Medicinsk mikrobiologi og virologi

"Comprehensive up-to-date guide to clinical and diagnostic virology. Individual chapters cover viruses from A-Z, which are then grouped under syndromes. Liberal use of tables and algorithms enable quick access to key information. An ideal introduction for interested trainees and a practical reference for more experienced hospital clinicians and GPs"--

This book covers the wide set of well-regulated virulence factors and defense mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa focusing on stress responses and the evolution of this opportunistic human pathogen.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for one out of ten hospital infections.  Additionally, this Gram-negative bacterium is accountable for persistent infections in immunocompromised individuals and the leading cause of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This book provides insight on the metabolic versatility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its mechanisms for biofilm formation that make this organism highly efficient  in causing infections.  The book invites the readers to learn more about the intrinsic ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to resist a wide variety of antimicrobial agents due to the concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps, antibiotic-degrading enzymes, and the low permeability of bacterial cellular envelopes. Particular focus is put on the evolutionary role of different types of protein-secretion systems in pathogenesis, flagella and their role in chemotaxis and surface sensing, and host-pathogen interactions.This book is a useful introduction to the field for junior scientists interested in the biology and pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is also an interesting read for advanced scientists and medical specialists working within this field, providing a broader view of the topic beyond their specific area of specialization.

'Will change your life' Chris Evans'Completely fascinating' Heston Blumenthal'Important and devastating' The TimesFrom a world-leading microbiome scientist and surgeon comes Dark Matter, a pioneering guide to hacking your microbiome for a healthier life.Our microbiome - the complex ecosystem of bacteria, viruses and other microbes inside us - is vital for our health and wellbeing. An invisible powerhouse whose potential we're only just beginning to understand, it influences our mood and appetite, determines how fast we run and even who we choose as a partner.In this ground-breaking book, microbiome expert Dr James Kinross takes us on a guided tour of our extraordinary inner universe and highlights the damage we inflict when we don't protect it. Showing through cutting-edge research and years of clinical experience, the practical steps we can all take to optimise the microbiome to live better, healthier lives.Now with a new, eye-opening afterword on the rise of home microbiome tests, IBS and FMTs. 'Addictive and illuminating' Dr Saliha Mahmood Ahmed, bestselling author of The Kitchen Prescription

Bacteria and fungi are able to aggregate together or on surfaces in densely packed microcolonies, facilitated by extracellular polymeric substances for cell protection and stability. These biofilms have proven to be extremely hard to eradicate and remove once established. In chronic infections, this condition can result in a high degree of morbidity and mortality as regular antibiotic treatments are ineffective against biofilms. In industrial facilities, the formation of biofilms can ruin production and result in enormous financial losses.In this book, the current state of antibiofilm research is presented by experts from around the world. Novel, cutting-edge techniques and new optimized strategies based on established methods are discussed in chapters focused on biofilm prevention, treatment and control for the application in clinical, industrial and veterinary settings.Antibiofilm strategies, such as chemical and enzymatic treatments, surface modification and coatings, quorum sensing inhibition and dispersal induction, phage therapy, cold plasma treatment, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, and metal-based nanomedicine are covered, among many others.This book contributes to the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being and is a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, microbiologists, academics and for educators to inform curricula of universities and colleges.

Learn all the microbiology and basic immunology concepts you need to know for your courses and exams. Now fully revised and updated, Mims' clinically relevant, systems-based approach and abundant colour illustrations make this complex subject easy to understand and remember. Learn about infections in the context of major body systems and understand why these are environments in which microbes can establish themselves, flourish, and give rise to pathologic changes. This systems-based approach to microbiology employs integrated and case-based teaching that places the 'bug parade' into a clinical context. Effectively review for problem-based courses with the help of chapter introductions and 'Lessons in Microbiology' text boxes that highlight the clinical relevance of the material, offer easy access to key concepts, and provide valuable review tools. Approach microbiology by body system or by pathogen through the accompanying electronic 'Pathogen Parade' - a quickly searchable, cross-referenced glossary of viruses, bacteria and fungi A new electronic 'Vaccine Parade' offers quick-reference coverage of the most commonly used vaccines in current clinical practice Deepen your understanding of epidemiology and the important role it plays in providing evidence-based identification of key risk factors for disease and targets for preventative medicine. Grasp and retain vital concepts easily, with a user-friendly colour coded format, succinct text, key concept boxes, and dynamic illustrations. New and enhanced information reflects the growing importance of the human microbiota and latest molecular approaches Access the complete contents on the go via the accompanying interactive eBook, with a range of bonus materials to enhance learning and retention - includes self-assessment materials and clinical cases to check your understanding and aid exam preparation.

Intelligent Packaging: Current Technologies and Applications, Volume Six in the Developments in Food Quality and Safety series is the most up-to-date resource on topics such as Advances in the analysis of toxic compounds and control of food poisoning; Food fraud, traceability and authenticity; Revalorization of agrifood industry; Natural antimicrobial compounds and application to improve the preservation of food; Non-thermal processing technologies in the food industry; Nanotechnology in food production; and Intelligent packaging and sensors. This updated volume covers intelligent packaging by discussing the aspects of emerging technologies and strategies to obtain such packaging relevant to the development of traceable food products. Topics such as indicators, sensors, tracing devices, and intelligent packaging used in various food products, such as dairy, meat, fruits and vegetables are also explored. The series is edited by Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo and authored by a team of global experts in the fields of Food Quality and Safety, providing comprehensive knowledge to food industry personals and scientists.

This book covers topics related to viral and fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS), with a multidisciplinary reach, discussing associated immunology, microbiological aspects, pathologies, timely management, and prevention. The book is structured into five broad sections.The first section provides the reader with valuable insights into the aetiologies and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological diseases, including host responses. It mentions all bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral causes of neuro-infections, along with rarer neuropathogenesis such as prions and mycoplasmas. The chapter also presents detailed epidemiology and prevalence of different CNS infections worldwide. It also reviews various infectious diseases that target the nervous system, such as focal lesions, meningitis, and neurological complications of venous sinus thrombosis. The next two sections delve deep into pathogen-specific diseases of the CNS, namely the virusesand fungi associated with neuro-infections. It mentions detailed excerpts on encephalitic viruses, long-term consequences of neurotropic viruses, mycological neuroinfectious, and even the emerging, less talked of viruses and fungi causing neurological disease. Topics such as principles of vigorous antifungal therapy and surgeries are also discussed in the chapter. The fourth section gives an insight on prospects for efficiently diagnosing and managing viral and fungal CNS infections, to tackle associated morbidities.Features that are often less documented, yet of considerable interest in current times, such as the role of immunosuppression in neurological infections and newer microbiological diagnostic strategies are covered. The last section uniquely provides clinicians with relatable case scenarios. Real case descriptions are included, such as cases of fungal meningitis and other difficult-to-diagnose infections produced by viruses. This book serves as a guide for neurologists, medical microbiologists, and clinical practitioners who deal with patients suspected of neurological infection.

Virus refers to a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates solely within the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all kinds of life, including animals and plants as well as microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea. They are found in all the ecosystems that exist on Earth. Virology is a subspecialty of microbiology that studies viruses. A biological preparation that induces active acquired immunity against a specific infectious disease is defined as vaccine. It usually comprises an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is commonly manufactured from weakened or deceased forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. Antivirals, or antiviral drugs, refer to a class of medications that are used to treat viral infections. These drugs do not destruct their target pathogen but prevent it from growing. Vaccines and antivirals play a significant role in controlling pandemics and eradicating viral diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about viruses. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of antivirals and vaccines. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

A virus is a microorganism that functions and replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms known as host cells. It causes damage to the host cells and often kills the host cell in the process. Some common examples of human diseases caused by viruses are common cold, SARS, influenza, chickenpox, cold sores, rabies, Ebola virus disease, AIDS (HIV), avian influenza, etc. Vaccinations are the most effective method for preventing viral diseases as they provide immunity against infections. Another method of dealing with viruses is the use of antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with the replication of virus. There are multiple types of vaccines based on how they are prepared; and these include live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. Due to large-scale vaccination drives, there has been a considerable decline in morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of vaccines in the treatment of viral infections. It will serve as a valuable source of reference to students, virologists, public health experts, and clinicians.

Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. It is the most common cause of diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. It is contagious and most commonly affects infants and young children across the world. Some common symptoms of rotavirus are fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain followed by diarrhea. It causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. There is no treatment for a rotavirus infection. Rotavirus vaccine is the most efficient method of preventing the rotavirus disease. It is highly recommended that the parents get their children vaccinated against rotavirus, as it will make the symptoms less severe in case the child is infected with this virus. This book outlines the role of rotavirus vaccine in the management of rotavirus infection. Researchers and students associated with the study of this virus and its management will find this book full of crucial and unexplored topics.

Bacteria are living organisms found ubiquitously in nature and have only one biological cell. They constitute a wide domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. In bacteria, unfolded proteins are transported through the secretion pathways across the cytoplasmic membrane. This transportation consists of three parts, which include a protein targeting component, a motor protein and membrane integrated conducting channel. Bacteria have a range of protein transportation pathways, which are necessary for functions like pathogenicity and viability. Generally, bacterial secretion comprises secretion of unfolded proteins which primarily remain within the cells. In case of gram-negative bacteria, secreted proteins are delivered to inner membrane or the periplasm. The protein can remain in the cell or it is usually transported out of the bacteria via other secretion systems. Klebsiella pneumonia, Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio cholerae are the gram-negative bacteria that utilize the secretion system. Gram-positive bacteria that utilize the secretion system include Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving on the protein secretion pathways in bacteria. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Probiotics refer to the living microorganisms, whose consumption is regarded to have health benefits, generally by restoring and improving gut flora. They are safe to consume but they may result in side effects and bacteria-host interactions in some situations. Probiotic-fortified foods, fermented dairy products and other fermented foods contain live probiotic cultures. Lactic acid bacteria (LABs), that are food fermenting bacteria, prevent food from spoilage and can increase the nutritional content of the foods they live in. There are several fermented products, which contains LAB, such as pao cai, kimchi, sauerkraut, pickled vegetables, etc. They are assumed to be beneficial in decreasing gastrointestinal discomfort, relieving constipation and evading the common cold. This book contains some path-breaking studies on probiotics. It strives to provide a fair idea about their applications in food and pharmacology. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of research in this area of study.

Pathogenic bacteria are a type of bacteria which can cause several diseases. Several species of bacteria are not harmful and are beneficial to humans but some can spread infectious diseases. Certain pathogenic bacteria are capable of causing diseases under some circumstances, including when they penetrate through the skin in a wound, through a weakened immune system, and by sexual activity. The virulence factors aid bacteria in invading the host, transmitting disease and circumventing host defenses. Endotoxins, adherence factors, siderophores, invasion factors, exotoxins and capsules are some of the virulence factors. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections. They are categorized as either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal, depending on whether they only stop bacterial growth or kill the bacteria. Antibiotics come in a variety of forms and each class inhibits certain process that is unique to the pathogen compared to the host. This book contains some path-breaking studies on pathogenic bacteria. It contains a detailed explanation of the pathogenesis, virulence factors and antibacterial treatment strategies associated with pathogenic bacteria. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Parasitology is a scientific discipline that is concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases. A parasitic disease caused by infection with tiny tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus is called echinococcosis. It is mainly classified into two categories, namely, cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. The other types include unicystic echinococcosis and polycystic echinococcosis. Unicystic echinococcosis manifests as a slow-growing mass in the body. Alveolar disease generally starts in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. The patient may experience abdominal pain, weight loss, along with yellow-toned skin discoloration due to development of jaundice when the liver is affected. A major cause of the disease includes the consumption of food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite. It can also be caused by coming in close contact with an infected animal. The disease is diagnosed using blood tests and medical imaging tests such as CT scan and MRI. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating the infected animals. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of echinococcosis and the recent researches with respect to this disease. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed the study of this disease. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Microbiology comprises the study of various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It is focused on gaining knowledge of all the aspects associated with these microorganisms, like physiology, behavior, biochemistry, evolution and ecology. It also assesses the pathology of the disease caused by them. According to the taxonomy, various branches of microbiology include bacteriology, nematology, protozoology, immunology, parasitology, mycology, and phycology. Microbiology includes a range of subsets from immunology, from genetic engineering to microbial genetics. Immunology studies the manner in which the immune system in humans protects them from microbes causing infectious disease. It is concerned with understanding the relationships between the hosts and pathogens like viruses and bacteria. The integrated approach to immunology and microbiology can be utilized in understanding the effect that microbes have on the health of humans. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of immunology and medical microbiology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Virology refers to the study of biological viruses. It is a branch of microbiology that aims to detect, structure, classify and study the evolution of viruses. It focuses on detecting the methods of infection and how host cells are exploited for replication of the viruses. Furthermore, it studies the interaction of viruses with the physiology and immunity of the host. Virology also focuses on identifying diseases caused by viruses, isolation techniques and how they can be utilized in the research for developing appropriate therapies. There are various approaches which can be utilized for detecting viruses, including identification of nucleic acids or antigens, and virus particles along with infectivity assays. Various diagnostic tests are utilized in the laboratories for identification of viruses, such as polymerase chain reaction, which is a nucleic acid amplification method. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of virology. It presents researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Mycology refers to the branch of biology, which is related with the study of fungi along with their taxonomy, human uses, and biochemical and genetic properties. It seeks to find the uses of fungi for various purposes including food, tinder, entheogens and traditional medicine, along with the risks associated with them like infection or toxicity. Fungi play crucial roles for life on Earth as symbionts, in the form of lichens, mycorrhizae and insect symbionts. Various fungi can break down complicated organic biomolecules like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lignin, petroleum and pollutants like xenobiotics. Fungi play an important role in the global carbon cycle through the decomposition of these molecules. The field of medical mycology has become significant in the current time, where the incidence of invasive fungal infections is on rise, which poses therapeutic and diagnostic challenges in the modern medical practice. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of medical mycology and its utmost significance in modern times. It will unravel the recent studies in this field. Researchers and students engaged in medical mycology will be assisted by this book.

Medical microbiology refers to a sub discipline of microbiology which is applied in biology. The major aim of medical microbiology is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, which can be caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. It is also focused on the study of different clinical applications of microbes for improving the health. Epidemiology is a significant aspect of medical microbiology, which investigates the causes, effect and patterns of health and disease. However, the clinical aspect is concerned with the microbial infections affecting the humans, and various methods for the treatment of infectious diseases. A detailed diagnosis of infectious disease comprises various techniques, such as genotyping, microbial culture, biochemical tests and microscopy. This book explores all the important aspects of medical microbiology in the present day scenario. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of pathogenesis, immunity and control of microbial infections. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.