Hepatologi

The chronic liver disease which is caused by excessive consumption of alcohol is known as alcoholic liver disease. It has various stages, and can progress from alcoholic fatty liver to alcoholic steatohepatitis. It can also lead to more severe medical conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. The severity to which this disease affects different people can be influenced by epigenetic, genetic and non-genetic factors. A few of its major symptoms are fluid buildup in legs, abnormal bleeding, poor appetite and redness of palms. Alcoholic liver disease can be diagnosed through physical tests, imaging tests and blood tests. The degree of the progression of this disease can be determined by tests such as transient elastography, ultrasonography, MRI and liver biopsy. This book contains some path-breaking studies on alcoholic liver disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about this liver disease and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances towards its treatment. Researchers and students actively engaged in the field of hepatology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Celiac disease is a type of autoimmune disease which is caused through gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Within this disease, villous atrophy and intestinal inflammation is caused in small intestines due to permanent gluten intolerance resulting in severe malabsorption. Nutrition plays a vital role in managing celiac disease. There does not exist any cure for this disease, only following a lifelong gluten free diet can be beneficial in the treatment. Gluten free diet should be followed with care to balance the nutrient requirements for preventing deficiencies and maintaining a person's health. This book explores the important role of nutrition in celiac disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about the latest advances in the nutritional management of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts on this medical condition.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a heterogeneous condition with an extensive range of clinical presentations and disease severity. People who suffer from this disease are observed to consume little or no alcohol, and have excessive fat stored in their liver cells. Damage to the liver under this condition is caused by the generation of oxidative metabolites and by the translocation of gut-derived endotoxin. These processes result in cellular injury and stimulation of the inflammatory responses facilitated by a range of molecules. The injury develops with impairment in tissue regeneration and extracellular matrix turnover which results in causing cirrhosis and fibrogenesis. Some of the major risk factors for this disease are obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. This book explores all the important translational and clinical researches on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the modern day. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Kidneys are two reddish-brown organs that are shaped like beans and are found in vertebrates. They are positioned on the right and left side of the retroperitoneal space. Kidney disease is a condition in which the kidneys get damaged. It often leads to kidney dysfunction to some extent and might become the reason for kidney failure, which results in complete damage of kidneys and their function. Kidney failure is called the final stage of kidney disease in which kidney transplant or dialysis is the only way to treat the damage. The patients of kidney disease which are in the initial stages must consume less amount of sodium. Some patients might be recommended to minimize the consumption of protein. Patients having kidney disease must take a diet containing vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, poultry, fish, beans, and dairy products low in fat. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the role of nutrition in liver diseases. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gastrointestinal absorption of a drug is a complex process which involves a series of sub-processes. It is also subject to different variables such as physiological factors and disease states. Passive non-ionic diffusion is the most prominent mechanism that plays a prominent role in the process of drug absorption. The difference in the concentration or the chemical potential across the membrane helps in the process of absorption. The cell membrane incorporates the non-ionized hydrophobic molecules between the long hydrocarbon chains through a dissolution-like process. As a result, the hydrophobic molecules are transferred into the absorptive cell. There are some other mechanisms that play a minor role in drug absorption. These mechanisms include pinocytosis, facilitated transport and passage through membrane pores. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the mechanism of gastrointestinal drug absorption. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study. The book is a vital tool for all researching this biological process.

Celiac disease refers to a type of long-term autoimmune disorder. It majorly affects the small intestine, in which people develop intolerance towards gluten, which is found in foods such as barley, wheat and rye. Classic symptoms of celiac disease include gastrointestinal problems, such as loss of appetite, abdominal distention, chronic diarrhoea and malabsorption. This usually starts from the age of six months to two years. There are several non-classic symptoms, which are common in individuals older than two years. These might include either absent or mild gastrointestinal symptoms, which might infect any part of the human body, or no noticeable symptoms. The diagnosis is generally done through intestinal biopsies and a variety of blood antibody tests, facilitated by particular genetic testing. The disease can be treated by following a mandatory gluten-free diet for lifetime. It helps to recover the intestinal lining and decreases the risk associated with the disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies on celiac disease. It aims to shed light on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this medical condition as well as for experts.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a group of diseases including inflammatory non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic cirrhosis, simple hepatic steatosis and developing stages of fibrosis. It is also connected to other medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. It can be diagnosed through various methods such as by studying the medical history, conducting a physical examination and through different tests. A few of the tests which can help in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are blood tests, imaging tests and liver biopsy. Disease progression differs from individual to individual and is related to a variety of risk factors. A few of the major risk factors linked with NAFLD are hepatic oxidative stress, reduced very low-density lipoprotein secretion, imbalanced diet and lifestyle, and influx of free fatty acids to the liver from adipose tissue due to insulin resistance. The management of NAFLD can be done through reducing weight and improving physical activity. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this medical condition.

In this issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, guest editor Dr. David E. Bernstein brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Autoimmune Hepatitis Including PBC and PSC. The three main immune disorders that involve the liver are AIH, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. As these autoimmune diseases can share symptoms, it is important for the hepatologist to have clinical knowledge of each and understand their differences and similarities. This issue addresses these variants and provides the reader with important information relating to pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including autoimmune hepatitis: epidemiology, subtypes, and presentation; diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis; treatment of autoimmune hepatitis including transplant; diagnostic tests in primary sclerosing cholangitis: serology, elastography, imaging; post-transplant management and complications of AIH, PBC, and PSC, including disease recurrence; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on autoimmune hepatitis, including PBC and PSC, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, guest editor Robert G. Gish brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D. The articles provide state-of-the-art clinical summaries of the advances in Hepatitis B and D, with emphasis on HBV viro-immunology, novel assays, new targets, and tests for HBV and HDV, and more. Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including Novel Assays to Solve the Clinical and Scientific Challenges of Chronic Hepatitis B; Maternal-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus; Triple Threat: HDV, HBV, HIV Coinfection; Targeting Hepatitis B Virus DNA Using Designer Gene Editors; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on Hepatitis B and D, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis that develops in the absence of competing for liver disease etiologies such as alcohol consumption, monogenic hereditary conditions, or iatrogenic causes. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multifactorial and its understanding is still incomplete. Although knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying disease development and progression has grown significantly in recent years, the exact contribution of environmental and genetic factors as well as that of extrahepatic and intrahepatic events in determining the disease phenotype remains ill defined. This book discusses topics highly correlated with NAFLD such as the regulation of iron metabolism, the role of the enzyme heparanase in liver steatosis, transcriptional regulation by ERR and its role in pathogenesis, hepatic lipid homeostasis, therapeutic approaches to NAFLD, and pathogenesis and significance of HDL as a molecular modifier in NAFLD.

Sinusoidal Cells in Liver Diseases: Role in their Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment provides a state-of-the-art review on recent advances surrounding the role of liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs, HSCs, macrophages, and other non-parenchymal cells) in acute and chronic liver diseases. Coverage emphasizes disease pathophysiology, novel mechanisms, unmet clinical questions, development of biomarkers, and treatment opportunities. By focusing on the role of sinusoidal cells in human liver diseases, this reference provides a comprehensive overview of the role of sinusoidal cells in acute and chronic liver diseases, in its pathophysiology and mechanisms, and in the development of novel biomarkers and new therapeutics. Cells of the liver vasculature play an essential role in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic liver diseases and are considered key therapeutic targets to treat most of human hepatopathies. Coverage in this reference includes the phenotypic changes occurring in liver vascular cells and how cells contribute to the development of microcirculatory dysfunction, fibrosis, inflammation, and liver failure.

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Precision Medicine and Liver Diseases: Concept, Technology, Application, and Perspectives combines four major applications of artificial intelligence (AI) within the field of clinical medicine specific to liver diseases: radiology imaging, electronic health records, pathology, and multiomics. The book provides a state-of-the-art summary of AI in precision medicine in hepatology, clarifying the concept and technology of AI and pointing to the current and future applications of AI within the field of hepatology. Coverage includes data preparation, methodology and application within disease-specific cases in fibrosis, viral and steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute liver failure, liver transplantation, and more. The ethical and legal issues of AI and future challenges and perspectives are also discussed. By highlighting many new AI applications which can further research, diagnosis, and treatment, this reference is the perfect resource for both practicing hepatologists and researchers focused on AI applications in medicine.

Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Knowledge, Therapeutic Treatments, and Future Directions provides the most updated research findings and defines the current data gaps on metabolic fatty liver disease. The book extensively covers key areas in metabolic fatty liver disease research, including epidemiology (adults and children), economic burden, patient-reported outcome burden, natural history, current treatments, current diagnostic methods, controversies (NAFLD/MAFLD), current guidelines, fatty liver disease in the presence of other liver diseases as well as guidance on future research. This book will provide translational researchers with a current and comprehensive resource dedicated to all aspects of research in metabolic fatty liver disease, identify current gaps in research and make future research recommendations. It also offers clinicians a look at important background information in metabolic fatty liver disease and thoroughly reviews the latest research in this area to inform treatment outcomes.

In this issue of Medical Clinics of North America, guest editors Drs. Anand V. Kulkarni and K. Rajender Reddy bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Hepatology: An Update. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as NAFLD; hepatic manifestations of a systemic illness; cirrhosis and portal hypertension; hepatic encephalopathy; ICU care of the patient with cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma; liver transplantation for the non-hepatologist; and more. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including the global burden of chronic liver disease; the rising epidemic of alcoholic hepatitis; inpatient hepatology consultation; frailty and sarcopenia; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on hepatology, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Offering "tips on nutrition, exercise, and wellness; meal suggestions; recipes; and recommended snacks, Regenerative Health will help you treat your current liver issues and also help you prevent more from developing. Whether you already have a diagnosis or simply want to be feel as good as you can, experts Kristin Kirkpatrick and Ibrahim Hanouneh give you the knowledge and the tools to take charge of your health"--

Written and edited by an international team of renowned authorities, MacSween's Pathology of the Liver, 8th Edition, remains the field's definitive reference on liver pathology. This must-have text is ideal for surgical pathologists in practice and in training who examine liver specimens on a day-to-day basis. It provides invaluable assistance in recognizing the huge variety of appearances of the liver that result from infections, tumors, and tumor-like lesions, as well as organ damage caused by drugs and toxins. With expert, comprehensive coverage of all malignant and benign hepatobiliary disorders, MacSween's is a convenient, one-stop resource for use in the reporting room as well as in personal study. Shares the knowledge and experience of a "who's who? list of experts in the field of hepatobiliary pathology, led by editors Alastair D. Burt, Linda D. Ferrell, and Stefan G. Hübscher.  Features more than 1,000 high-quality, full color illustrations, providing a complete visual guide to each tumor or tumor-like lesion.  Discusses advances in molecular diagnostic testing, its capabilities, and its limitations, including targeted/personalized medicine.  Incorporates the latest TNM staging and WHO classification systems, as well as new diagnostic biomarkers and their utility in differential diagnosis, newly described variants, and new histologic entities.  Includes relevant data from ancillary techniques (immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics), giving you the necessary tools required to master the latest breakthroughs in diagnostic technology.  Provides you with all of the necessary diagnostic tools to make a complete and accurate pathologic report, including clinicopathologic background throughout.  Directs you to the most recent and authoritative sources for further reading with a comprehensive reference list that highlights key articles and up-to-date citations.  An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

In this issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, guest editor Dr. Steven L. Flamm brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Updates in Consultations in Liver Disease. Many disease entities are uncommon and complicated in scope, and liver disease may occur in the setting of other chronic medical conditions and involve other organ systems. In this issue, top experts provide a up-to-date framework for approaching consultation for common liver-related problems for the gastroenterology and hepatology practitioner. Contains 12 practice-oriented topics including clinical pearls in evaluation and treatment of patients with liver disease; evaluation of patients with markedly elevated liver enzymes; evaluation of liver disease in pregnancy; COVID and implications on the liver; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on consultations in liver disease, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Critical Care Nursing Clinics, guest editor and clinical nurse specialist Cynthia Benz brings her considerable expertise to the topic of Care for the Liver Failure Patient. Nurse involvement in chronic and fatal liver diseases requires interventions to improve symptom control, reduce inpatient care, prevent worsening of condition, and improve quality of life. In this issue, top experts focus on these nursing interventions for patients experiencing liver failure or the eventuality of liver failure. Contains 11 practice-oriented topics including acute liver failure in the pediatric patient; right sided heart failure and liver failure; hepatocellular carcinoma; ascites; esophageal varices; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on care for the liver failure patient, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Current pharmacologic therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection allow viral suppression and normalization of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and prevent liver disease from progressing. The currently available antiviral therapies very rarely lead to a functional cure. Thus, the future of a cure for HBV lies in triple combination therapies with concerted action on replication inhibition, antigen reduction, and immune stimulation. This book reviews the mechanisms and pathogenesis of HBV, as well as discusses current and potential future treatments.

Now fully revised to include recent advances in the field, the third edition of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Pathology, a volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology series, is an essential foundation text for residents and pathologists. The popular template format makes it easy to use, and new information throughout brings you up to date with what's new in the field, including advances in molecular diagnostic testing and new diagnostic biomarkers. Practical and affordable, this resource is ideal for study and review as well as everyday clinical practice.Key features of this practical text include:  A consistent, user-friendly format that explores each entity's clinical features, gross and microscopic findings, ancillary studies, differential diagnoses, and prognostic and therapeutic considerations.  A focus on specific features of selected neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities, including broad and in-depth differential diagnoses.  Clinical information on treatment and prognosis, enabling you to better understand the clinical implications of the diagnosis.  Nearly 1,000 full-color, high-quality illustrations with extensive figure legends, as well as abundant boxes and tables throughout.  Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.  What's NEW in this edition:  Advances in molecular diagnostic testing and its capabilities and limitations, including targeted/personalized medicine.  New diagnostic biomarkers and their utility in differential diagnosis, newly described variants, and new histologic entities.  The latest TNM staging and WHO classification systems.  New co-editors Drs. Amitabh Srivastava and Daniela S. Allende lead a team of expert, internationally recognized pathologists who keep you up to date with the latest information in the field.Â

This book provides a comprehensive resource for clinical hepatology. It details the systematic approach to patients with liver disease in outpatient and inpatient medical settings. A variety of case studies in hepatology including chronic viral hepatitis, and metabolic, autoimmune, and alcohol related liver disease are presented. The book enables the reader to develop a thorough understanding of the clinical presentation, natural history, epidemiology, genetics, and therapeutic options for the liver diseases that clinicians must recognize and manage from the first encounter with the patient through the years of follow up. Clinical Cases in Hepatology systematically describes the approach to a patient with liver disease and is a valuable source for all medical professionals and trainees who care for these patients or are seeking a detailed reference guide to developing their knowledge in the rapidly expanding field of hepatology.

In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Dr. Norman Gitlin, Guest Editors Drs. Andres Cardenas and Thomas Reiberger have created an up-to-date monograph on the complications of cirrhosis. They have secured top experts to contribute clinical review articles on the following topics: Non-invasive Detection of CSPH in cACLD; Prevention of First Decompensation in ACLD; Treatment of Acute Variceal Bleeding in 2020: When to Use TIPS; Prevention of Variceal Bleeding and Rebleeding by NSBB: A Tailored Approach; The Role of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG); Measurement in the Management of Cirrhosis; Bacterial Infections in Cirrhosis as a Cause or Consequence of Decompensation; Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease; Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy; Discriminating Acute Decompensation from Acute-on-Chronic Liver; Management of Severe and Refractory Ascites; Monitoring Renal Function and Therapy of HRS patients with Cirrhosis; Coagulopathy in Cirrhosis; and Current Concepts of Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy. Hepatologists will come away with the information they need to manage these patients.

In consultation with Consulting Editor, Dr. Norman Gitlin, Dr. Jorge Herrera has put together a timely look at health and function of the liver in systemic diseases. The issue has all of the top experts in their field contributing conscise reviews of the following topics: The Liver in Celiac Disease; The Liver in Sickle Cell Disease; Hepatic Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; The Liver in Circulatory Disturbances; Hepatobiliary Complications in Critically Ill Patients; Endocrine Diseases and the Liver; Rheumatologic Diseases and the Liver; Hepatic Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis; Hepatic Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition; Hepatic Manifestations of Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Liver Disease in HIV Infection; Sarcoidosis and the Liver; Liver Disease in Pregnancy; and Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Liver.Readers will come away with the latest updates they need to improve outcomes in hepatology patients.

Alcoholic liver disease has once again entered our collective conscience.  A paper in 2012 showed the utility of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in acute alcoholic hepatitis.  As expected, this opened the floodgates.  Every liver transplant program in the USA is now under pressure to list and transplant patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), resulting n a shift in the type of patients to admit and list for OLT.  In consultation with Dr. Norman Gitlin, Dr. Norman Sussman and Dr. Michael Lucey have put together a collection of articles on current practices and future trends in the management of alcohol-related diseases. Expert authors from top institutions have contributed articles on the following topcs: Histopathology; Alcohol and the Law; Alcoholic Liver Disease in Children; Alcohol Use Disorder; Pathogenesis of ALD; Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis; Nutrition and Malnutrition in ALD; Alcoholic Cirrhosis; Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease; CNS effects of Alcohol; and Will Studies in NASH Help to Manage AS. Readers will come away with current clinical information to help them to make clinical decisions that will improve patient outcomes.