Farmakologi

The inside story of how Big Pharma's relentless pursuit of ever-higher profits corrupts medical knowledge?misleading doctors, misdirecting American health care, and harming our health.The United States spends an excess $1.5 trillion annually on health care compared to other wealthy countries?yet the amount of time that Americans live in good health ranks a lowly 68th in the world. At the heart of the problem is Big Pharma, which funds most clinical trials and therefore controls the research agenda, withholds the real data from those trials as corporate secrets, and shapes most of the information relied upon by health care professionals.In this no-holds-barred exposé, Dr. John Abramson?one of the foremost experts on the drug industry's deceptive tactics?combines patient stories with what he learned during many years of serving as an expert in national drug litigation to reveal the tangled web of financial interests at the heart of the dysfunction in our health-care system. For example, one of pharma's best-kept secrets is that the peer reviewers charged with ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the clinical trial reports published in medical journals do not even have access to complete data and must rely on manufacturer-influenced summaries. Likewise for the experts who write the clinical practice guidelines that define our standards of care.The result of years of research and privileged access to the inner workings of the U.S. medical-industrial complex, Sickening shines a light on the dark underbelly of American health care?and presents a path toward genuine reform.

De nos jours, la vie est si rapide que personne n'a le temps d'entretenir son corps comme il le souhaite. En raison de cette vie rapide et anormale, le stress et la pression augmentent. Au cours de la dernière décennie, le nombre de personnes touchées par des problèmes cardiaques a augmenté. Les médicaments allopathiques agissent rapidement mais produisent des effets secondaires et sont très coûteux. L'utilisation de plantes médicinales est donc une option pratique. Les plantes médicinales sont une meilleure option que les médicaments allopathiques et l'utilisation régulière de plantes médicinales permet non seulement de guérir la maladie, mais aussi de ressentir une nouvelle énergie positive.

The Experimental Pharmacology Lab Manual is a comprehensive guide designed to provide students and researchers with practical insights into the principles and techniques of experimental pharmacology. This manual typically covers a range of experiments that focus on understanding the effects of various drugs on biological systems, exploring mechanisms of drug action, and investigating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The manual often includes step-by-step protocols, safety guidelines, and background information to help users conduct experiments effectively. Through hands-on exercises, learners gain practical experience in drug administration, data collection, and analysis, fostering a deeper understanding of pharmacological concepts. This resource serves as an essential tool for individuals studying pharmacology, pharmacy, and related fields, offering a practical bridge between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications in the realm of drug discovery and development.

The concept of formulating graft copolymer comprising Gum tragacanth and acrylic acid offers a suitable, functional approach to achieve an enduring therapeutic/non therapeutic vehicle. Hydrogels were prepared successfully by the graft copolymerization technique by using the diverse concentrations of polymer such as gum tragacanth, monomer, AA to make temperature and pH-sensitive hydrogels which can be utilised where necessary such as in agriculture, drug delivery, tissue engineering etc. It would be faster and further costeffective in modifying domineering properties of the existing drugs/agents than developing new entities; henceforth, this hydrogel will be bonus to the current field of improved polymer materials or formulation.

"Pharmacology and Toxicology of Drugs: Deciphering the Secrets of Their Effects and Risks" is a deep dive into the complex world of drugs. The author outlines the fundamental principles of pharmacology, revealing how drugs interact with biological processes to produce therapeutic effects. The book also explores metabolic pathways, organs of elimination and individual factors influencing response to treatment. At the same time, it addresses the toxicology of drugs, highlighting associated risks and adverse effects, and discussing strategies for preventing and managing intoxication. By deciphering the secrets of drugs, the book offers an enlightening understanding of benefits and risks, making it easier for healthcare professionals and pharmacology students to improve their clinical practice.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed the relentless emergence and re-emergence of viral infections, posing significant threats to global public health. From the devastating outbreaks of influenza, HIV, and Ebola to the more recent challenges posed by SARS-CoV-2, these viral pathogens have repeatedly exposed the vulnerabilities of our immune systems and the limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches. The ever ¿evolving nature of viruses demands innovative and adaptable solution to combat their pathogenicity and virulence. Nanotechnology, a cutting-edge interdisciplinary field, has emerged as a promising frontier in the battle against viral infections. Harnessing the unique properties and behaviors of nanomaterial¿s, researchers and clinicians have made substantial progress in developing novel strategies to treat viral immune responses progress in developing novel strategies to treat viral immune responses and mitigate the devastating effects of viral diseases. ¿Nanomaterials for treatment of Viral Immune Responses¿ offers an illuminating exploration of the innovative applications of nanotechnology in the ongoing battle against viral disease.

This book entitled, "Exploring Potential Drug Interactions in PAH and Diabetes" was produced with the goal of assisting UG and PG in understanding drug interactions in PAH and Diabetes. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions are two common classifications. It may be advantageous for patients or harmful for them. This book was prepared with the intension of covering various drug interactions in diabetes and PAH. We attempt to collect all possible drug interactions of anti diabetics and PAH drugs in one book. To sustain the flow of information the contents are further organized theoretically and logically, We hope that this book proves to be very valuable to pharmacy students, lecturers, as well as researchers.

Heutzutage, im 21. Jahrhundert, ist der globale Gesundheitssektor mit verschiedenen Problemen konfrontiert. Zu den Problemen, mit denen die Wissenschaft konfrontiert ist, gehören Antibiotikaresistenzen, antivirale Resistenzen, Resistenzen gegen Krebs, Nebenwirkungen kommerzieller Medikamente, unterentwickelte Mechanismen zur Verabreichung von Medikamenten, die Behandlung von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Stoffwechselstörungen, COVID-19, Infektionen und neurologischen Störungen. Viele Substanzen, die die Entwicklung der Immunität unterstützen, werden als Immunmodulatoren bezeichnet. Mit anderen Worten: Biomoleküle biologischen oder synthetischen Ursprungs, die in der Lage sind, beliebige Komponenten der adaptiven oder angeborenen Immunität zu modulieren, zu normalisieren, zu unterdrücken, zu stimulieren oder zu verändern und Entzündungsreaktionen durch Oxidation oder Alkylierung zu verringern, werden als Immunmodulatoren bezeichnet. In der klinischen Praxis werden Immunmodulatoren hauptsächlich in Immunsuppressiva, Immunstimulanzien und Immunoadjuvanzien unterteilt. Immunoadjuvantien sind bestimmte Stimulanzien des Immunmechanismus, die Impfstoffen zugesetzt werden, um das Immunsystem zu stärken. Immunstimulanzien stärken das Immunsystem, während Immunsuppressiva die Wirksamkeit des Immunsystems verringern. In diesem Abschnitt werden daher synthetische Immunmodulatoren erörtert.

L'administration de médicaments par voie transdermique permet une libération contrôlée du médicament dans le patient, un profil corporel stable, une réduction des effets secondaires systémiques et parfois une efficacité accrue par rapport à d'autres formes de dosage. L'objectif principal du système d'administration transdermique est de délivrer des médicaments dans la circulation systémique à travers la peau à un taux prédéterminé avec un minimum de variations inter et intrapatient.

Aujourd'hui, au 21e siècle, le secteur mondial de la santé est confronté à divers problèmes. Parmi les problèmes rencontrés par les communautés scientifiques figurent la résistance aux antibiotiques, la résistance aux antiviraux, la résistance aux anticancéreux, les effets secondaires des médicaments commerciaux, les mécanismes d'administration des médicaments insuffisamment développés, le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires, les troubles métaboliques, COVID-19, les infections et les troubles neurologiques. De nombreuses substances qui contribuent au développement de l'immunité sont appelées immunomodulateurs. En d'autres termes, les biomolécules d'origine biologique ou synthétique capables de moduler, de normaliser, de supprimer, de stimuler ou de modifier tout composant de l'immunité adaptative ou innée et de réduire les réponses inflammatoires par oxydation ou alkylation sont appelées immunomodulateurs. Dans la pratique clinique, les immunomodulateurs sont principalement classés en immunosuppresseurs, immunostimulants et immunoadjuvants. Les immunoadjuvants sont des stimulants distincts du mécanisme immunitaire qui sont ajoutés aux vaccins pour renforcer le système immunitaire. Les immunostimulants renforcent le système immunitaire, tandis que les immunosuppresseurs réduisent l'efficacité du système immunitaire. C'est pourquoi cette section traite des immunomodulateurs synthétiques.

We would all like a quick fix for our problems, a simple pill to take away our anxiety and lift us out of our depression. But there is no quick fix for the soul, and anxiety and depression may be signals of the soul's unmet needs. In this landmark work, Dr. Elio Frattaroli challenges our fixation on psychiatry's "Medical Model," which treats mental illness solely with drugs instead of seeking a deeper understanding of our problems-in other words, treating symptoms rather than people. Combining a Renaissance humanism with a sophisticated understanding of modern science, he makes an impassioned, persuasive case for "listening to the soul"-paying attention to the inner life of the emotions, both in psychotherapy and in our everyday lives. Drawing upon philosophy, literature, psychology, and riveting case histories from his own life and practice, Frattaroli explores what has happened to a culture that has been "listening to Prozac" and hearing nothing else.

Nowadays, in the 21st century, the global health sector is facing various problems. Among the problems faced by the scientific communities are antibiotic resistance, antiviral resistance, anticancer resistance, side effects of commercial drugs, underdeveloped drug delivery mechanism, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, COVID-19, infections, and neurological disorders. Many substances that help immunity develop are called immunomodulators. In other words, biomolecules of biological or synthetic origin, capable of modulating, normalizing, suppressing, stimulating, or modifying any components of adaptive or innate immunity, and reducing inflammatory responses through oxidation or alkylation are called immunomodulators. Immunomodulators in clinical practice are mainly classified into immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, and immunoadjuvants. Immunoadjuvants are distinct stimulants of the immune mechanism that are added to vaccines to enhance the immune system. Immunostimulants boost the immune system, while immunosuppressants reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Therefore, in this section, synthetic immunomodulators are discussed.

Sowremennaq äpoha nuzhdaetsq w nowyh moschnyh molekulah dlq bor'by s bakterial'nymi infekciqmi, poskol'ku wse bol'she i bol'she patogennyh shtammow razwiwaüt ustojchiwost' k antibiotikam. V ätoj knige obobscheny dizajn, sintez, harakteristika i farmakologicheskaq ocenka nowyh proizwodnyh osnowanij Shiffa, analogow piperina i zameschennyh geterociklow. Takzhe obsuzhdaütsq spektroskopicheskij analiz i dokingowye issledowaniq naibolee perspektiwnyh soedinenij kazhdoj serii. Dannoe issledowanie qwlqetsq popytkoj wyqwit' perspektiwnuü protiwomikrobnuü aktiwnost' N-geterociklicheskih analogow, kotorye takzhe mogut byt' polezny dlq ustanowleniq wzaimoswqzi struktury i aktiwnosti i dlq razrabotki nowyh i bolee moschnyh protiwomikrobnyh soedinenij. Jeta kniga budet chrezwychajno polezna dlq studentow, issledowatelej, himikow-medikow i praktikow promyshlennosti, chtoby imet' horoshij istochnik sprawochnoj informacii dlq swoej raboty.

The bitter taste associated with certain drugs, such as Cefuroxime Axetil, remains a significant challenge in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly concerning pediatric patient populations. The study demonstrates that inclusion complex formation with beta-cyclodextrin is a highly effective, cost-efficient, and straightforward method for taste masking. The encapsulation of the drug within the hydrophobic core of cyclodextrin proves successful in reducing the solubility of the drug in saliva, ultimately improving patient compliance. The anticipated separation of the complex within the gastric environment ensures controlled drug release, enhancing absorption from the upper part of the intestine. This complexation method, with its simplicity and confirmed efficacy through DSC analysis, presents a promising solution for addressing the bitter taste of drugs in oral pharmaceutical formulations. The thorough scrutiny of formulation parameters and the validation through DSC data contribute to the robustness and reliability of this taste masking approach in the development of pharmaceutical products for pediatric use.

Since the emergence of the new coronavirus, the covid-19 pandemic has caused over 140 million cases and three million deaths worldwide.Many fundamental questions remain as to the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 in real-life situations, which can only be answered by vaccine efficacy studies conducted after their introduction.This document is a synthesis of numerous references on the immunological aspects of SARS-COV-2 infection and vaccination.

Fructose and streptozotocin induces diabetes in rats which finally resulted into endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction was measured with Acetylcholine induced relaxation (endothelium dependent) and Sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation (endothelium independent) on rat thoracic aorta. To reverse endothelial dysfunction, blood pressure maintenance is most important and Fluvastatin was most significant in doing so. Fluvastatin showed significant impact on endothelial dysfunction. Dapagliflozinthat control diabetes was also able to reduce endothelial dysfunction. But combination of Fluvastatin with Dapagliflozin was found to be most effective in the management of endothelial dysfunction as compared to individual drug.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and although it is usually considered as a disorder that only affects movement, a broad spectrum of non-motor symptoms (NMSs) can be observed in PD patients. Although the realities of the disease vary enormously from patient to patient, almost all of them have one or more NMS. In fact, a wide range of behavioural, neuropsychiatric, and physical symptoms frequently play a primary role in managing the disorder and constitute a major disease burden for patients and caregivers.The current reprint includes a compilation of published articles about NMSs in Parkinson's disease and potential treatment strategies.

Biopharmaceutics is the study of the chemical and physical properties of drugs, their components, and their activities in living organisms. Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This practical manual on Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics has been crafted to cater to the needs of pharmacy students, enabling them to conduct experiments smoothly and effectively, thereby solidifying their theoretical understanding.Despite the availability of numerous excellent textbooks covering various theoretical aspects, students and faculty often encounter challenges in selecting content and executing experiments seamlessly. This manual aims to fill the void for a comprehensive practical guide on Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics. The experimental techniques described in this manual are the most updated, consume less time to perform, and explain concepts in a simple and easily understandable manner.The primary objective of this book is to meet the requirements of pharmacy students across various universities.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive, disabling autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation of joints, damaging cartilage and bone around the joints. It is a systemic disease that can affect the whole body and internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and eyes. Although several synthetic drugs are being used as standard treatment for rheumatoid arthritis they have adverse effects that can compromise the treatment. Unfortunately, there is still no effective known medicinal treatment that cures rheumatoid arthritis as modern medicine can only treat the symptoms of this disease which means relieving pain and inflammation of joints. It is possible to use herbs and plants in various forms to relieve joint pain and inflammation. There are so many medicinal plants that have shown anti-rheumatoid arthritis properties. So plants and plant products with significant advantages are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The present review is focused on medicinal plants having anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity.

This research work was aimed to avoid side effects of the drug by extended drug release approach. The naproxen pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization method and then these spheres were coated with release control polymer, ethyl cellulose and pH dependent polymer Eudragit L-100. The pre-compression parameters were evaluated by angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr¿s index and hausner¿s ratio. Then these pellets were compressed with extra-granular material to obtain pellet-based naproxen tablets. The prepared tablets were further coated with Opadry- II white using standard coating pan method. In- vitro drug release studies of the coated tablets were carried out in different dissolution media i.e., 0.1N HCl, phosphate buffers of pH 4.5, 6.8 and 7.5. The mechanism of drug release was found to follow Higuchi diffusion model. The drug release follows first order kinetics. The stability studies were conducted at accelerated storage conditions of 40°C±2°C/75%±5% RH for a period of 2 months.

In an era defined by burgeoning human populations, rampant industrialization, cutting-edge technological progress, and expanding urban landscapes, the integrity of our natural environment faces unprecedented challenges. The relentless march of progress has ushered in a flood of chemicals, seeping into the very fabric of our ecosystems and posing insidious threats to biological systems. "Toxicology" delves into the heart of these challenges, offering a comprehensive exploration of the adverse impacts wrought by toxicants-agents capable of hindering physiological and biochemical functions, and ultimately, ushering in death.This pivotal book unfolds the intricate dance of toxicants as they navigate through the biosphere, detailing their entry, absorption, distribution, and eventual elimination. It unravels the complexities of their metabolic transformations, modes of action, persistence, and the nuanced interactions at their target sites. Beyond mere theory, "Toxicology" ventures into the pragmatic realms of impact assessments and the dynamics of toxic substances within organisms and their environments. At its core, this text is a beacon of understanding, aiming to arm its readers with the knowledge necessary to mitigate the pernicious effects of xenobiotics-the foreign chemicals that encroach upon our lives.Crafted with clarity and precision, "Toxicology" is designed not only for those embarking on a journey into the realm of toxic substances but also for seasoned scholars seeking to deepen their understanding. By emphasizing the foundational principles of toxicology and introducing key toxicological methods, this book serves as a vital resource for navigating the toxic challenges of the modern world. Its ultimate mission is to safeguard life-particularly human life-against the encroaching tide of toxic threats, ensuring a healthier, more resilient future for all.

Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an indispensable tool for staging and histologic sampling of upper and lower GI lesions, aided by elastography, contrast-enhanced EUS and artificial intelligence in diagnostic EUS.In the early 1990s EUS became interventional and since then the scope and range of EUS-guided interventions has dramatically increased, extending from EUS-assisted rendez-vous ERCP, EUS-guided celiac plexus block/neurolysis and fiducial placement, and EUS-guided biliary and pancreatic drainage-both in regular and altered anatomy-to the treatment of cysts and solid lesions in the pancreas/liver with EUS-guided local therapies (such as the EUS-guided injection of antitumoral agents/immunotherapy or EUS-guided ablative techniques), EUS-guided coiling/glue injection for gastric varices, and EUS-guided drainage of abdominopelvic collections. The introduction of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) revolutionized the therapeutic capabilities of EUS by allowing the creation of new gastrointestinal anastomoses. This, in turn, made possible interventions that were previously part of the surgical or interventional radiology realm, such as EUS-guided cystogastrostomy (EUS-CG)/endoscopic necrosectomy, EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE), EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GD), EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EGDE), and EUS-directed transenteric ERCP (EDEE).These and many other tremendous advances, too many to enumerate in a short paragraph, make diagnostic and therapeutic EUS a very exciting field. In this Special Issue, we summarize the current state of the art regarding EUS and EUS-guided therapies.

The reprint "Breast Cancer: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach from Imaging to Therapy" provides a thorough examination of breast cancer management, bridging knowledge gaps and delving into the emotional aspects of diagnosis and treatment. In today's challenging times, a comprehensive approach is essential to maintain a high standard of care. Breast cancer's impact extends beyond individuals, affecting entire communities through social, economic, and psychological consequences. To address these challenges, a multidisciplinary strategy is crucial, integrating human resources and cutting-edge technology for early detection and more effective treatments.This publication features eleven articles covering various topics from early diagnosis to targeted therapies. Firstly, the authors explore the use of magnetic resonance imaging and emerging techniques, assessing their role in the preoperative stage. Then, the implications of radiotherapy and the significance of surgery, especially for specific breast cancer types and high-risk patients, are evaluated. Additionally, the reprint delves into the psychological effects of genetic predisposition, diagnosis, and treatment, considering their impact on social and familial behaviors. These interdisciplinary discussions highlight the need for a holistic understanding of breast cancer, emphasizing collaborative efforts to advance knowledge and enhance patient outcomes.

Cel'ü dannogo issledowaniq bylo wyqsnit', kak razlichaütsq trebowaniq patentnoj politiki SShA dlq industrii programmnogo obespecheniq i farmacewticheskoj promyshlennosti, a takzhe opredelit', naskol'ko adekwatno patentnaq politika SShA zaschischaet prawa intellektual'noj sobstwennosti (PIS) dlq dwuh razlichnyh otraslej, stimuliruq pri ätom inwesticii w issledowaniq i razrabotki (NIOKR), dostatochnye dlq uwelicheniq pribyli i innowacij. Dannye dlq ätogo issledowaniq sostoqli iz 38 swidetel'skih pokazanij, dannyh w Kongresse SShA w period s 2005 po 2010 god äxpertami, predstawlqüschimi dwe interesuüschie nas otrasli: farmacewticheskuü i programmnuü.

Ziel dieser Fallstudie war es, herauszufinden, wie sich die Anforderungen an die US-Patentpolitik für die Software- und die Pharmaindustrie unterscheiden, und insbesondere, ob die Patentpolitik der Vereinigten Staaten die Rechte des geistigen Eigentums (IPR) für zwei unterschiedliche Branchen angemessen schützt und gleichzeitig Investitionen in Forschung und Entwicklung (F & E) fördert, die ausreichen, um Gewinne und Innovationen zu steigern. Die Daten für diese Studie bestehen aus 38 Zeugenaussagen, die zwischen den Jahren 2005 und 2010 vor dem US-Kongress von Experten gemacht wurden, die die beiden interessierenden Branchen vertreten: Pharma und Software.

Bereits 1868 nutzte der britische Dermatologe Arthur Whitfield das Konzept der Beeinträchtigung der Adhäsion von Pilzen auf der Haut mit Hilfe von Benzoesäure und Salicylsäure und revolutionierte damit die antimykotische Therapie. Die Pilzadhäsionshemmer sind ein vielversprechendes Mittel zur Behandlung von Hautmykosen. Pflanzliche Wirkstoffe können ein zuverlässiger Kandidat für den oben genannten Zweck sein. Wir haben zwei Heilpflanzen verwendet, die in der alten Siddha-Literatur gut dokumentiert sind, nämlich Cassia alata und Azadirachta indica. In dem Artikel wird ein neuartiger und bahnbrechender Ansatz diskutiert, der zur Identifizierung eines neuen Angriffspunkts für die Behandlung von Hautmykosen führt. Anstatt den Pilz zu bekämpfen, wird durch eine Kombination von Siddha-Kräutern eine Blockade der Adhäsion über die Haut erreicht. Außerdem wird ausführlich über die Häufigkeit und Verbreitung von Dermatophytose als globales Szenario berichtet.