions and maintaining overall homeostasis. As students delving into the field of internal medicine, understanding the intricacies of the endocrine system is crucial, as it plays a significant role in diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions.The main players in the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. Each of these glands produces specific hormones that regulate different bodily functions. For instance, the thyroid gland secretes hormones that control metabolism, while the adrenal glands produce cortisol and adrenaline, which help manage stress responses.The hypothalamus, located in the brain, serves as the master regulator of the endocrine system. It sends signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the other glands. This intricate communication system ensures that hormone levels remain balanced throughout the body.When the endocrine system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders. For instance, diabetes, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or when the body becomes resistant to its effects. Another common disorder is hypothyroidism, which arises when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, resulting in fatigue, weight gain, and sluggish metabolism.As students of internal medicine, it is crucial to understand how to diagnose and treat endocrine disorders. Physicians use a combination of blood tests, imaging techniques, and patient history to assess hormone levels and identify any abnormalities. Treatment options typically involve hormone replacement therapy, medications, or lifestyle changes.Studying the endocrine system also opens up opportunities for further exploration in specialized areas such as reproductive endocrinology, which focuses on hormonal disorders related to fertility and pregnancy, and endocrine oncology, which deals with hormone-related cancers.

This book provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the morphological, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of vascular smooth muscle, the regulation of vascular activities and the intracellular signaling involved. It particularly focuses on newly identified vasoactive agents, enzymes and transduction mechanisms. It also discusses the latest findings in the regulation of cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulation as well as vascular activity under hypoxia and ageing. The second edition intends to update the contents of the first edition with the latest achievements in the regulation of vascular activities from biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects. In addition, two new chapters related to microRNA and extracellular vesicles have been added to reflect their newly discovered important roles in vascular activities. The contraction and dilatation activities of vasculature are of fundamental importance for maintaining circulation homeostasis and adapting to physiological changes. Over the last four decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of vascular activity regulation, and these insights into the responsiveness of blood vessels under normal and pathophysiological conditions help to provide valuable weapons in the fight vascular diseases. The book is of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinic settings, in the field of vascular biology.

This book covers the tremendous progress in the current understanding of the molecular physiology of voltage-gated calcium channels. This book includes unparalleled insights into structural features of calcium channels due to X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, which in turn yielded critical information into how these channels function under normal and pathophysiological conditions, and how they interact with calcium channel therapeutics. The chapters investigate how, with the advent of high throughput genome sequencing, numerous mutations in various calcium channel genes have been identified in patients with neurological, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric and other disorders. This is further complemented through a much larger in vivo toolkit such as knock-out and knock-in mice. The chapters further discuss the increased complexity of calcium channel physiology that arises from mRNA editing and splicing.  Finally, the book also provides an overview of the updated research on calcium channel inhibitors that can be used both in vivo and in vitro, and which may serve as a spring board for new calcium channel therapeutics for human disease. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels is useful for academic researchers at all levels in neuroscience, biophysics, cell biology and drug discovery.

This highly-detailed manual provides a comprehensive overview of the early stages of human development, focusing on embryology. Written by esteemed biologist James Playfair McMurrich, this book is an essential resource for scholars and medical professionals alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

A scientific study on muscular work, focusing on the metabolic aspects and the efficiency of the human body as a machine.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This edited volume provides insights about the molecular virology, pathoenesis of infection and host responses to varicella-zoster virus, which is a medically important human herpesvirus.  The chapters not only discuss genetics and molecular evolution of the virus, but also new structure-based knowledge on the functions of viral glycoproteins. Further, the authors illustrate how mechanisms from the virus are used to take over and remodel host cells during pathogeneis. These mechanisms also enable viral modulation of host cells and evasion of the host immune response. Part of these evasion and survival strategies, is the reaction to triggered host cell responses like autophagy, the stress response, modulation of apoptosis and other cell death pathways. This hands-on knowledge is crucial for students and clinicians in Virology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases.Chapter "e;Common features between stroke following varicella in children and stroke following herpes zoster in adults"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Springerlink.com.

Start a trip through the human body that has never been done before. In the fast-changing world of health and medicine today, it's important to have a good understanding of the human body and how it works. This complete guide is written for the next generation of life science students and people who want to work in health care. It gives a clear, in-depth look at the body's structures and functions. Inside this book, you'll discover: Case studies that are interesting: look into real-life medical situations that help you understand better, pique your interest, and connect what you've learned in the classroom with what you can do in real life.Reviews at the end of chapters: There are many questions, quizzes, and interactive tasks that can help you remember what you've learned and get ready for tests.Current Research Insights: Keep up with the newest discoveries and progress in your field to make sure your information is always up-to-date and useful.Clinical Correlations: Know how what you know applies to real life. Find out how problems with the body's structure and function can cause illnesses and how to find and treat them.Cross-Referenced Indexing: It's easy to link topics that are linked across chapters, which helps you get a better sense of how systems work as a whole. The book does more than just teach; it makes you really interested in the complicated workings of the human body. This guide is a must-have for anyone who wants to change the way they learn, whether they are an undergraduate studying for tests, a postgraduate wanting to specialize, or just an enthusiastic learner.

This book delves into the multifaceted world of sleep apnea, presenting the latest advancements, challenges, and perspectives in the field. The book covers various topics, including neuro-stimulator use, positive airway pressure therapies, non-PAP and non-surgical treatments, surgical interventions, diagnosis and management of various sleep apnea phenotypes and comorbidities, and special populations such as pediatric and intensive care unit patients. The book discusses the pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying sleep apnea, examining the role of circulating miRNA as a potential biomarker for diagnosis. It also addresses the adverse health consequences associated with sleep apnea, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension. Furthermore, the book explores the application of telemedicine and wearable technologies in diagnosing and treating sleep apnea, as well as the impact of external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and traffic safety concerns related to sleep deprivation and sleep disorders. The book also highlights the importance of perioperative assessment and management of patients with sleep disorders, the role of REM sleep in sleep disorders, recent advances in sleep during pregnancy and postpartum, and the influence of sleep disturbances on hospitalized and intensive care unit patients. With contributions from experts in the field, this book offers valuable insights into the current state of sleep apnea research and practice, serving as a solid foundation for healthcare professionals, researchers, and students interested in understanding and addressing this prevalent sleep disorder. By providing a comprehensive overview of the field, this book aims to inspire further research and innovation in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of sleep apnea and related sleep disorders.

Our Fingerprints Spiral Like Galaxies is a quite literal "handbook," a single-focus anatomy guide made up of a series of freestanding micro-essays depicting the human hand as a cosmic map, an insignia of personal will, and a crossroads of bodily intake and output.In this manual of manual actions, our hand is a poly-sensual organ that can utter, listen, sniff, and savor as well as grasp, carry, manipulate, and gesture. These pages treat the hand as a five-fingered pentagram and a microcosm of Selfhood, an engine whose movements form a vast repertoire of oracles, dances, and pantomimes. Aristotle saw our hand as the "instrument of instruments," and Kant regarded it as the foremost "window on the mind." Anaxagoras viewed this body part as the most supreme proof of our near-divinity and an epicenter of mortal significance. This book gladly partakes of such perspectives and envisions our hand's array of bones, muscles, and ligaments as a primal emblem radiating its meaning in every direction.

An essential workbook that will appeal to all students of anatomy, "The Human Body Coloring Book" takes an interactive approach to human anatomy that will help users learn, understand, and revisit the subject with ease.

Environmental Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus elucidates on the global impact of environmental pollution and how it increases diabetes mellitus. Swift urbanization and the industrial revolution have increased environmental pollution to a hazardous level. Environmental pollution is a leading risk factor for several well-known diseases. This book opens venues for students, physicians, researchers, the science community, and policymakers to enhance their knowledge about environmental pollution, weather conditions, climate change, and their impact on insulin resistance and mechanisms allied to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Moreover, this book will provide knowledge about the green space environment and its impact on T2DM.

Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 1: Fishes is the first of five second-edition volumes representing a comprehensive and integrated overview of hormones and reproduction in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The book includes coverage of endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, behavior, and anatomy of fish reproduction. It provides a broad treatment of the roles of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal hormones in all aspects of reproduction, as well as descriptions of major life history events. New to this edition is a concluding assessment of the effect of environmental influences on fishes. Initial chapters in this book broadly examine sex determination, reproductive neuroendocrinology, stress, and hormonal regulation as it relates to testicular and ovarian development and function. Subsequent chapters examine hormones and reproduction of specific taxa, including agnathan, chondrichthyan, and sarcopterygian fishes. The book concludes with an examination of the environmental influences on hormones and reproduction of fishes, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climate change. Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 1: Fishes is designed to provide a readable, coordinated description of reproductive basics in fishes, as well as an introduction to the latest trends in reproductive research and a presentation of our understanding of reproductive events gained over the past decade. It may serve as a stand-alone reference for researchers and practitioners in the field of ichthyology or as one of five coordinated references aligned to provide topical treatment across vertebrate taxa for researchers, practitioners, and students focused on vertebrate endocrinology.

This monograph is dedicated to the lives and scientific achievements of the physiology pioneers Warren and Margaret Lewis. Their story spans the first half of the 20th century, from their respective educations through early, independent research to joint research from 1910 to 1955. Among the numerous developments they initiated, were the discovery of pinocytosis, the beginnings of video microscopy and the development of the first mammalian tissue cultures. Their research expanded the theoretical knowledge of cell structure and function. On a more practical level, they advanced many laboratory methods, like the first recipes for culture media. The text is beautifully enriched with personal anecdotes about their lives.This is the story of two scientific pioneers in the context of early 20th century biology and physiology. It is an inspiration for senior and aspiring researchers.

This volume discusses renal function and the mechanisms by which the kidney regulates the composition and volume of the extracellular fluid. It also highlights the role of the kidney in the development and progression of arterial hypertension. Most textbooks of renal physiology are based in mammalians physiology and mostly human physiology of the kidney, but the authors considered that this book should also include other species to include the broad spectrum of students and researchers in the life and biomedical sciences. In this sense, we included chapters such as comparative osmoregulation in non-mammalian vertebrates and we emphasize that in vertebrates like fish, reptiles, amphibians and birds, the kidneys and extrarenal organs are vital to maintain fluid homeostasis. The purpose of the book is to provide a concise frame of knowledge in a clear and direct language, of the renal function to medical and biological sciences students. In the context of normal renal function, we provide pathophysiological basis for chronic renal diseases and hypertension with the participation of renal vasoactive hormones. This book is used as textbook in several physiology courses for medical, nursing and biological sciences students at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Finis Terrae University, Universidad San Sebastian as well as other universities.

This book addresses and dissects the roles and crosstalk mechanisms for the 48 human nuclear receptors (NR) in human health and disease. After a State-of-the-Art introduction by an undisputed and celebrated field leader to provide an overview of the field and its significance, chapters are organized into six sections. The first three sections discuss NR roles in Reproduction & Development, Metabolism and Central Systems. These present to the reader our current understanding of NR signaling in the development and functioning of the reproductive system; the roles in the regulation of energy metabolism; and how NR signaling is more widely integrated into systemic functions from calcium flux to circadian rhythm. The subsequent three sections dissect how aberrant NR functions drive Cancer; how new insights into Genomic Interaction are helping to reveal how NR disruption drives disease; and finally, how Translational Efforts are exploiting this understanding from developing novel NR ligands to establishing how underlying genetic variation impacts NR function. Within these sections the chapters also illustrate emerging understanding of how the epigenome and non-coding genome combine to regulate NR function and impact dysfunction. Increasingly these insights cross-fertilize over cell and disease boundaries and it is unsurprising that NR are being explored in novel and new arenas such as the context of neurological disorders and depression. Thus, there is wide scope for re-purposing of licensed drugs and development of new NR-targeting therapies for a host of conditions and diseases. This unique book brings together many of the leading figures in NR research from across the globe, to discuss emerging roles and their implications for human health and disease. It summarizes the state of the art and shows signposts for future research to further shape this influential field.

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