Farmaci

In the globalised world, healthcare organisations have many ways of applying new technologies to their advantage. Technologies are continually evolving and consequently new health applications are appearing in various segments: medical devices, in vitro diagnostics, drugs and medical products. Some of these technologies can be used for therapeutic purposes to help treat various health problems. In particular, this work represents a collection of research carried out at the University Centre of Vale do Ipojuca, with the aim of providing new technological applications in health.

Die Entwicklung von Prodrugs ist ein beliebter Ansatz zur Lösung vieler Probleme in Bezug auf Stabilität, Löslichkeit, Permeabilität und Targeting, die bei der Entdeckung und Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln auftreten. Der Prodrug-Ansatz kann vielversprechende neue Arzneimittelkandidaten während der Entwicklung am Leben erhalten und die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit bestehender Arzneimittelprodukte verbessern. Er ist auch bei Arzneimitteln wirksam, die unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen haben. Ein Prodrug besteht in der Regel aus zwei biologisch aktiven Wirkstoffen, die so miteinander verbunden sind, dass sie jeweils als Pro-Moiety für den anderen Wirkstoff wirken. Der Träger kann eine synergistische Wirkung haben oder zusätzliche pharmakologische Eigenschaften aufweisen, die im Ausgangsmedikament fehlen.

Algeria is characterized by its floral diversity: Mediterranean, Saharan and Paleo Tropical flora, estimated at over three thousand (3000) species belonging to several botanical families. These species are mostly spontaneous, with a significant number (15%) of endemic species, which has given traditional pharmacopoeia an inestimable wealth.Our aim is to contribute to the creation of an Algerian pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants. The valorization of endemic species of Algerian flora, as well as the rich and varied traditional medicine (due to the large surface area and different geographical regions), are national heritages to be safeguarded.

V rezul'tate dannogo issledowaniq mozhno sdelat' wywod, chto gelewye preparaty dlq mestnogo primeneniq, soderzhaschie diklofenak natriq, byli prigotowleny s ispol'zowaniem razlichnyh koncentracij zheliruüschih agentow (karbopol-940/934/ HPMC 3K), kotorye pokazali priemlemye rezul'taty w razlichnyh issledowaniqh. Gel' harakterizowalsq po razlichnym parametram. Vse prigotowlennye geli pokazali priemlemye fizicheskie swojstwa, takie kak cwet, zapah, konsistenciq, odnorodnost', gomogennost', znachenie pH, wqzkost' i raspredelqemost'. Issledowanie wyswobozhdeniq preparata in vitro prowodilos' s ispol'zowaniem qichnoj membrany s pomosch'ü diffuzionnoj qchejki Franca (del'fin). Rezul'taty pokazali, chto za 24 chasa issledowaniq cherez membranu wyswobodilos' do 90,12 % diklofenaka natriq. Po rezul'tatam issledowaniq byl sdelan wywod, chto diklofenak natriq byl uspeshno wklüchen w sostaw karbopola dlq polucheniq gelq. Gelewaq formula F5 pokazala horoshee znachenie rN, älektroprowodnost', wqzkost', raspredelqemost' i stabil'nost' do i posle 12 dnej w cikle zamorazhiwaniq-ottaiwaniq. Takim obrazom, byl sdelan wywod, chto preparat F5 mozhet byt' wes'ma perspektiwnym dlq mestnogo ili transdermal'nogo lecheniq.

This book represents an important contribution to the field as it is the first to provide a detailed account of the interaction between Chinese and western medicine from a pharmacy perspective over a period of two millennia with an emphasis on the modern period from 1800-1949. None of the existing historiography on the relationship between TCM and western medicine has so far explored pharmaceutical aspects in detail. This book therefore fills an important gap in the literature and is likely to become a key resource for further study. It will be of interest to a wide audience, including pharmaceutical, imperial, and business historians, and should be essential reading for pharmacy students. But it will also be of interest to a general readership curious about the history of pharmacy in China and of western influences on Chinese medicine. Stuart Anderson, BSc, MA, PhD, FRPharmS Editor-in-Chef, Pharmaceutical Historian, Emeritus Professor of Pharmacy History,  London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Readers of this book, to Chiüs credit, will be exposed to the nuanced cultural, medico-scientific, and business interactions that shaped Western pharmacy in China. Chiu puts a spotlight on the various materials, techniques, and processes of drug formulation and mass manufacture ¿ and he rightly illustrates how pharmacy was substantiated as big business and mass manufacture. In analyses that incorporate materia medica and so-called dangerous drugs, such as opium, Chiu also articulates the complicated entangled histories of the movement, circulation, and translation of both pharmacy knowledge and goods. Yet, he appropriately acknowledges and evaluates non-Western epistemologies and practices that intermingled with Western ideas to create a novel type of pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry in China.                                                                                                       Lucas Richert, PhD Professor & George Urdang Chair in Pharmacy History, UW-Madison Executive Director, American Institute of the History of PharmacyPatrick Chiu's book, A History of Western Pharmacy in China, effectively presents an unbiased perspective when discussing the contributions of expatriate pharmacy academics towards the development of China's pharmaceutical profession and the modern drug industry in the first half of the twentieth century. Chiu's impartial approach and well-researched content make it a recommended resource for understanding the historical development of pharmacy in China. Kazushige Morimoto Ph.D. D.Min, Education System - Qualified Pharmacist, President, The Japanese Society for the History of Pharmacy

Product innovation in the food sector, as well as concern about food quality in general, is growing and is regulated worldwide. As a result, there is a greater demand for increasingly qualified professionals to carry out activities in the bromatological field, including, in addition to composition control, physical-chemical and microbiological quality control for the purposes of developing new products; processing control and even inspections for possible findings of fraud. This book presents a collection of experimental protocols carried out at the Faculdade de Integração do Sertão-FIS, the aim of which was to give undergraduates experience of the techniques most commonly used in food analysis.

Die Chronopharmakologie in der Hypertoniebehandlung hilft bei der klinischen Entscheidungsfindung über die besten Verabreichungszeiten von blutdrucksenkenden Medikamenten, um eine optimale zirkadiane Blutdruckkontrolle zu erreichen. Ziel der Studie war es, die Auswirkungen von Valsartan und Amlodipin auf das 24-Stunden-Blutdruckprofil zu untersuchen, die Auswirkungen der morgendlichen gegenüber der abendlichen Verabreichung auf den zirkadianen Blutdruck zu vergleichen und die Auswirkungen von Valsartan und Amlodipin bei Männern und Frauen zu vergleichen. An der Studie nahmen Patienten mit essenzieller Hypertonie teil, denen einmal täglich Valsartan oder einmal täglich Amlodipin verschrieben wurde. Bei den rekrutierten Patienten wurden die 24-Stunden-Blutdruckprofile mit einem ambulanten Blutdruckmessgerät (ABPM) gemessen.

La cronofarmacologia nella gestione dell'ipertensione aiuta a prendere decisioni cliniche sui migliori orari di somministrazione dei farmaci antipertensivi per ottenere un controllo circadiano ottimale della pressione arteriosa (BP). Gli obiettivi dello studio erano di verificare l'effetto sul profilo della BP nelle 24 ore di valsartan e amlodipina; di confrontare gli effetti della somministrazione mattutina rispetto a quella serale sulla BP circadiana e di confrontare gli effetti di valsartan e amlodipina tra maschi e femmine. Hanno partecipato allo studio pazienti affetti da ipertensione essenziale a cui era stato prescritto valsartan o amlodipina una volta al giorno. Ai pazienti reclutati è stato misurato il profilo della pressione arteriosa nelle 24 ore con un misuratore ambulatoriale di pressione arteriosa (ABPM).

A procura de matrizes poliméricas, tanto sintéticas como naturais, é claramente demonstrada pela análise dos números utilizados, pelo grande número de fabricantes emergentes e pelo crescimento do número de instituições e de pessoal envolvido em actividades de ensino e investigação. Nos últimos anos, os sistemas de administração de fármacos mucoadesivos ganharam uma importância crescente, uma vez que aderem localmente às superfícies da mucosa. Uma variedade de polímeros naturais e sintéticos tem sido utilizada nestes sistemas de administração. Mas, tendo em conta a biodegradação e a biocompatibilidade, os polímeros naturais são preferidos. O objetivo deste livro é explorar e explorar os novos agentes mucoadesivos de fontes naturais, com base no interesse da sociedade, no interesse económico e no interesse natural, com maior eficácia e menos efeitos secundários adversos.

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2019 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, Pharmacy, grade: 9.5, , language: English, abstract: The aim of the present research work was to formulate, develop and characterize topical antifungal nanolipogel using hundred-times-washed cow ghee base known as shatadhautaghrita. It is used as a permeation enhancer to increase the permeation rate of fluconazole. Nine formulations of nanolipogel were prepared using different concentrations of carbopol and shatadhautaghrita. The optimized batch of nanolipogel (formulation F7) was evaluated for pH, percentage yield, drug content, extrudability, rheology. The consistency, spreadability and formation of nanosize particles were assessed through texture profile analysis and zetasizer.Fluconazole (FLZ) is an antifungal agent used mainly in topical formulations to treat various skin disorders such as oropharyngeal candidiasis, cryptoccocal meningitis and cutaneous dermatophyte infections. FLZ is a synthetic triazole derivative that acts as an antifungal. FLZ preferentially inhibits fungal cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation.Shatadhautaghrita(SDG) is used as a natural permeation enhancer in topical products. It is prepared by washing cow ghee 100 times with water.shatadhautaghrita is (shata = one hundred, dhauta = washed) clarified butter fat that has been washed 100 times. The use of shatadhautaghrita in managing conditions such as burns, chicken pox, scars, wounds, herpes, leprosy and other skin diseases and as a vehicle for drugs for external application are mentioned in traditional texts. The characteristic odour and granular, oily consistency of cow ghee are not present in shatadhautaghrita, and so it is a homogeneous, smooth, non-oily product that is easier to apply. The neutral pH of shatadhautaghrita compared with the acidic pH value of ghee makes shatadhautaghrita beneficial by preventing skin irritation. The reduced particle size of shatadhautaghrita makes the product non-granular, non-sticky and homogeneous, which makes it easy to apply it on the skin and may result in an increased rate of absorption through the skin. Washing results in a homogeneous oil-in-water emulsion with better consistency and viscosity, which makes it suitable for use in topical applications.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with long- and short-term adverse reactions (ARs). The objectives of this book are to describe patient demographics, types of AR according to treatment regimen, organ and system affected, severity, causality category, reporting health professional, reporting health facility, and timing of reporting of suspected ARR to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to the National Centre for Pharmacovigilance (CNFV). A retrospective review was conducted of the ARV ARV suspicion notification forms reported to the CNFV from January 2007 to December 2010. We included 1972 notifications in which 2502 ARVs were identified, 1160 (58.82%) were male, ranging in age from 1 to 96 years (median age 37 years). Antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens classified as suspicious were 29, the most reported being AZT+3TC+NVP, with 839(42.55%) notifications.

Pflanzliche Arzneimittel werden bei der Behandlung von Krebs als ergänzende und alternative Therapie zunehmend akzeptiert, da es immer mehr wissenschaftliche Beweise aus der biomedizinischen Forschung und klinischen Studien gibt. Krebsmedikamente, die aus pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln gewonnen werden, haben eine lange Geschichte, und einige von ihnen wurden in der klinischen Praxis als konventionelle Krebsmedikamente eingesetzt. Tatsächlich sind pflanzliche Arzneimittel eine Quelle für die Entdeckung und Entwicklung von Krebsmedikamenten. Daher wird in diesem Buch über die Heilpflanzen berichtet, die gegen Krebs eingesetzt werden, sowie über die krebshemmende Wirkung einiger Heilpflanzen.

L'utilisation des plantes médicinales dans le traitement du cancer en tant que thérapie complémentaire et alternative est de plus en plus acceptée grâce aux preuves scientifiques croissantes de la recherche biomédicale et des essais cliniques. Les médicaments anticancéreux découverts à partir de plantes médicinales ont une longue histoire et certains d'entre eux ont été utilisés en clinique comme des médicaments anticancéreux conventionnels. En fait, les plantes médicinales sont une source de découverte et de développement de médicaments anticancéreux. Ce livre passe donc en revue les plantes médicinales qui sont signalées contre le cancer et l'activité anticancéreuse de certaines plantes médicinales.

The present book is a culmination of very honest and sincere efforts, keeping in view the level and aspiration of pharmacy students at the undergraduate level. The book includes simple language, neat and clean diagram, descriptive figures, flow charts, questions, multiple choice questions easy to understand by students All efforts have been made to make the book student friendly. This book is designed to impart basic knowledge on the chemical structure, storage conditions and medicinal uses of organic and inorganic chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals. It will discuss the following aspects of the chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals for various disease conditions. The chemical classification, chemical name, chemical structure, pharmacological uses, doses, stability and storage conditions of different types of formulations/dosage form available and their brand names. We have tried to make things simpler and easily understandable to our students, for whom this book has been written. Surely, our esteemed friends, while patronizing this book for their class room instruction, will also enjoy it. We honestly feel everyone will find the book refreshingly different and acceptable. Many valuable suggestions from esteemed colleagues and friends from various colleges have been given due weightage in the test.

The Herbal drug technology book is comprehensive guidance in lucid writing for following theory as well as experimental topics:Theory topics · Herbs as Raw Materials · Indian Systems of Medicines · Nutraceuticals · Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions · Herbal Cosmetics · Herbal or Natural Excipients · Traditional and Novel Herbal Formulations · ICH Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drugs · WHO Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drugs · Stability Testing of Herbal Drugs · Patenting and Regulatory Requirements of Natural Products · Plant Based Industries and Institutions in India · Schedule T - Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian Systems of MedicineExperiments · Preliminary phytochemical screening · Evaluation excipients of natural origin · Preparation and evaluation of herbal cosmetics and herbal formulations · Phytochemical estimations · Monograph analysis

Les extraits méthanoliques et hydroalcooliques de Murraya Koeinigii et de Nelumbo nucifera se sont révélés sûrs et sans toxicité pour les souris jusqu'à 5 g/kg b.w.p.o. Ces extraits à une dose de 200 mg/kg ont montré une activité neuropharmacologique significative. L'extrait aqueux à une dose de 100 mg/kg a une réponse considérable et une activité modérée. Sur la base des résultats de la présente étude des différents extraits sur les tests psychopharmacologiques, nous concluons que les extraits à 200mg/kg possèdent une forte activité stimulante du SNC. Les extraits méthanoliques et hydro-alcooliques ont montré une activité stimulante du SNC en fonction de la dose. L'altération du comportement exploratoire chez les animaux est similaire à l'action d'autres agents du SNC. Une modification significative de la coordination motrice et de l'activité de relaxation musculaire a également été observée chez les animaux traités avec l'extrait brut. L'ensemble des résultats indique que l'extrait présente une activité stimulante sur le SNC.

Os extractos metanólico e hidroalcoólico de Murraya Koeinigii e Nelumbo nucifera foram considerados seguros e não apresentaram toxicidade em ratos até 5 g/kg b.w.p.o. Estes extractos numa dose de 200 mg/kg apresentaram uma atividade neurofarmacológica significativa. O extrato aquoso, numa dose de 100 mg/kg, tem uma resposta considerável e uma atividade moderada. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo de diferentes extractos em testes psicofarmacológicos, concluímos que os extractos 200mg/kg possuem uma forte atividade estimulante do SNC. Os extractos metanólico e hidroalcoólico mostraram a atividade estimulante do SNC de forma dependente da dose. A alteração do comportamento exploratório nos animais é semelhante à ação de outros agentes do SNC. Também se observou uma alteração significativa na coordenação motora e na atividade relaxante muscular nos animais tratados com o extrato bruto. Os resultados indicam, no seu conjunto, que o extrato apresenta uma atividade estimulante do SNC.

Gli estratti metanolici e idroalcolici di Murraya Koeinigii e Nelumbo nucifera sono risultati sicuri e non hanno mostrato tossicità nei topi fino a 5 g/kg p.c.o. Questi estratti alla dose di 200 mg/kg hanno mostrato una significativa attività neurofarmacologica. L'estratto acquoso, alla dose di 100 mg/kg, ha una risposta considerevole e un'attività moderata. Sulla base dei risultati del presente studio dei diversi estratti sui test psicofarmacologici, concludiamo che gli estratti a 200 mg/kg possiedono una forte attività stimolante del SNC. Gli estratti metanolici e idroalcolici hanno mostrato un'attività stimolante del SNC in modo dipendente dalla dose. L'alterazione del comportamento esplorativo negli animali è simile all'azione di altri agenti del SNC. Negli animali trattati con l'estratto grezzo è stato notato anche un cambiamento significativo nella coordinazione motoria e nell'attività di rilassamento muscolare. I risultati complessivi indicano che l'estratto mostra un'attività stimolante del SNC.

Die methanolischen und hydroalkoholischen Extrakte von Murraya Koeinigii und Nelumbo nucifera erwiesen sich als sicher und zeigten bei Mäusen bis zu 5 g/kg Körpergewicht keine Toxizität. Diese Extrakte zeigten bei einer Dosis von 200 mg/kg eine signifikante neuropharmakologische Aktivität. Der wässrige Extrakt in einer Dosis von 100 mg/kg zeigte eine beträchtliche Reaktion und mäßige Aktivität. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie der verschiedenen Extrakte auf psychopharmakologische Tests, schließen wir, dass die Extrakte 200mg/kg eine starke ZNS stimulierende Aktivität besitzen. Methanolische und hydroalkoholische Extrakte zeigten die ZNS-stimulierende Aktivität in dosisabhängiger Weise. Die Veränderung des Erkundungsverhaltens der Tiere ist mit der Wirkung anderer ZNS-Wirkstoffe vergleichbar. Bei Tieren, die mit dem Rohextrakt behandelt wurden, wurde auch eine signifikante Veränderung der motorischen Koordination und der muskelentspannenden Aktivität festgestellt. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Extrakt eine stimulierende Wirkung auf das ZNS hat.

Metanol'nye i gidrospirtowye äxtrakty Murraya Koeinigii i Nelumbo nucifera okazalis' bezopasnymi i ne wyzywali toxichnosti u myshej w doze do 5 g/kg w sutki. Jeti äxtrakty w doze 200 mg/kg proqwili znachitel'nuü nejrofarmakologicheskuü aktiwnost'. Vodnyj äxtrakt w doze 100 mg/kg pokazal znachitel'nyj otwet i umerennuü aktiwnost'. Ishodq iz rezul'tatow nastoqschego issledowaniq razlichnyh äxtraktow po psihofarmakologicheskim testam, mozhno sdelat' wywod, chto äxtrakty w doze 200 mg/kg obladaüt wyrazhennoj stimuliruüschej CNS aktiwnost'ü. Metanol'nyj i gidrospirtowoj äxtrakty proqwili dozozawisimuü aktiwnost' w otnoshenii stimulqcii CNS. Izmenenie issledowatel'skogo powedeniq zhiwotnyh shodno s dejstwiem drugih sredstw, stimuliruüschih CNS. Znachitel'noe izmenenie dwigatel'noj koordinacii i myshechnoj relaxacii takzhe bylo otmecheno u zhiwotnyh, obrabotannyh syrym äxtraktom. Poluchennye rezul'taty w celom swidetel'stwuüt o tom, chto äxtrakt obladaet stimuliruüschej CNS aktiwnost'ü.

Ziel des Buches ist es, die Verwendung verschiedener pflanzlicher Arzneimittel bei der Behandlung von Diabetes mellitus zu verbreiten. Da es sich um eine Stoffwechselstörung handelt, die im Wesentlichen durch Glykosurie, Hyperlipämie und Hyperglykämie gekennzeichnet ist. Die jüngsten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Behandlung von Diabetes mellitus beschleunigen sich, aber die Langzeitwirkungen der neuen Medikamentenmoleküle werfen verschiedene Nebenwirkungen und andere Probleme auf.Die neuen Erkenntnisse über pflanzliche Arzneimittel verstärken die Idee der Einführung einer anderen Art von Behandlungsmethode. Dieses Buch ist ein Versuch, die Anwendungen von pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln mit potenzieller Wirksamkeit hervorzuheben. Die hier beschriebenen Heilpflanzen beschreiben im Wesentlichen die chemischen Inhaltsstoffe und anschließend die pharmakologischen Wirkungen, die sie vermitteln. Die Wirkmechanismen dieser Bestandteile sind von großer Bedeutung. Abgesehen von den antidiabetischen Anwendungen wurden verschiedene andere Eigenschaften der Pflanzen sowie ihre Nebenwirkungen berücksichtigt.

Lo scopo del libro è quello di diffondere l'uso di vari farmaci vegetali nel trattamento del diabete mellito. Si tratta di un disturbo metabolico caratterizzato fondamentalmente da glicosuria, iperlipemia e iperglicemia. I recenti progressi nel campo del trattamento del diabete mellito stanno accelerando, ma gli effetti a lungo termine delle nuove molecole farmacologiche comportano vari effetti collaterali e altri problemi. Le nuove intuizioni sulle medicine vegetali aumentano l'idea di introdurre un diverso tipo di metodo di trattamento. Questo libro si propone di evidenziare gli usi delle medicine vegetali che hanno un potenziale di efficacia. Delle piante medicinali qui descritte si descrivono essenzialmente i costituenti chimici e, successivamente, gli effetti farmacologici che esse conferiscono. Il meccanismo d'azione di questi costituenti è di grande importanza. Oltre agli usi anti-diabetici, sono state prese in considerazione altre proprietà delle piante e i loro effetti collaterali.

L'objectif de ce livre est de faire connaître l'utilisation de diverses plantes médicinales dans le traitement du diabète sucré. Il s'agit d'un trouble métabolique caractérisé par la glycosurie, l'hyperlipémie et l'hyperglycémie. Les progrès récents dans le domaine du traitement du diabète sucré s'accélèrent, mais les effets à long terme des nouvelles molécules médicamenteuses entraînent divers effets secondaires et d'autres problèmes. Ce livre s'efforce de mettre en évidence les utilisations des plantes médicinales qui ont une efficacité potentielle. Les plantes médicinales attribuées ici décrivent essentiellement les constituants chimiques et, par la suite, les effets pharmacologiques qu'elles confèrent. Le mécanisme d'action de ces composants est d'une importance capitale. Outre les utilisations antidiabétiques, diverses autres propriétés des plantes ont été prises en compte, de même que leurs effets secondaires.

Cel' knigi - rasprostranit' informaciü o primenenii razlichnyh rastitel'nyh preparatow dlq lecheniq saharnogo diabeta. Poskol'ku äto metabolicheskoe rasstrojstwo, harakterizuüscheesq glikozuriej, giperlipemiej, giperglikemiej. Poslednie dostizheniq w oblasti lecheniq saharnogo diabeta uskorqütsq, no dlitel'noe dejstwie nowyh lekarstwennyh molekul wyzywaet razlichnye pobochnye äffekty i drugie problemy. Nowye znaniq o lekarstwennyh sredstwah rastitel'nogo proishozhdeniq sposobstwuüt wnedreniü razlichnyh metodow lecheniq. Dannaq kniga predstawlqet soboj popytku oswetit' te oblasti primeneniq lekarstwennyh rastenij, kotorye obladaüt potencial'noj äffektiwnost'ü. Priwedennye w knige swedeniq o lekarstwennyh rasteniqh w osnownom opisywaüt ih himicheskie sostawlqüschie, a zatem farmakologicheskie äffekty, kotorye oni okazywaüt. Bol'shoe znachenie imeet mehanizm dejstwiq ätih komponentow. Krome antidiabeticheskogo primeneniq, uchitywalis' i drugie swojstwa rastenij, a takzhe ih pobochnye äffekty.

O objetivo do livro é divulgar a utilização de vários medicamentos à base de plantas no tratamento da Diabetes Mellitus. Uma vez que se trata de uma doença metabólica caracterizada basicamente por glicosúria, hiperlipemia e hiperglicemia. Os recentes avanços no campo do tratamento da Diabetes mellitus estão a acelerar, mas os efeitos a longo prazo das novas moléculas de fármacos estão a provocar vários efeitos secundários e outros problemas. Este livro é um esforço para destacar os usos de medicamentos à base de plantas com eficácia potencial. As plantas medicinais aqui atribuídas descrevem basicamente os constituintes químicos e, subsequentemente, os efeitos farmacológicos que conferem. O mecanismo de ação destes constituintes é da maior importância. Para além das utilizações anti diabéticas, foram tidas em conta várias outras propriedades das plantas, bem como os seus efeitos secundários.