Farmakologi

Pharmacology in Drug Discovery and Development: Understanding Drug Response, Third Edition is an introductory resource that illustrates how pharmacology can be used to furnish the tools necessary to analyze different drug behavior and trace this behavior to its root cause or molecular mechanism of action. Chapters logically build upon one another to show how to characterize the pharmacology of any given molecule and allow for more informed predictions of drug effects in all biological systems. New chapters are dedicated to the interdisciplinary drug discovery environment in both industry and academia, and special techniques involved in new drug screening and lead optimization. The updates to the Third Edition include a new section converting "descriptive" data into "predictive" data through comparison to mathematical models, expansion on enzymes, drug metabolites and drug-drug interactions, and two new chapters. The newly developed companion website hosts further educational resources to complement the book. As in previous editions, this new edition includes numerous valuable chapter summaries, detailed references, practical examples, and case studies throughout.

Drug Delivery Systems for Wound Healing explores the different delivery systems and drugs used in wound healing, outlining the many pharmaceutical approaches in wound healing and management. Bringing together interdisciplinary research on wound healing and management, this book offers the theory behind wound healing, but also has a strong focus on the practical approach where scientists involved in medication development can find suggestions. Where appropriate, clinical outcomes are given so the book can be useful as a guide for the choice by medication prescription or use. Topics in the book include types of drugs used in wound healing; types of carriers used in wound healing; clinical outcomes; biocompatibility and toxicity problems, and pipeline products. Researchers working in the pharmaceutical sciences, biomedical sciences and engineering fields will find this a useful resource.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and although it is usually considered as a disorder that only affects movement, a broad spectrum of non-motor symptoms (NMSs) can be observed in PD patients. Although the realities of the disease vary enormously from patient to patient, almost all of them have one or more NMS. In fact, a wide range of behavioural, neuropsychiatric, and physical symptoms frequently play a primary role in managing the disorder and constitute a major disease burden for patients and caregivers.The current reprint includes a compilation of published articles about NMSs in Parkinson's disease and potential treatment strategies.

Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an indispensable tool for staging and histologic sampling of upper and lower GI lesions, aided by elastography, contrast-enhanced EUS and artificial intelligence in diagnostic EUS.In the early 1990s EUS became interventional and since then the scope and range of EUS-guided interventions has dramatically increased, extending from EUS-assisted rendez-vous ERCP, EUS-guided celiac plexus block/neurolysis and fiducial placement, and EUS-guided biliary and pancreatic drainage-both in regular and altered anatomy-to the treatment of cysts and solid lesions in the pancreas/liver with EUS-guided local therapies (such as the EUS-guided injection of antitumoral agents/immunotherapy or EUS-guided ablative techniques), EUS-guided coiling/glue injection for gastric varices, and EUS-guided drainage of abdominopelvic collections. The introduction of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) revolutionized the therapeutic capabilities of EUS by allowing the creation of new gastrointestinal anastomoses. This, in turn, made possible interventions that were previously part of the surgical or interventional radiology realm, such as EUS-guided cystogastrostomy (EUS-CG)/endoscopic necrosectomy, EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE), EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GD), EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EGDE), and EUS-directed transenteric ERCP (EDEE).These and many other tremendous advances, too many to enumerate in a short paragraph, make diagnostic and therapeutic EUS a very exciting field. In this Special Issue, we summarize the current state of the art regarding EUS and EUS-guided therapies.

The reprint "Breast Cancer: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach from Imaging to Therapy" provides a thorough examination of breast cancer management, bridging knowledge gaps and delving into the emotional aspects of diagnosis and treatment. In today's challenging times, a comprehensive approach is essential to maintain a high standard of care. Breast cancer's impact extends beyond individuals, affecting entire communities through social, economic, and psychological consequences. To address these challenges, a multidisciplinary strategy is crucial, integrating human resources and cutting-edge technology for early detection and more effective treatments.This publication features eleven articles covering various topics from early diagnosis to targeted therapies. Firstly, the authors explore the use of magnetic resonance imaging and emerging techniques, assessing their role in the preoperative stage. Then, the implications of radiotherapy and the significance of surgery, especially for specific breast cancer types and high-risk patients, are evaluated. Additionally, the reprint delves into the psychological effects of genetic predisposition, diagnosis, and treatment, considering their impact on social and familial behaviors. These interdisciplinary discussions highlight the need for a holistic understanding of breast cancer, emphasizing collaborative efforts to advance knowledge and enhance patient outcomes.

Advancements in the management of gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases have been possible through a better understanding of their underlying mechanisms. For instance, the development of direct-acting antivirals has been achieved through improved knowledge of HCV infection. The incidences of peptic disease and stomach cancer have been reduced through efforts to decrease H. pylori infection, increased use of proton-pump inhibitors, and greater accessibility to gastroscopies. Targeted therapies such as anti-TNF, anti-IL12/23, and anti-JAK have been developed based on an understanding of the inflammatory pathways involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, increased knowledge of the microbiota will lead to novel clinical applications beyond gut-related diseases.

Anabolic steroids have traditionally been controversial in the sporting arena. Today, research indicates a dramatic increase in the use of anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs outside of competitive sports. With evidence of widespread steroid abuse among the general population, health professionals are citing the emergence of an

This was a cross-sectional and prospective study that took place from 01 to 30 June 2013 at Asacoboul 1. The objectives we set ourselves were: to describe the role of the ASACO in the management of Asacoboul1, to describe the organisation of the technical services of Asacoboul1, to describe the technical performance of Asacoboul1, to determine the evolution of the income and expenditure of Asacoboul1 from 2010 to 2012 and to determine the level of satisfaction of the users in relation to the services of Asacoboul1. At the end of this study, we obtained the following results: the existence of a management body with a lack of functioning, a deficit balance had been observed at the level of pricing; the reception is considered good in 56.7% of cases. Of the 400 users, 63.0% stated that they were very satisfied with the staff's services and 92.3% were willing to return for other services.

A disciplina de Química Medicinal está no centro da moderna descoberta e desenvolvimento de medicamentos. Um dos passos importantes no processo de descoberta de medicamentos é a síntese de moléculas puras de medicamentos através da via mais eficiente, menos demorada, económica e amiga do ambiente, que é uma tarefa intrincada e muito exigente para os químicos medicinais e orgânicos. Os químicos medicinais ocupam-se principalmente da síntese de moléculas orgânicas a utilizar como produtos farmacêuticos e da forma como estas moléculas interagem nas vias biológicas. A síntese envolve uma seleção cuidadosa de um determinado tipo de reação, reagentes, solventes, catalisadores e condições de reação optimizadas. A publicação deste livro tem como principal objetivo fornecer informações aos estudantes de licenciatura sobre a síntese de diferentes compostos orgânicos de importância medicinal na química farmacêutica. O nosso foco não é apenas nos aspectos relevantes para a síntese e caraterização de compostos, mas também nos princípios, o que tem sido uma tentativa de satisfazer as necessidades dos alunos de graduação em química medicinal

La chimie médicinale est au c¿ur de la découverte et du développement des médicaments modernes. L'une des étapes importantes du processus de découverte de médicaments est la synthèse de molécules médicamenteuses pures par la voie la plus efficace, la moins chronophage, la plus économique et la plus respectueuse de l'environnement, ce qui constitue une tâche complexe et difficile pour les chimistes médicinaux et organiques. Les chimistes médicinaux s'intéressent principalement à la synthèse de molécules organiques destinées à être utilisées comme produits pharmaceutiques et à la manière dont ces molécules interagissent dans les voies biologiques. La publication de ce livre a été entreprise dans le but principal de fournir des informations aux étudiants de premier cycle concernant la synthèse de différents composés organiques d'importance médicinale en chimie pharmaceutique. Il décrit également les méthodes utilisées pour l'identification et la caractérisation des composés synthétisés. Nous nous concentrons non seulement sur les aspects relatifs à la synthèse et à la caractérisation des composés, mais aussi sur les principes. Cet ouvrage a été conçu pour répondre aux besoins des étudiants en chimie médicinale.

La Chimica Medicinale è il cuore della scoperta e dello sviluppo dei farmaci moderni. Una delle fasi più importanti del processo di scoperta dei farmaci è la sintesi di molecole farmacologiche pure attraverso la via più efficiente, meno dispendiosa in termini di tempo, economica e rispettosa dell'ambiente, un compito intricato e impegnativo per i chimici organici e medicinali. I chimici medicinali si occupano principalmente della sintesi di molecole organiche da utilizzare come farmaci e del modo in cui queste molecole interagiscono nei percorsi biologici. La sintesi implica un'attenta selezione di un particolare tipo di reazione, reagenti, solventi, catalizzatori e condizioni di reazione ottimizzate. La pubblicazione di questo libro è stata intrapresa con l'obiettivo primario di fornire informazioni agli studenti universitari sulla sintesi di diversi composti organici di importanza medicinale nella chimica farmaceutica. Descrive inoltre i metodi utilizzati per l'identificazione e la caratterizzazione dei composti sintetizzati. L'attenzione non è rivolta solo agli aspetti rilevanti per la sintesi e la caratterizzazione dei composti, ma anche ai principi.

Das Fach Medizinische Chemie ist das Herzstück der modernen Arzneimittelforschung und -entwicklung. Einer der wichtigsten Schritte bei der Entdeckung von Arzneimitteln ist die Synthese reiner Arzneimittelmoleküle auf dem effizientesten, zeitsparendsten, wirtschaftlichsten und umweltfreundlichsten Weg, was eine komplizierte und anspruchsvolle Aufgabe für die medizinischen und organischen Chemiker darstellt. Die Medizinalchemiker befassen sich in erster Linie mit der Synthese organischer Moleküle, die als Arzneimittel verwendet werden sollen, und mit der Art und Weise, wie diese Moleküle in biologischen Prozessen interagieren. Die Synthese erfordert eine sorgfältige Auswahl eines bestimmten Reaktionstyps, von Reagenzien, Lösungsmitteln, Katalysatoren und optimierten Reaktionsbedingungen.Die Veröffentlichung dieses Buches zielt in erster Linie darauf ab, den Studenten im Grundstudium Informationen über die Synthese verschiedener organischer Verbindungen von medizinischer Bedeutung in der pharmazeutischen Chemie zu vermitteln. Der Schwerpunkt liegt nicht nur auf den Aspekten, die für die Synthese und die Charakterisierung von Verbindungen relevant sind, sondern auch auf den Prinzipien, um den Bedürfnissen von Studenten der medizinischen Chemie gerecht zu werden.

Predmet "Medicinskaq himiq" lezhit w osnowe sowremennogo otkrytiq i razrabotki lekarstw. Odnim iz wazhnyh ätapow w processe otkrytiq lekarstw qwlqetsq sintez chistyh molekul lekarstw naibolee äffektiwnym, menee trudoemkim, äkonomichnym i bezopasnym dlq okruzhaüschej sredy sposobom, chto qwlqetsq slozhnoj i naibolee trudnoj zadachej dlq himikow-medikow i himikow-organikow. Himiki-mediki w perwuü ochered' zanimaütsq sintezom organicheskih molekul, kotorye budut ispol'zowat'sq w kachestwe farmacewticheskih preparatow, i izucheniem togo, kak äti molekuly wzaimodejstwuüt w biologicheskih putqh. Sintez wklüchaet w sebq tschatel'nyj wybor konkretnogo tipa reakcii, reagentow, rastworitelej, katalizatorow i optimizirowannyh uslowij reakcii. Publikaciq ätoj knigi predprinqta s osnownoj cel'ü - predostawit' informaciü studentam starshih kursow o sinteze razlichnyh organicheskih soedinenij, imeüschih medicinskoe znachenie w farmacewticheskoj himii. V knige takzhe opisany metody, ispol'zuemye dlq identifikacii i harakterizacii sintezirowannyh soedinenij. My udelqem wnimanie ne tol'ko aspektam, imeüschim otnoshenie k sintezu i harakterizacii soedinenij, no i principam. Jeto byla popytka udowletworit' potrebnosti studentow starshih kursow w oblasti medicinskoj himii.

The reprint "Feature Reviews in Pharmaceutical Technology" aims to highlight exciting developments in pharmaceutical technologies. With the continuous discovery of a plethora of new drug candidates, both small-molecule drugs and large biomolecules, such technologies are becoming essential for the advancement of patient treatments. This issue features twelve review papers broadly classified into formulation development and drug delivery devices. These technologies address important issues of improving drug bioavailability, decreasing treatment toxicity and side effects, and enhancing treatment efficacy to both cure patients and improve their quality of life.

Artificial Intelligence for Drug Product Lifecycle Applications explains the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery and development paths, including the clinical and postapproval phases. This book gives methods for each of the drug development steps, from the fundamentals to postapproval drug product. AI is a synergistic assembly of enhanced optimization strategies with particular applications in pharmaceutical development and advanced tools for promoting cost-effectiveness throughout the drug lifecycle. Specifically, AI brings together the potential to improve drug approval rates, reduce development costs, get medications to patients faster, and help patients comply with their treatments.Accelerated pharmaceutical development and drug product approval rates will enable larger profits from patent-protected market exclusivity. This book offers the tools and knowledge to create the right AI strategy to extend the landscape of AI applications across the drug lifecycle. It is especially useful for pharmaceutical scientists, health care professionals, and regulatory scientists, as well as advanced students and postgraduates actively involved in pharmaceutical product and process development involving the use of artificial intelligence in drug delivery applications.

This Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals presented the recent findings on antiproliferative compounds and highlighted possible routes to discover new drugs used to treat cancer. In this Special Issue, different studies on kinase and methyltransferase-like proteins 3 inhibitors and compounds capable of altering the tumor microenvironment or acting at the mitotic stage of the cell cycle were presented. Furthermore, the antiproliferative or cytotoxic activities of various small synthetic, natural-derived molecules, and their hybrids were discussed.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious respiratory disease that results from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Although several vaccines have been developed and programs implemented globally, patients may present various complications, including some that are life-threatening.Different studies have shown several potential acute and chronic complications in patients with COVID-19. The spectrum of acute complications ranges from respiratory failure to cardiac and cardiovascular injury, liver and renal disorders, neurologic manifestations, secondary infections, and coinfections, as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation.Unfortunately, COVID-19 is not only a short-term infection; patients may also present with long-term complications. Post-COVID-19 conditions are found more often after severe illness, but any patient may experience long COVID-19, even those who have mild illness or no symptoms. Also, due to the intrinsic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly and patients with certain medical conditions have been demonstrated to be particularly at risk for various complications.At present, our research critically analyzes and discusses current knowledge on the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on acute and long-term complications.

This book presents the best practice, indications and drugs most used in the practice of noninvasive ventilation (NIV). In the last two decades NIV has made a lot of progress in different scenarios and etiologies of respiratory failure. The treatment of these patients frequently involves the use of drugs to control patient's symptoms such as dyspnea, discomfort and some of them can have direct or indirect effects on lung function. The volume is organized into various sections - dedicated both to adults as well as pediatrics - where the most frequent clinical conditions requiring for the use of a pharmacological support are described. Furthermore, this book is conceived as a quick reference guide including an analysis of the indications of drugs dosage and the pharmacological interactions that can be observed in lung function in patients undergoing NIV. Thanks to its contents, readers can quickly consult indications, contraindications, doses, the most suitable treatments to achieve the maximum NIV as well as the most important side effects reported by clinicians.In this book specialists in critical care and pharmacology, managing both adult and pediatric population, shed a light to the proper medication management and best drugs choice in patients with indications for NIV

A detailed look at the neural and biological mechanisms of psychedelic use

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the development of new pharmaceuticals and the enhancement of existing ones. It offers a comprehensive understanding of pharmaceutical biotechnology, including its underlying principles and practical applications from an industrial standpoint. While introducing the roles and applications of biotechnology in drug design and development, the book describes how developments in other fields, like genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening, have facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and drug development methods. It included concepts that are essential to biotechnology and apply to protein therapies.The book provides a thorough overview of the ways in which biotechnology influences drug development, production, and regulation, and is a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their understanding in this area. This book is designed to support educators in their teaching efforts and offers a reader-friendly exploration of the various stages involved in developing new pharmaceuticals through biotechnology. This book is a valuable resource for individuals in various academic and professional careers, including undergraduates, graduates, pharmaceutical scientists, clinicians, and academic researchers. It provides convenient access to current practices in pharmaceutical biotechnology, making it particularly useful for those working in the interdisciplinary field of biochemistry, pharmacology, biopharmaceutics, and biotechnology. This book's concise and impartial content structure may also benefit corporate researchers.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of CNS Disorders offers a comprehensive source of information on delivering drugs to the central nervous system to treat various diseases and conditions. The book covers a wide range of CNS disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, cerebral palsy, autism, ALS, and others. The book begins by presenting the foundations of drug delivery to the brain and addressing the associated challenges. It then delves into clinical trials and explores the future potential of the presented technologies. This reference is designed for drug delivery researchers in academia and corporations, providing them with the essential knowledge about overcoming the Brain-Blood Barrier and achieving targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system.

mRNA Therapeutics: Foundations, Innovations and Clinical Applications aims to provide a comprehensive text that covers all aspects of mRNA therapeutics, from the foundational science that underpins this disruptive new drug class, through the scientific and technological breakthroughs crucial for therapeutic success, to the current clinical applications and the innovative advances driving future directions. The book begins with foundational knowledge covering mRNA biology, the immune system, and vaccines. The second section addresses the major challenges associated with mRNA as a therapeutic modality, and the molecular engineering innovations and delivery technologies that have allowed these hurdles to be largely overcome. The third section describes the current and future clinical applications of mRNA therapeutics that are transforming, or are poised to transform, medicine and health. This includes the use of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, as well as mRNA's role in revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy, covering immunostimulants, cancer vaccines including personalized neoantigen vaccines, and CAR T cell technologies. Additional chapters describe the use of mRNA therapeutics for protein replacement therapy and gene-editing, as well as newer mRNA constructs, including self-amplifying mRNA. The final section addresses the safety and regulatory considerations of mRNA therapeutics, along with broader cultural issues including vaccine hesitancy, global vaccine inequality, and pandemic preparedness. Currently, mRNA texts either provide personal accounts from key players involved in COVID-19 vaccine development, with limited scientific depth, or focus on highly specialized, more esoteric applications of mRNA in advanced molecular biology. This book aims to bridge this gap by providing a scientifically rigorous and wide-ranging exploration of mRNA's role in therapeutics. This pioneering textbook serves as a vital addition to the academic canon, providing an essential tool for the current and next generation of students, scientists, researchers and professionals in a wide variety of related disciplines including molecular biology, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical science, oncology, and the health sciences.

Theranostics Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery presents the most recent advances in the development of theranostic nanomaterials for drug delivery. This book compiles reports and studies on the latest changes and improvements of theranostic nanocarriers such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, exosomes, polymeric micelles, PLGA nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, dendrimer, quantum dots, silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and many more, all of which can help in the sensitive diagnosis, precise targeting, and efficient and controlled delivery of nanomaterials to control various diseases at different clinical stages. Theranostics nanomaterials in drug delivery will serve as a solid foundation and reference for pharmaceutical scientists, undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and experts in the medical field involved in the development of advanced drug delivery systems.

Discussing the issue of male germline mutagenesis and the effects on developmental defects in the next generation, this book provides analysis of the fundamental mechanisms of mutations covering both clinical and experimental aspects.

K+ channels regulate the passage of potassium ions across lipid membranes, influencing numerous biological functions, including homeostasis, sensory perception, and information transmission. This volume explores the widespread involvement of K+ channels in cellular processes, which makes these membrane proteins intriguing targets for both fundamental scientific inquiry and the development of pharmaceutical compounds. The chapters in this book provide an in-depth look at various techniques and the latest protocols commonly used in ion channel research to investigate K+ channel structures, functions, and their interactions with drugs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Potassium Channels: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any researcher who is interested in learning more about potassium channels. Chapters 5 and 7 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Drug Discovery Stories: From Bench to Bedside presents a collection of cases on the development of highly successful pharmaceuticals. It delves into the realm of drug discovery, exploring the structural biology and biological functions of the sought-after targets. The book covers the identification of promising compounds, their transformation from hits to leads through meticulous optimization, and the elucidation of how key compounds interact with the target (in essence, providing invaluable insights for drug design). Additionally, it covers essential information such as the pivotal biological and PK data of lead compounds, any noteworthy clinical results, and a comprehensive overview of other candidate compounds. The field of drug discovery and development has experienced rapid evolution, with numerous new drugs receiving approval each year. While several books have been published on this subject, there is a pressing need for a new book series that accurately reflects the current advancements in drug discovery. This book aims to not only cater to the drug discovery community but also engage other communities involved in chemical biology, synthetic chemistry, and pharmacology.

Polymers for Oral Drug Delivery Technologies covers the fundamentals of oral drug delivery and various aspects of polymer technology in oral drug delivery, from classification and synthesis, to applications and regulatory factors. It presents the oral delivery¿of therapeutics for treating a number of diseases, along with the challenges of oral drug administration to assure a predictive and reproducible pharmacokinetic profile of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).Polymers play an important role to achieve the targeted release profile consistently of an API in vivo by various functionalities like drug protection from gastric juice, fast release and supersaturation or release within a targeted area of the GI tract.

Targeted Therapy for the Central Nervous System: Formulation, Clinical Challenges, and Regulatory Strategies presents research on various delivery methods of drugs to the central nervous system and brain. This volume examines targeted therapies for neurodegenerative disorders and succinctly outlines the future of drug delivery systems, highlighting significant advancements specifically relating to central nervous system delivery. This book will be of great interest to researchers working in the field of neuroscience and pharmacology as well as clinicians (pharmacists, radiologists, psychiatrists).

Thank An Animal pays tribute to the animals who sacrificed their lives in the name of science. Covering the most impactful medicines in history, Thank An Animal offers insights to the animals that were used to develop and bring them to market.All proceeds of Thank An Animal go to helping rehome laboratory beagles used in animal research.