Farmaci

Each year for the past three years, there have been about 50 new molecular medicines approved by the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA), of which approximately 25% were new biopharmaceuticals. Over 200 recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, fusion proteins, and Fab fragments are now in the marketplace in both the United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU). There are also now over 60 biosimilars available for all major classes of recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, gene therapies using genetically engineered viruses and genetically engineered cells are now in the marketplace, and continually growing. This degree of change is reflected in the over 400 CMC regulatory compliance references listed in this book that were either issued or updated since the release of the third edition. Deficiencies in biopharmaceutical CMC regulatory compliance rarely result in termination of a product, but incan readily cause months if not years of delay in initiating clinical trials, or advancing clinical development stages, or even market approval. In summary, this book:Updates real-world CMC deficiency examples with current examples;Addresses current FDA and EMA requirements and expectations for CMC regulatory compliance;Now includes CMC regulatory compliance for the new gene-based biopharmaceuticals.

Practical Pharmaceutics contains essential knowledge on the preparation, quality control, logistics, dispensing and use of medicines. It features chapters written by experienced pharmacists and scientists working in hospitals, academia and industry throughout Europe, including practical examples as well as information on current GMP and GMP-based guidelines and EU-legislation. In this second edition all chapters have been updated with numerous new as well as didactically revised illustrations and tables. A completely new chapter about therapeutic proteins and Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products was added.From prescription to production, from usage instructions to procurement and the impact of medicines on the environment, the book provides step-by-step coverage that will help a wide range of readers, students as well as professionals. It offers product knowledge for all pharmacists working directly with patients and it will enable them to make the required medicine available, to store medicines properly, to adapt medicines if necessary and to dispense medicines with the appropriate information for patients as well as caregivers about product care and how to maintain the quality of the product. The basic knowledge presented in the book will also be valuable for industrial pharmacists to remind and focus them on the application of the medicines manufactured.The basic and practical knowledge on the design, preparation and quality management of medicines can directly be applied by the pharmacists whose main duty is production in community and hospital pharmacies and in industry. Undergraduate as well as graduate pharmacy students will find knowledge presented in a coherent way and fully supported with relevant examples.Practical Pharmaceutics has become a reliable and recognised source for the acquisition of pharmaceutical-technological knowledge. The book is used in the curriculum of a number of international universities and schools of Pharmacy.

Dieses Buch ist eine Open-Access-Publikation unter einer Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).Bewährt und einfach zu handhaben: praxisorientierte Sammlung von Chemotherapie-Protokollen zur Behandlung von Tumorpatienten mit soliden und hämatologischen Erkrankungen. Auf einen Blick finden sich Detailinformationen zu den unterschiedlichen Chemotherapien, möglichen Nebenwirkungen, empfohlener Begleitmedikation, supportiven Therapien, notwendigen Kontrollen, Zusatzinformationen für eine sichere Applikation sowie möglichen Notfallsituationen. Das Buch richtet sich an behandelnde Ärztinnen und Ärzte, Pflegende, Apothekerinnen und Apotheker und alle Tumortherapie-Interessierte.Aus dem InhaltÜber 600 umfassend ausgearbeitete und jahrelang in der Praxis etablierte Behandlungsprotokolle, übersichtlich nach Tumorentitäten und Indikationen geordnet.Behandlung von hämatologischen Neoplasien, soliden Tumoren, inkl. Protokolle der kooperierenden Bereiche Gynäkologie, Gastroenterologie, Radioonkologie, Dermatologie, Urologie und Neuroonkologie.Mobilisierungs-Chemotherapien, autologe Konditionierung, allogene Konditionierung, Lymphodepletion vor CAR-T-Zelltherapie, bispezifische Antikörper- und andere Immuntherapien, GvHD-Prophylaxe, supportive Therapie und intrakavitäre Chemotherapien.Neu in der 8. Auflage: Umfangreiche Protokollneuerungen, u.a. in den Bereichen AML und Gynäkologie, Protokolle zur Lymphodepletion vor CAR-T-Zelltherapie, Dosismodifikationstabelle bei Leber- und Nierenfunktionsstörungen komplett überarbeitet mit QuellenangabePlus: Chemotherapieprotokolle und detaillierte Kurvenblätter, SOPs und Clinical Pathways sowie Patienteninformationen als elektronisches Zusatzmaterial zum Download auf SpringerLink. Die HerausgeberProf. Dr. Monika Engelhardt, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Schwerpunkt Hämatologie, Onkologie und Stammzelltransplantation, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, DeutschlandProf. Dr. Dr. h.c. Roland Mertelsmann, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Schwerpunkt Hämatologie, Onkologie und Stammzelltransplantation, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, DeutschlandProf. Dr. Justus Duyster, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Schwerpunkt Hämatologie, Onkologie und Stammzelltransplantation, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland

Introducing our PTCB Exam Study Guide 2023-2024: 4 Full-Length Practice Tests and Prep for the Pharmacy Technician Certification (PTCE)! Ascencia Test Prep's PTCB Exam Study Guide includes everything you need to pass the Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam the first time.Quick review of the concepts covered on the PTCE4 FULL practice tests with detailed answer explanationsTips and tricks from experienced pharmacy techniciansAccess to online flash cards, review questions, cheat sheets, and moreAscencia Test Prep's PTCB Exam Study Guide is aligned with the official PTCE framework. Topics covered include: MedicationsPharmacologyDrug Effects and IndicationsFederal RequirementsLegal GuidelinesRegulation of Controlled SubstancesPatient Safety and Quality AssurancePrescription ErrorsSafety in the WorkplaceOrder Entry and ProcessingOrder ProcessingPharmacy Math The PTCB was not involved in the creation or production of this product, is not in any way affiliated with Ascencia Test Prep, and does not sponsor or endorse this product.

"Available to Pharmacy Technicians with at least three years of work experience, the Advanced Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPhT-Adv) credential provides a pathway for obtaining higher-level skills and advancing your career. This new resource gives you the review and practice you need to prepare for the exam with an easy-to-use format, sample certification exams, content review chapters, and more."--

Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy is an attempt to comprehensively present, in a single book, various pharmaceutical processes and equipment that are frequently used for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with quality control tests of these dosage forms. Pictorial/graphical illustrations provide easier understanding of complex pharmaceutical concepts, manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Since it is imperative for pharmacy students to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts used in development of drugs into suitable and stable dosage forms.This book offers a wealth of information regarding basic aspects of pharmaceutical processes and dosage forms, in a single book, for undergraduate pharmacy students or science students  (with no pharmacy background) intended to work in the pharmaceutical Industry.

New materials and manufacturing techniques are evolving with the potential to address the challenges associated with the manufacture of medicinal products that will teach new tricks to old drugs. Nano- and microfabrication techniques include manufacturing methods such as additive manufacturing, lithography, micro-moulding, spray drying, and supercritical fluids among many others. The increasing resolution of new techniques allow researchers to produce objects with micrometric resolutions. This book follows a consecutive order, beginning with a background in the current field and limitations in the manufacturing of different pharmaceutical products, moving on the classification of each method by providing recent examples, and future prospective on a variety of traditional and new Nano and microfabrication techniques. A focus on the materials used to prepare these systems and their biocompatibility, including applied topics such as clinical applications and regulatory aspects also covered, offering the reader a holistic view of this rapidly growing field.

This volume focuses on the potential use of probiotics in treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic acidosis, and gut dysbiosis. Chapters draw an association between gut microbiota and its diversity with metabolic diseases like diabetes, obesity, related liver and gut disorders; gut-brain axis; increased inflammation, and a compromised immune system resulting from these manifestations and scope of intervention with probiotics. Special attention is laid on describing the mechanisms of action of such beneficial effects of probiotic administration. The ability of probiotics to decrease metabolic endotoxemia by restoring the disrupted intestinal mucosal barrier is also included.The volume is a comprehensive compilation describing the scope and application of probiotic and prebiotic therapy in treating metabolic disorders. Readers will discover how probiotics are not just confined to the microbiology industry but are showing promising results in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors.

This workbook contains over 350 of the most important questions and exercises every pharmacology student must know. Are you able to answer them all correctly? Order this book to find out!An incursion into any branch of medicine cannot be complete without afundamental understanding of the principles of pharmacology.What is the chemical nature of drugs? How do they act in the body? What are their adverseeffects and contraindications? These are just some of the important questionsthat pharmacology answers.This Pharmacology Workbook aims to complement any textbook. Once you'rethrough the textbook, you can test your knowledge using the exercises givenin this workbook. On the other hand, if you're already feeling pretty confidentabout your Pharma know-how, you can jump directly to the exercises in thisworkbook and see how you score.

The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a generic measure of health effect that can be used in cost-effectiveness analysis as an alternative to the quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Infectious diseases are one of the major to cause significant losses of DALY and QALY. Human infectious diseases are disorders that are triggered by the micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. The majority of such diseases are contagious and create a public health menace. There are several reasons why infectious diseases are deadly diseases, and one of the primary reasons is the drug resistance developed over time. Drug resistance-associated mutations are linked to increasing drug efflux, modifications of the drugs, or their targets. Every year, new drugs are being approved by FDA to treat infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the infectious diseases will undoubtedly persist as permanent and main threats to humanity for now and in the future, primarily due to increased longevity that almost always comes at a cost of impaired immunity.A total of four books are covered under the series of Infectious drug diseases.- Malarial drug delivery systems- Tubercular drug delivery systems- Viral drug delivery systems- Infectious disease drug delivery systemsThe third volume of series is focused on viral drug delivery systems. Typically, virus attaches to the cells (referred as host cell) and releases its DNA or RNA inside the cell. In second stage, virus¿s genetic material takes control of the cell and forces it to replicate the virus leading to onset of disease symptoms. DNA class of viruses include Herpes, Papilloma and Adeno viruses. RNA class of viruses include retroviruses, such as HIV immunodeficiency virus and SARS COV ¿ 2 / Corona virus. This book addresses recent developments in viral drug delivery systems. It covers many different aspects of viral infections, ways to treat them using modern drug delivery systems like nano particulate carriers. The choice of viral delivery systems mainly depends upon the type of virus, duration of life cycle, presence of drug resistance, cellular and mucosal interaction of virus, accordingly gene or non-gene drug delivery systems are selected. Besides that, this book also reports global dynamics of viral diseases, future predictions of infection rate, current treatment options, details of drug carriers like nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, role of biofunctionalization, and phyto-molecules in treatment of viral infections particularly herpes, Covid-19, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, influenza and viral hepatitis.Audiences from a broad range of groups, from researchers, academicians, and public health bodies to regulatory experts, can benefit from the compiled information to learn more about patient needs and current research advances in the field of viral drug delivery research.

The PHARAMCEUTICS - 1 subject aims to link how medications are made to how they are distributed and disposed of inside the body. The formulation of a pure pharmacological component into a dosage form is the main focus of pharmaceutics. The syllabus content is organised unit-by-unit in which each unit contains different chapters to promote better subject understanding.This book features examples of formulation, including marketed goods and manufacturers, wherever necessary, along with full forms and symbols, pictorial diagrams, and tabular data. At the conclusion of each chapter, sample questions are provided for practise on the material covered in each chapter.

This open access book is a valuable resource for students in health and other professions and practicing professionals interested in supporting effective change in self-management behaviors in chronic disease, such as medication taking, physical activity and healthy eating.Developed under the auspices of the Train4Health project, funded by the Erasmus+ program of the European Union, the book contains six chapters written by international contributors from different disciplines. Chapter one introduces the competencies necessary for delivering effective behavior change support, based on an established program of work, and related learning outcomes. The four following chapters describe how these competencies can be acquired, focusing on concepts and theories, assessing self-management behaviors, implementing change strategies and person-centered communication, using a practical approach. The last chapter points out supplementary learning resources, developed as part of the Train4Health project.

This comprehensive text provides information on fundamental principles of clinical practice and how these can be implemented to provide excellent treatment to the patients. The triads of health care delivery include Physicians, Pharmacist and Nurses that have distinct roles and responsibilities of patient care. Effective pharmacy practice requires an understanding of the social context within which pharmacy is practiced, recognizing the particular needs and circumstances of the users of pharmaceutical services and of pharmacy's place within health service provision. This book presents a contemporary view of pharmacy practice research covering theories, methodologies, models and techniques that are applicable. The initial chapters describe the basics of pharmacy profession and what is the key role and responsibilities of Pharmacist in health care delivery. The central part of the book illustrates the community, hospital and ethics regarding drug formulation. The last chapters cover the therapeutic aspect of pharmacy and how these can be employed to improve patient's health care facilities.

Quick and comprehensive information on psychotropic drugs for adults. - Accurate and up-to-date- Comparison charts help decision-making- Icons and full color- Available in print and online- Downloadable patient info sheetsMore about this bookThe Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs has become a standard reference and working tool for psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other mental health professionals. - Independent, unbiased, up-to-date- Packed with unique, easy-to-read comparison charts and tables (dosages, side effects, pharmacokinetics, interactions for a quick overview of treatment options- Succinct, bulleted information on all classes of medication: on- and off-label indications, (US FDA, Health Canada), recommended dosages, US and Canadian trade names, side effects, interactions, pharmacodynamics, precautions in the young, the elderly, and pregnancy, nursing implications, and much more - all you need to know for each class of drug- Potential interactions and side effects summarized in comparison charts- With instantly recognizable icons and in full color throughout, allowing you to find at a glance all the information you seek- Clearly written patient information sheets available for download as printable PDF filesThis book is a must for everyone who needs an up-to-date, easy-to-use, comprehensive summary of all the most relevant information about psychotropic drugs. New in this edition- Neuroscience-based nomenclature - added to product availability tables- Antidepressants chapter includes new section on GABAA receptor positive modulator (brexanolone IV injection; trade name Zulresso); also covers Qelbree (viloxazine extended-release capsules), the first new ADHD medication approved by the FDA in over a decade; as well as updates to SSRI use in pregnancy and antidepressant augmentation strategies- Antipsychotics updates include revised dosing, especially adjustments in hepatic and renal impairment- Mood stabilisers chapter sections on lithium and anticonvulsants extensively revised- New formulations and trade names include: Adhansia XR (methylphenidate extended-release capsules), Caplyta(lumateperone), Dayvigo (lemborexant), Perseris (risperidone extended-release subcutaneous injection), Probuphine (buprenorphine subdermal implant), Propecia (finasteride tablets), Trelstar (triptorelin slow-release injection), Qelbree (viloxazine extended-release capsules)

A Anatomia Humana é a ciência da compreensão da estrutura e das partes dos organismos vivos. A fisiologia, por outro lado, lida com os mecanismos internos e os processos que trabalham para sustentar a vida. Estes podem incluir interacções bioquímicas e físicas entre vários factores e componentes do nosso corpo. A Fisiologia Humana é referida às funções físicas, mecânicas, e bioquímicas dos seres humanos. Isto liga a saúde, a medicina e a ciência de uma forma que estuda a forma como o corpo humano se familiariza com a actividade física, o stress, e as doenças. Estamos gratos à Editora Lambert Academic Publishing, União Europeia, e aos membros do pessoal pela sua cooperação na divulgação deste livro.

Osnownoj cel'ü dannogo issledowaniq qwlqetsq prigotowlenie lekarstwennyh ledencow dlq udobnogo wwedeniq dozy ambroxola HCL pediatricheskim pacientam. Jeti pacienty imeüt disfagiü, dlq takih pacientow udobny takie dozirowki. Jeti ledency okazywaüt mukoliticheskoe i mukokineticheskoe dejstwie. Razlichnye polimery, takie kak HPMC k100m, HPMC k4m, SCMC ispol'zuütsq dlq prodleniq wyswobozhdeniq lekarstwa do 30 minut. Takim obrazom, äkonomichnye ledency s medlennym wyswobozhdeniem ambroxola HCL w polosti rta qwlqütsq bezopasnoj i äffektiwnoj lekarstwennoj formoj dlq pediatrii i obladaüt luchshej biodostupnost'ü. Oblast' primeneniq dannogo issledowaniq: issledowanie in-vivo, korrelqciq in-vivo in-vitro, razrabotka razlichnyh receptur s ispol'zowaniem razlichnyh polimerow, kotorye prodlewaüt wyswobozhdenie lekarstwa, razrabotka razlichnyh receptur, soderzhaschih kombinaciü lekarstw, razrabotka receptur dlq lecheniq razlichnyh problem w pediatrii. Ledency qwlqütsq udobnoj formoj dozirowki dlq detej. Bol'shinstwo formul ambroxola HCL dostupny, no, razrabatywaq formulu, my mozhem uluchshit' stabil'nost' formuly, fixirowannuü dozirowku, powysit' komplaentnost' pacientow i biodostupnost' preparata.

Die Qualität eines aktiven pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffs (API) oder eines Arzneimittels für die Patientenversorgung hängt direkt von der Stabilität des Arzneimittels ab. Die ICH-Richtlinie Q1A (R2) zur Prüfung der Stabilität von Arzneimitteln schreibt vor, dass die Analyse von Stabilitätsproben mit Hilfe validierter stabilitätsindizierender Assay-Methoden (SIAMs) erfolgen sollte, mit denen sich zeitliche Veränderungen der chemischen, physikalischen oder mikrobiologischen Eigenschaften des Wirkstoffs und des Arzneimittels nachweisen lassen und die spezifisch sind, so dass der Gehalt an Wirkstoff, Abbauprodukten und anderen interessierenden Komponenten ohne Interferenzen genau gemessen werden kann. Ein proaktiver Ansatz bei der Entwicklung von SIAMs beinhaltet einen forcierten Abbau in den frühen Phasen der Entwicklung, wobei die wichtigsten Abbauproben im Prozess der Methodenentwicklung verwendet werden.

Die Wundheilung nach einer Hautverletzung ist ein natürliches Phänomen. Der natürlichen Heilung kann es an Qualität, Schnelligkeit und Ästhetik mangeln. Wundinfektionen sind einer der wichtigsten Faktoren, die die Heilung verzögern, wenn Mikroorganismen mit dem Immunsystem des Wirts konkurrieren und folglich lebensfähiges Gewebe angreifen. Die Förderung der Wundheilung war ein wichtiges Ziel vieler Arbeiten. Diese Studie befasste sich mit der Entwicklung eines neuen, leicht anzuwendenden In-situ-Gels aus Cephadroxil (Cepha), das mit Chitosan-Nanopartikeln und Kollagen beladen ist, um die Wundheilung zu fördern und bakterielle Infektionen zu verhindern. Die Formel stellt einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, um ein wirksames und dennoch kostengünstiges Wundheilungsgel zu entwickeln, das auf der antibakteriellen Aktivität von Cepha und Chitosan sowie der heilenden Wirkung von Kollagen beruht.

A cicatrização de feridas após lesões cutâneas é um fenómeno natural. A forma natural de cura pode carecer de qualidade, rapidez e estética. A infecção da ferida é um dos factores mais significativos que atrasam a cura quando os microrganismos competem com o sistema imunitário do hospedeiro e consequentemente atacam tecido viável. Promover a cura de feridas foi um objectivo importante de muitos trabalhos. Este estudo abordou o desenvolvimento de um novo gel de Cephadroxil (Cepha) de fácil aplicação in situ carregado com nanopartículas de quitosano e colagénio para promover a cicatrização de feridas e prevenir a infecção bacteriana. A fórmula apresenta uma abordagem promissora para alcançar um gel cicatrizante eficaz, mas barato, dependendo da actividade antibacteriana tanto da Cepha como da quitosana, para além da propriedade cicatrizante do colagénio.

Zazhiwlenie ran posle powrezhdeniq kozhi qwlqetsq estestwennym qwleniem. Estestwennomu sposobu zazhiwleniq mozhet ne hwatat' kachestwa, bystroty i ästetiki. Ranewaq infekciq qwlqetsq odnim iz naibolee znachimyh faktorow, zaderzhiwaüschih zazhiwlenie, kogda mikroorganizmy konkuriruüt s immunnoj sistemoj hozqina i, kak sledstwie, atakuüt zhiznesposobnye tkani. Sodejstwie zazhiwleniü ran bylo wazhnoj cel'ü mnogih rabot. Dannoe issledowanie poswqscheno razrabotke nowogo legko nanosimogo in situ gelq cefadroxila (Cepha), nagruzhennogo nanochasticami hitozana i kollagenom, dlq sodejstwiq zazhiwleniü ran i predotwrascheniq bakterial'noj infekcii. Dannaq formula predstawlqet soboj mnogoobeschaüschij podhod k sozdaniü äffektiwnogo, no deshewogo ranozazhiwlqüschego gelq, w osnowe kotorogo lezhit antibakterial'naq aktiwnost' Cepha i hitozana w dopolnenie k zazhiwlqüschim swojstwam kollagena.

La guarigione delle ferite in seguito a lesioni cutanee è un fenomeno naturale. La via naturale di guarigione può mancare di qualità, rapidità ed estetica. L'infezione della ferita è uno dei fattori più significativi che ritardano la guarigione quando i microrganismi competono con il sistema immunitario dell'ospite e di conseguenza attaccano il tessuto vitale. Promuovere la guarigione delle ferite è stato un obiettivo importante di molti lavori. Questo studio ha affrontato lo sviluppo di un nuovo gel in situ di Cefadroxil (Cepha) caricato con nanoparticelle di chitosano e collagene, di facile applicazione, per promuovere la guarigione delle ferite e prevenire le infezioni batteriche. La formula presenta un approccio promettente per ottenere un gel efficace ed economico per la guarigione delle ferite, che dipende dall'attività antibatterica del Cepha e del chitosano, oltre che dalla proprietà cicatrizzante del collagene.

This book focuses on the principles, methods, and interpretation involved in establishing the safety, risk, and hazard assessment of small molecules. It presents the regulatory requirements for risk and hazard identification as per the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, and the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH and Schedule 'Y', India. It serves as reference material for undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy degree students as well as senior researchers to learn about the principles, methods, and interpretations of systemic dosage (acute and repeated dose) and genotoxicity (in vitro and in vivo), special toxicological investigations such as reproductive and developmental toxicology, carcinogenicity, and toxicokinetics using animal models or in vitro methods, as applicable. This book is the first of its kind in providing information on the principles and methods of implementation of Good Laboratory Practice based on the guidelines of OECD. It includes detailed chapters about the regulatory requirements and guidelines in pharmaceutical products and agrochemicals. It also describes the infrastructure needed for preclinical studies, including in vivo and in vitro facilities.

O escalador Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) pertence à família Araceae que é conhecida como Anaittippilli n Tamil. Tanto quanto sabemos, os frutos da planta não foram estudados para farmacognosia, análise elementar inorgânica, análise de metais, avaliação fitoquímica preliminar em extractos sucessivos, potencial antioxidante antidiabético e in-vitro. Estes factos justificam o nosso interesse neste estudo. Os estudos macroscópicos, anatómicos e microscópicos em pó fornecem a base para uma maior identificação e autenticação dos frutos. Os resultados dos estudos físico-químicos e fluorescentes sobre os frutos podem desempenhar um papel significativo no estabelecimento das normas para os frutos. A planta tem constituintes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A parte inorgânica da planta medicinal contém principalmente elementos minerais como cálcio, cloreto, crómio, cobre, ferro, magnésio de chumbo, manganês, fósforo, potássio, selénio, sódio e zinco. Estes elementos minerais podem estar associados ao mecanismo de libertação de insulina e à sua actividade ou ao factor de tolerância à glicose. O rastreio fitoquímico preliminar de sucessivos extractos de fruta revela a presença de metabolitos secundários que podem ser responsáveis por formigas.

O maior desafio enfrentado pela entrega tópica é a natureza de barreira da própria pele que limita a Biodisponibilidade (BA) dos fármacos administrados topicamente. A entrega de fármacos através de portadores nano vesiculares é uma estratégia adequada para melhorar a BA. Abordagens recentes resultaram na concepção de novos portadores vesiculares deformáveis que podem penetrar através de camadas mais profundas da pele devido à sua elasticidade e nano tamanho. Estudos têm sugerido que a presença de activadores de borda como os surfactantes e o etanol desestabilizam as camadas lipídicas e aumentam a deformabilidade das vesículas, mas estes portadores têm certos inconvenientes como a irritação da pele. Com base nestas considerações, este livro fornece, portanto, um novo método para modificar os lipossomas, incorporando Glicerol como activador de borda. O objectivo do presente trabalho é conceber e desenvolver novas nanoestruturas vesiculares que superem as limitações dos sistemas vesiculares existentes e ofereçam valor potencial na entrega tópica de fármacos e cosméticos. A rodamina B é escolhida como um fármaco modelo.

La più grande sfida affrontata dalla somministrazione topica è la natura di barriera della pelle stessa, che limita la biodisponibilità (BA) dei farmaci somministrati per via topica. La somministrazione di farmaci attraverso vettori nano vescicolari è una strategia adatta a migliorare la BA. Recenti approcci hanno portato alla progettazione di nuovi vettori vescicolari deformabili che possono penetrare attraverso gli strati più profondi della pelle grazie alla loro elasticità e alle dimensioni nanometriche. Alcuni studi hanno suggerito che la presenza di attivatori dei bordi, come i tensioattivi e l'etanolo, destabilizzano i bilayer lipidici e aumentano la deformabilità delle vescicole, ma questi vettori presentano alcuni svantaggi, come l'irritazione cutanea. Sulla base di queste considerazioni, questo libro fornisce quindi un metodo innovativo per modificare i liposomi incorporando il glicerolo come attivatore dei bordi. Il glicerolo è stato scelto perché è ampiamente utilizzato nelle formulazioni topiche, per la presenza di gruppi idrossilici, per il noto effetto plastificante e per le buone proprietà solventi. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quello di progettare e sviluppare nuove nanostrutture vescicolari che superino i limiti dei sistemi vescicolari esistenti e offrano un potenziale valore nella somministrazione topica di farmaci e cosmetici. La rodamina B è stata scelta come farmaco modello.