Geriatri

Sygepleje til ældre er en lærebog i geriatrisk sygepleje, som beskriver hyppigt forekommende fænomener i sygeplejen til ældre. Bogen er skrevet i et konstruktivt samarbejde mellem især læger og sygeplejersker, og den bygger på en god kombination af ekspertviden, stor klinisk erfaring og forskningsmæssig indblik. Målet er, at læseren får større viden om de mest almindelige kognitive, psykologiske og fysiologiske ændringer, der har betydning for ældres sundhedstilstand og reaktioner på sygdom.Bogen henvender sig især til sygeplejestuderende, og den kan benyttes i den teoretiske undervisning relateret til ældre og i klinisk undervisning i både primær- og sekundær sektor. Bogen er også relevant for sygeplejersker ansat i det geriatriske speciale, det samme gælder på akutte modtageafsnit, på medicinske afdelinger og i hjemmeplejen. Den er også oplagt på diplomniveau og til kortere kursusforløb og efter- og videreuddannelse inden for sygepleje til ældre generelt.Sygeplejersker skal være gode til at identificere aktuelle og latente, potentielle behov hos ældre, og dette kræver indsigt i de særlige forhold, der knytter sig til høj alder og skrøbelighed. Sygepleje til ældre har derfor fokus på observationer, sygeplejerskens opgaver og ansvarsområder samt værktøjer, som kan anvendes til at håndtere typiske kliniske udfordringer på en hensigtsmæssig måde.Cases er et bærende element i bogen, og her gives eksemplariske kliniske eksempler på de enkelte hovedemner.

Fokus er lagt på udredning, behandling og forebyggelse af de mest almindelige sygdomme, som rammer ældre. Målet er, at bogen kan anvendes som grundlæggende lærebog i geriatri. Der redegøres for geriatriens definitioner og begrebsapparat, og de forhold, der adskiller den almindelige aldringsproces fra sygdom og svækkelse. De efterfølgende kapitler omhandler hyppigt forekommende sygdomme og andre tilstande af betydning for geriatriske patienter. I bogens sidste del beskrives hvordan geriatrisk rehabilitering i dag organiseres og udføres på landes sygehuse.

Geriatri er et område, som kræver en tværfaglig indsats, hvor alle bidrager med deres kernekompetencer til opnåelse af et fælles mål. Denne bog er da også skrevet af en tværfaglig forfattergruppe, der omfatter læger, sygeplejersker, ergo- og fysioterapeuter m.fl.Ingen faggruppe dækker hele området, da den geriatriske patient ofte frembyder et særdeles komplekst sygdomsbillede med komorbiditet og flere konkurrerende problemer.Det er ikke alle gamle mennesker, der kan betegnes som geriatriske patienter. Ældre mennesker kan få de samme sygdomme som yngre og blive behandlet på samme måde, som man behandler yngre. Når man taler om geriatriske patienter er det gamle mennesker, der er sårbare og har et komplekssygdomsbillede kombineret med funktionstab og evt. sociale problemer.Kompleksiteten betyder, at de problemer, den ældre kommer med, kan være mangfoldige og mangeartede. Geriatriens kerneopgave er derfor at foretage systematisk og tværfaglig helhedsvurdering og -indsats.Formålet med den helheldsorienterede udredning og behandling er at tilrettelægge et koordineret og sammenhængende forløb, der rækker ud over hospitalet og som sikrer den ældres tilbagevenden til hverdagslivet med mindst muligt funktionstab.Den problemorienterede tilgang til den geriatriske patient består af en målrettet og tidsbestemt indsat i en samarbejdsproces mellem en patient, pårørende og fagfolk, der baserer sig på patientens hele livssituation og inddrager patientens præferencer og beslutninger. Det er en koordineret, sammenhængende og vidensbaseret indsats.Det er denne tilgang til en geriatriske patient, som bogen kapitler behandler ud fra forskellige perspektiver.

Using a practical, question-and-answer approach, Evidence-Based Practice of Palliative Medicine, 2nd Edition, helps you provide optimal care for patients and families who are dealing with serious illness. This unique reference focuses on patient and family/caregiver-centered care, highlighting the benefits of palliative care and best practices for delivery. The highly practical, user-friendly format sets it apart from other texts in the field, with concise, readable chapters organized around clinical questions that you’re most likely to encounter in everyday care. Uniquely organized using a question-and-answer approach, making it easy to find answers to common questions asked by practitioners and patients. Up-to-date, reader-friendly chapters explore interventions, assessment techniques, treatment modalities, recommendations and guidelines, communication techniques, and available resources for palliative care. Expanded discussions on hospice in every chapter, and a new emphasis on pediatrics, with increased material on pediatric malignancies, developmental delays, cystic fibrosis, and perinatal palliative care. New chapters on wellness of the palliative care practitioner, patients with opioid use disorders, telehealth in palliative care, health disparities, rural palliative care, caring for people with hematologic malignancies, integrative and alternative therapies, LGBTQ+ populations, mobile health technologies, and national palliative care implementation strategies. High-quality evidence gathered and reviewed by leading experts in palliative medicine, including clinicians, educators, and researchers across a broad range of disciplines. Numerous algorithms throughout help you make informed decisions, and "take-home" points in every chapter provide a quick summary of key content. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text and figures from the book on a variety of devices. Any additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

A book for men and women from middle age to advanced years who have suddenly and unexpectedly become confronted with the huge effects that the male prostate can have on the body. It is a tale of what can happen to both men and women when the prostate transforms over time as the body changes, free of any of the minor or major taboos surrounding those involved.The book presents both a subjective and an objective account, from a female and a male perspective, of what the prostate is and of the physical, psychological and social effects that changes to the prostate can bring as one ages or reaches old age. The latest medical, psychotherapeutic and social measures available to help men with prostate issues and their partners are discussed. It also addresses the therapeutic taboos that have previously prevented us from attempting a systemic approach to the physical, psychological and social transformation that men and women undergo when they reach middle age and beyond.

As students in the field of geriatrics, it is crucial for us to understand the unique challenges and requirements of the aging population. With advancements in healthcare and improved living conditions, people are now living longer than ever before. While this is undoubtedly a significant achievement, it also presents us with a new set of challenges in terms of healthcare and rehabilitation. This is where geriatric physical therapy comes into play.Geriatric physical therapy is a specialized branch of physical therapy that focuses on addressing the needs of older adults. As we age, our bodies undergo various changes, including decreased muscle mass, reduced bone density, and diminished balance and coordination. These changes can lead to a higher risk of falls, fractures, and other physical limitations. Geriatric physical therapy aims to improve the overall quality of life for older adults by addressing these challenges and promoting physical independence.One of the primary goals of geriatric physical therapy is fall prevention. Falls are a leading cause of injuries and hospitalizations among the elderly. Through targeted exercises and balance training, physical therapists can help older adults improve their strength, stability, and coordination, thereby reducing the risk of falls and related injuries.Another crucial aspect of geriatric physical therapy is managing chronic conditions. As we age, the likelihood of developing chronic conditions such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases increases. Geriatric physical therapists work closely with individuals to manage their symptoms, reduce pain, and improve mobility. By designing personalized exercise programs and providing hands-on therapies, these professionals can help older adults maintain an active and independent lifestyle.Additionally, geriatric physical therapy plays a vital role in post-operative rehabilitation. Older adults often require surgical interventions for various conditions, such as joint replacements or cardiac procedures. After surgery, physical therapy is essential to regain strength, mobility, and functionality. Geriatric physical therapists devise rehabilitation programs tailored to the specific needs and limitations of older adults, ensuring a safe and effective recovery process.

In this issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, guest editors Drs. Manuel Eskildsen and Carl Henry Burton bring their considerable expertise to the topic of LGBTQIA+ Health in Aging Adults. Top experts in the field discuss topics regarding mental and physical care for aging LGBTQIA+ adults, including end-of-life care, long-term care, and sexual health.Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including affirming care for LGBTQ[RM1] + patients; gender-affirming care for older transgender and gender diverse older adults; mental health for LGBTQ+ older adults; federal and state policy affecting LGBTQ+ older adults; and more.Provides in-depth clinical reviews on LGBTQIA+ health in aging adults, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Geriatric dentistry, also known as geriodontics or geriatric oral health, is a specialized field of dentistry that focuses on providing dental care to older adults. It focuses on addressing the unique oral health challenges and dental conditions which affect people as they grow older. Some important aspects of geriatric dentistry are oral health assessment, denture care and treatment of dental diseases. Oral health assessment involves the examination of the teeth, gums, oral tissues, and evaluation of the overall oral hygiene. Dentures refer to prosthetic devices which are used to replace missing teeth. They are used by a large number of older adults and their care encompasses fitting, adjustments, repairs, and maintenance to ensure optimal fit and function. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of geriatric dentistry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. For all those who are interested in this field, it can prove to be an essential guide.

This book focuses on the concept of subjective views of aging. This concept refers to the way individuals conceptualize and perceive the aging process. Social and cultural perceptions regarding older adults are incorporated and internalized into views people hold regarding their own aging process. The book contains three parts which present theoretical, empirical, and translational perspectives about subjective views of aging. The theoretical section expands the framework of subjective views of aging with the inclusion of additional concepts, and further integrates these concepts by accounting for their synergistic effects. The empirical section presents recent developments in the field starting at the intra-individual level as assessed by ecological momentary assessments, going through the level of interpersonal relationships, and concluding at the social and cultural levels. Finally, the translational section presents recent endeavours to develop interventions aimed at advancing favourable views of aging. This cutting-edge edited book includes chapters written by internationally renowned scholars in the field and serves as an up-to-date resource for scholars in the field as well as a textbook for students in courses like social gerontology, lifespan psychology, and life course sociology.

The process of growing older is known as aging. Among humans, it refers to the gradual accumulation of changes in a person's physical, psychological, and social characteristics over time. At the molecular and cellular level, ageing is caused by the accumulation of a range of molecular and cellular damage throughout time. This results in a gradual loss of physical and mental capacity, and an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death. These changes are not linear or continuous, and they are only tangentially related to a person's chronological age. Aging has an impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-and acute-phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein and blood clotting factors, all rise paradoxically as humans' innate immune system ages. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about healthy aging and the immune system through this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Age is a natural process of gradual change that begins in early adulthood, including physical and mental changes. Many body functions start to deteriorate gradually after the early middle age. Physiology, heredity, lifestyle, senescence, biology and other factors have an impact on the aging process. Cataracts and refractive errors, osteoarthritis, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia as well as neck and back pain are common conditions that are related with aging. Some people are more prone to have multiple diseases at once as they get older. Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, cancer, and type 2 diabetes are a few more examples of aging-related diseases. These diseases rise exponentially with age. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of aging. It covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The mitochondrion is a double-membrane-bound cell organelle, which is responsible for processing oxygen and converting food substances into energy. It is essential for cellular bioenergetics and consequently plays a significant role in aging related energy deterioration. Aging is a natural biological process, which occurs in all living organisms and is characterized by declining bioenergetics. A loss of mitochondrial activity and quality is also linked with the development of a variety of age-related diseases. Aging has a negative effect on the mitochondrial heath, as it creates imbalances in the main mitochondrial-regulated pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs when the mitochondrion fails to function properly as a result of another disease or condition. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction may be caused by a variety of diseases including diabetes, muscular dystrophy, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the role of mitochondrion in aging and disease. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles, which are considered to be key factors involved in the aging process. They are involved in energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. They also play a significant role in maintaining calcium balance, intracellular homeostasis, and the metabolism and inter-conversion of dietary substrates. They play a crucial function in signaling their metabolic state to the nucleus and other cells. Mitochondria possess a protein synthetic apparatus and can self-replicate. These apparatuses can be easily disrupted in aging and disease. Mitochondria are continuously involved in the processes of fission and fusion, which is essential for the proper functioning of cells. Mitochondria play an important metabolic role in all organ systems; therefore, they are specifically influenced by diseases which contribute in the process of aging. This book unravels the recent studies related to the role of the mitochondria in human aging and disease. It provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Sarcopenia refers to the aging-related muscle wasting and weakness which involves a degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength. It is a condition characterized by muscular atrophy. Exercise level, nutrition, and co-morbidities all influence the rate of muscle loss. Changes in muscle synthesis signaling pathways are linked to the loss of muscle. Sarcopenia can impair a person's capacity to perform daily tasks such as walking, climbing stairs and lifting objects. It is linked to severe comorbidities, including obesity, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Sarcopenia can be prevented and delayed by leading an active lifestyle and engaging in physical activity. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge on the impact of age-related muscle wasting and weakness associated with sarcopenia. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They build cable-like structures and deliver energy to cells with the help of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. Aging causes a wide range of interrelated conditions and is also a leading cause of various human diseases. The age-associated changes in mitochondria are linked with deterioration in mitochondrial function. The accumulation of oxidative damage and mutations caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial functionality, and DNA volume and integrity decline with age. Mitochondrial dysfunction includes an increase in oxidative damage and a reduction in oxidative capacity, and plays a significant role in biological aging. The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria occurs in all the tissues with aging, including brain, liver and skeletal muscle. These dysfunctional mitochondria are marked and removed through an autophagic process named mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This book explores all the important aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on aging and diseases. Experts and students actively engaged in researches on mitochondrial dysfunction will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Sarcopenia refers to a type of muscle loss which occurs due to aging or immobility. It is characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass and quality, which is dependent on factors such as nutrition, exercise level and co-morbidities. Sarcopenia is a component of the frailty syndrome and can result in decreased quality of life as well as incapacity, falls and fractures. It has become a crucial subject in geriatric medicine and represents a growing area of research. Inactivity is a major risk factor of sarcopenia and regular exercise can significantly decrease the muscle loss. The most beneficial form of exercise is resistance training, which is designed for enhancing the muscle stamina and strength by using resistance weights and bands. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of sarcopenia and the clinical implications of the researches conducted on it. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques for clinical diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this disease as well as for experts.

Nursing is a health-care profession dedicated to assisting individuals, families, and communities in achieving, maintaining, or regaining maximum health and quality of life. It also plays an important role in teaching, situation assessment, and support. Nursing differs from other health-care professionals in terms of patient care, education, and scope of practice. In the context of providing care to the older people, nursing involves maintaining effective communication with the patients, which in turn is helpful in obtaining patient outcomes. Caring for the elderly requires the usage of appropriate body language, exercising the patient, showing respect, listening actively to the patient, recognizing sensory challenges, and showing empathy. This book provides comprehensive insights on caring for older people. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the studies on this area of nursing practice. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The nervous system is a highly complex network of nerves that coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from various parts of the body. Random molecular damage that steadily accumulates with age drives the ageing process at the cellular level. Many molecular mechanisms are involved and exogenous factors, like stress, also play a role in the aging process. The nervous system at the cellular level comprises a special cell called a neuron, which transmits signals to the other cells. Many physical, chemical, or biological changes in the status of neurons characterize brain aging. It is manifested in the form of deterioration in cognitive function and dementia. Dendritic regression in pyramidal neurons, synaptic atrophy, decrease of striatal dopamine receptors, accumulation of fluorescent pigments, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and reactive astrocytes and microglia are the common features of brain aging. The consequence of molecular and cellular alterations in brain aging is characterized by a plethora of anatomical changes, such as significant neuronal loss in hippocampus and neocortex. This book provides comprehensive insights on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of study.

Biomarkers of aging refer to those biomarkers that can predict functional capacity at a later age more accurately than chronological age. Validated biomarkers of aging can enable interventions which can extend the lifespan, as any changes in the biomarkers can be observed during the life span of the organism. The levels of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells along with naive T cells are found to provide an estimate of lifespan. One of the significant biomarker of aging is the epigenetic clock, which has the capability to forecast human chronological age accurately. Some of the other prominent biomarkers of determining brain aging are proteomic clocks and neuroimaging age predictors. Furthermore, cell counts and blood chemistry can also be used for predicting chronological age accurately. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the biomarker studies in brain aging. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of study have been included herein. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Aging is the process of growing older. It is a risk factor for most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, such as mild cognitive impairment, dementias involving Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease. The brain is a complicated organ that is made up of many different types of tissue and matter. The function of various tissues in brain may be more or less susceptible to age- induced changes. The structure of brain's network is formed through anatomical connection of the neurons. The aging of brain is a complex process that begins early in life and accelerates with age, affecting everything from the subcellular to the organ level. Brain volume loss, cortical thinning, white matter degradation, loss of gyrification, and ventricular enlargement are morphological symptoms of brain aging. Neuron cell shrinking, dendritic degeneration, demyelination, small vessel disease, metabolic slowing, microglial activation, and the formation of white matter lesions are pathophysiological symptoms of brain aging. This book explores all the important aspects of ageing in the present day scenario. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.