Metabolisme

Diabetes refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by having high blood sugar level over a long time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a type of diabetes which is characterized by relative lack of insulin, high blood sugar and insulin resistance. The usual symptoms of T2D are frequent urination, unexplained weight loss and increased thirst. There can be other symptoms such as fatigue, increased hunger and sores which do not heal easily. Symptoms usually occur gradually. Long-term complications of high blood sugar may lead to several diseases such as strokes, diabetic retinopathy, heart disease, kidney failure and poor blood flow. There are various preventive measures for T2D, which include consuming a healthy diet, maintaining a normal weight and exercising regularly. Treatment of T2D includes dietary changes and exercise. This book aims to understand the clinical perspectives of type 2 diabetes. It strives to provide a fair idea about role of diet and nutrition in T2D and to help develop a better understanding for its clinical management. Those with an interest in this disease would find this book helpful.

Type-2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes characterized by an increased blood sugar level in the body. The management of type-2 diabetes involves a diet rich in nutrient-dense foods. Fiber, proteins, vitamins, complex carbohydrates, and minerals are good sources of nutrients for type-2 diabetics. Diabetic diet should consist of nutritious food items including fruits such as peaches, berries, oranges, apples, melons, pears, and vegetables such as cucumbers, spinach, cauliflower, zucchini, broccoli, etc. Some foods such as full-fat dairy, sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, processed foods, high fat meat, and trans-fats should be avoided. Protein-rich foods such as eggs, seafood, peas, tofu, lean meats, and poultry provide energy and keep the blood sugar level stable. This book provides a detailed explanation with respect to the nutrients essential for managing type-2 diabetes. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the recent concepts in this area of study. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Metabolism refers to the body's mechanism through which it converts food into energy on a cellular level. It is carried out by thousands of enzymes, taking part in numerous interdependent metabolic pathways to perform this process. Metabolic diseases refer to diseases that disrupt the normal metabolism of a person. These diseases affect the capability of the cells to carry out crucial biochemical reactions, including the transport and processing of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The causes of metabolic diseases are usually hereditary. However, the majority of people affected with any metabolic disease may seem healthy for several months or years. The initial symptoms generally occur once the body's metabolism becomes stressed, such as during a febrile illness or after long fasting. These diseases can be treated through nutritional management if detected initially. This book aims to explain the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

A disease that occurs due to high blood sugar levels is called diabetes. There are three major types of diabetes, namely, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Of these, the most prominent type of diabetes is the type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin but the body is not able to use the insulin, the way it should be used. This long-term condition causes high level of sugar circulating in the bloodstream that results in circulatory, nervous, and immune system disorders. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, frequent infections, etc. It is caused due to two interrelated problems. The first problem is insulin resistance developed by cells in muscle, fat and the liver which leads to lower amount of sugar. The second issue is the inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to manage blood sugar levels. Certain lifestyle changes such as eating healthy foods, losing weight, and avoiding inactivity for long periods are some measures to prevent or manage the disease. This book explores all the important aspects of type 2 diabetes and its medical management in the present day scenario. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

An eating disorder refers to a type of mental disorder, which occurs due to abnormal eating behaviors affecting mental or physical health negatively. There are various types of eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa, pica, binge eating disorder, rumination syndrome and a group of other feeding or eating disorders. The treatment of eating disorders differs from disorder to disorder, and includes reducing excessive exercise, counseling, reduction of efforts to eliminate food, and dietary advice. Obesity is the state where excess body fat gets accumulated in the body, which results in negative impacts on human health. It is measured through body mass index (BMI) in which a person's weight is divided by the square of the person's height. It is a major cause of disability and also leads to various diseases and conditions like obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer and type 2 diabetes. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about eating disorders and obesity through this book. It unravels the recent studies on these disorders. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field of study.

Gestational diabetes is one of the types of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy for the first time. It affects the cell's capability to use sugar, resulting in high blood sugar levels, which can affect the pregnancy and health of the baby. The most common cause of gestational diabetes is a change in hormone levels that makes it difficult for the body to efficiently process blood sugar. There are several complications associated with gestational diabetes, such as increased risk of breathing difficulties in infants, hypoglycemia, excessive birth weight, preterm birth and obesity. In certain cases it may also result in still birth. Diagnosis involves a screening test between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Initial glucose challenge test and follow-up glucose tolerance testing are routine screening procedures for gestational diabetes. Treatment and management for gestational diabetes includes medication, blood sugar monitoring and certain lifestyle changes. Repeated ultrasounds for examining the growth and development of an infant become paramount in the course of treatment. This book provides comprehensive insights into gestational diabetes. It presents researches and studies on the nutritional aspects of this disease as well as its complications and treatment. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Eating disorder is a form of a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal eating habits. These disorders cause negative effect on an individual's mental or physical health. There are various types of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, muscle dysmorphia and binge eating disorder. Obesity is a complex disease caused by an eating disorder in which a person eats too much without enough physical activity. It can be caused by genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight. The most common symptoms of eating disorders include fatigue, weakness and sensitivity to cold. Preventive measures focus on early identification of an eating disorder. Some of the most common treatments of eating disorders are cognitive behavioral therapy, recreation therapy, art therapy, medical nutrition therapy, dialectal behavioral therapy, and family therapy. This book contains some path-breaking studies on eating disorders and obesity. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights on the prevention and treatment of these medical conditions. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Diabetes is a health condition that affects the blood sugar level in the body. There are three major types of diabetes, namely, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction that hinders the production of insulin in the body. It usually affects children, teens and young adults, and it can be managed through daily intake of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the improper use of insulin by the body, which results in abnormal levels of blood sugar. It is usually seen in adults with no signs or symptoms. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Diabetes is linked to several complications like heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, kidney disease and vision loss. The most common symptoms of diabetes include an increase in thirst, frequent urination and a rise in appetite. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by certain lifestyle changes like healthy eating, physical exercise and losing weight. This book provides comprehensive insights on diabetes as well as its complications, comorbidities and related disorders. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Thyroid cancer refers to a type of cancer which grows from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a condition in which cells develop unusually and can spread to other parts of the body. A protrusion or swelling in the neck are its common symptoms. There are several risk factors of thyroid cancer, including a family history, radiation exposure at a young age and having an enlarged thyroid. There are four major types of thyroid cancer, namely, medullary thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Fine needle aspiration and ultrasound are frequently used for its diagnosis. There are several treatment options available for thyroid cancer, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery, and thyroid hormone and radiation therapy. Surgery can include the removal of all or a part of the thyroid gland. This book provides comprehensive insights on thyroid cancer. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Carbohydrates are referred to as the sugar molecules that provide energy to the body. The natural sources of carbohydrates include fruits and vegetables, while some carbohydrates are processed and refined. The most abundant and common types of carbohydrates include fiber, starch or complex carbs, and sugars or simple carbs. Legumes, whole grains, beans and potatoes are some good sources of complex carbohydrates. They play a key role in the prevention of diseases and maintenance of weight. Higher intake of carbohydrates is associated with complications like obesity and associated conditions like heart diseases and diabetes. The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose causes an increase in the blood sugar levels. This may lead to insulin resistance and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Healthy carbohydrates that contain essential vitamins, nutrients and fiber can help prevent insulin resistance. The topics included in this book on carbohydrates and their role in health and disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Fundamental Principles of Oxidative Stress in Metabolism and Reproduction: Prevention and Management is a comprehensive resource for anyone needing awareness and recognition of oxidative stress as a basic component of disease to determine the precise treatment plan considering the cause of the disease. It describes the effects of oxidative stress in the human body, the detection of metabolic changes, psychological impact and effect on reproductive outcomes. In addition, it discusses alterations at the cellular level occurring due to oxidative stress along with the genetic aspects involved in its pathogenesis.

Endocrine Self-Assessment Program (ESAP), Reference Edition 2023 is a self-study curriculum for physicians and health professionals wanting a self assessment and a broad review of endocrinology. It consists of 120 brand-new multiple choice questions in all areas of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. There is extensive discussion of each correct answer, a comprehensive syllabus, and references. ESAP is updated annually with new questions.

Endocrine Self-Assessment Program (ESAP), Reference Edition 2023 is a self-study resource for physicians and health professionals wanting a self-assessment and broad review of endocrinology. It consists of approximately 120 multiple-choice questions in the areas of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. Correct answers for each question are extensively discussed, with references provided, and the volume also contains a comprehensive syllabus. CME, MOC, online module not included. Updated annually.

Biochemical Immunology of Diabetes and Associated Complications offers in-depth coverage of the association of biochemical and immunological aspects of the human body in diabetes. It discusses the suppression and modulation of the immune system and the impact of immunochemicals on the biochemical pathways in diabetes, along with associated complications. The book enumerates the exigency in knowledge about the immunomodulators as therapeutic targets to cure the syndrome. It will serve as an important reference for medical practitioners, researchers, medical students, masters and doctoral students. In addition, it could also be used as a reference for science graduates, science teachers, and researchers.

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications, a major socio-economic burden for health care systems. The worldwide prevalence of obesity doubled since 1980 and as a consequence the number of patients with diabetes has been continuously rising with more than 450 Mio. people suffering from this disease at the present time. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathways leading from excessive fat accumulation to metabolic perturbation and finally diabetes manifestation. This edition of the "e;Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology"e; aims to analyze new insight into the pathophysiology of obesity, to decipher the complex links to diabetes and its complications, and to collect most recent information on new strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes.

This book helps readers discover the forefront of personalized medicine on clinical metabolomics and its applications in genetic diseases. This comprehensive guide offers a functional relationship map between cell components and genetic variations in various diseases, providing insights that can be applied to personalized medicine. The book covers the latest developments in metabolomics for health, with practical guidance for clinical experts looking to advance their laboratory techniques and career. The metabolomics profile is a powerful tool that has revolutionized our understanding of the relationship between genetics, clinical readouts, and disease outcomes. By integrating metabolomics with genomics and clinical phenotypes, the authors have developed diagnostic and prediction models that have vastly improved patient outcomes and deepened the understanding of disease mechanisms. This model has been successfully applied in various conditions, including inborn errors of metabolism, primary immunodeficiency, and endocrine disorders. However, integrating metabolomics with other omics datasets and clinical phenotypes requires careful study design, analytical tools, and data analysis and interpretation. This groundbreaking new book provides essential guidance for researchers, students, and professionals looking to leverage metabolomics in their own work, including biochemical and clinical geneticists, pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics experts, pharmaceutics and diagnostic researchers, medical scientists, clinical dietitians, metabolic engineers, clinical chemists, and personalized medicine specialists.

In the mid- to late-twentieth century, large scientific conflicts flared in two seemingly distinct fields of scientific inquiry.  In bioenergetics, which examines how organisms obtain and utilize energy, the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchell suggested a novel mechanism for energy conversion. In evolutionary biology, meanwhile, Wynne Edwards strongly articulated the view that organisms may act for the "e;good of the group."e;  This work crystalized a long history of imprecise thinking about the evolution of cooperation. While both controversies have received ample attention, no one has ever suggested that one might inform the other, i.e., that energy metabolism in general and chemiosmosis in particular might be relevant to the evolution of cooperation. The central idea is nevertheless remarkably simple. Chemiosmosis rapidly converts energy, and once storage capacity is exceeded, an overabundance of product has various negative consequences.  While to some extent chemiosmotic processes can be modulated, under certain circumstances it is also possible to simply disperse the products into the environment.This book argues that these two heretofore distinct scientific disciplines are connected, thereby suggesting that a ubiquitous process of energy conversion may underlie the evolution of cooperation and link major transitions in the history of life that have been regarded as mechanistically unrelated.

This book has been developed to provide a detailed discussion of probiotics, which have been evaluated for use predominantly in fish and shellfish aquaculture. This book highlights strengths and weaknesses in knowledge and discusses gaps that need to be addressed. There has been a great deal of research concerning the use of probiotics in aquaculture. To date, a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and some eukaryotes, i.e. yeasts and unicellular algae, has been reported to be beneficial to aquatic hosts.  Following oral uptake, benefit includes improved growth performance and protection against many bacteria and some parasitic diseases. This book will be suitable for scientists, veterinarians, professionals, and senior students involved in aquaculture. 

Parathyroid glands regulate the levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D in the human body via the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are several disorders that can affect the parathyroid glands. These can be genetic, idiopathic, or iatrogenic and can cause poor quality of life, depression, and anxiety. This book discusses parathyroid glands, the importance of proper detection of PTH, parathyroid gland pathophysiology, bone dynamics and dentistry, and genetic diseases of the parathyroid glands.

Inherited White Matter Disorders and Their Mimics, Volume 204 discusses where imaging abnormalities and pathology lie predominantly in the CNS white matter. Many acquired causes, such as multiple sclerosis, are readily diagnosed and familiar to the majority of neurologists. However, less common acquired causes and genetic disorders (the leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies) often present a diagnostic challenge. The evaluation of patients with White matter disorders (WMDs) has evolved enormously in recent decades, due to advances in genetics, radiology, and the development of treatments for specific disorders. This book brings together WMD research, spanning basic science, molecular genetics, and clinical and radiological phenotyping. This volume presents both common WMDs and rare disorders according to their presentations or pathophysiology. Chapters lay out the clinical and radiological presentation of the disorder, followed by genetics and diagnostics, and finally discussion of pathophysiology and treatment. Chapter contain imaging, clinical pearls to diagnosis, and reference tables for genotype-phenotype correlation. For diagnostic work-up, easy to read algorithms are presented as well as clear guidance on indications for treatment, where applicable.