Matematikkens fundament

Math Mammoth Grade 6-B worktext (Canadian version) is the second student book for sixth grade, and part of the Math Mammoth Grade 6 complete curriculum. This book contains chapters 6-10 of the curriculum.In chapter 6, we first review prime factorization, and then study the greatest common factor and the least common multiple.Chapter 7 first presents a thorough review of fraction operations from 5th grade (addition, subtraction, and multiplication). The topic of focus in the chapter is fraction division. Students also do some problem solving with fractions.In chapter 8, students are introduced to integers. They plot points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane and learn to add and subtract with negative numbers. Multiplication and division of integers are studied in 7th grade.In geometry (chapter 9), the focus is on the area of polygons. This is studied in a logical progression: first, the area of right triangles, then the area of parallelograms, then, the area of triangles, and lastly the area of polygons. We also review some topics from earlier grades (quadrilaterals, perimeter, basic drawing). Other major topics in this chapter are calculating surface area of some solids using nets, and volume of rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths.Lastly, in chapter 10, students study statistics. The focus idea is that of a statistical distribution. Students learn about measures of center and measures of variability, and how to summarize distributions using those. They learn how to make dot plots, histograms, boxplots, and stem-and-leaf plots.This curriculum is essentially the same as the U.S. version of Math Mammoth, only customized for the Canadian audience in these aspects:The curriculum uses the metric measurement units. Since Canadians do use imperial units, such as inches and pounds, in some contexts, the curriculum does mention them, but not often.The spelling conforms mostly to American English, taking into account a few key differences where Canadian English follows British English.Numbers are formatted with a space as a thousands separator, and a point as a decimal separator.Page (paper) size is Letter.The US version of the curriculum is aligned to the Common Core Standards, which means this curriculum may not be properly aligned to the sixth grade standards in any Canadian province. However, you can probably find material for any missing topics in the neighbouring grade levels of Math Mammoth materials.Available separately, Math Mammoth Grade 6-A worktext covers the first half of 6th grade math. Also available are the answer keys and a book containing cumulative reviews and chapter tests.

The Journal of Applied Logics - IfCoLog Journal of Logics and their Applications (FLAP) covers all areas of pure and applied logic, broadly construed. All papers published are free open access, and available via the College Publications website. This Journal is open access, puts no limit on the number of pages of any article, puts no limit on the number of papers in an issue and puts no limit on the number of issues per year. We insist only on a very high academic standard, and will publish issues as they come.

This book includes answers for Math Mammoth Grade 3-A and 3-B student worktexts (Canadian version), for all of the chapter tests, and for the cumulative reviews. The other parts of the curriculum may be purchased separately at Lulu.

Math Mammoth Grade 3 Tests and Cumulative Reviews (Canadian Version) contains the chapter tests, end-of-year test, and cumulative revision worksheets for Math Mammoth grade 3 curriculum. It does not contain answers; the answer key book may be purchased separately at Lulu.

Math Mammoth Grade 3-B Worktext (Canadian version) is the student book for the second half of third grade math. In this part B, the main areas of study are: place value (4-digit numbers)the concept of division and basic division facts; geometry (area and perimeter); measurement; fractions. The curriculum is essentially the same as the U.S. version of Math Mammoth Grade 3, only customized for the Canadian audience in these aspects:The curriculum teaches the metric measurement units. Imperial units, such as inches and pounds, are not used.The spelling conforms mostly to American English, taking into account a few key differences where Canadian English follows British English.Numbers are formatted with a space as a thousands separator, and a point as a decimal separator.Page (paper) size is Letter.FeaturesMath Mammoth focuses on conceptual understanding. It explains the "WHY", so your children can understand the math, not just learn "HOW" to do it.Concepts are often explained with visual models, followed by exercises using those models. These visual models can take the place of manipulatives for many children; however, it is very easy to add corresponding manipulatives to the lessons if so desired.The curriculum is mastery-oriented. This means it concentrates fairly long on a topic, delving into its various aspects. This promotes conceptual understanding, as opposed to spiral curricula that often tend to jump from topic to topic too much.There is a strong emphasis on mental math and number sense.It requires very little teacher preparation, which is a big help to most parents. The curriculum has no separate teacher's manual nor is it scripted. The introduction to each chapter has some notes for the teacher concerning the material in the chapter. All the instruction is written directly to the student in the worktext, and there also exist accompanying videos where you can see Maria herself teach the material.After each chapter introduction, you will find a list of Internet links and resources (games, quizzes, animations, etc.) that can be used for fun, illustrations and further practice.For multiplication tables and division facts, you can use our online practice program (free).A companion to this book, Math Mammoth Grade 3-A worktext, covers the first half of 3rd grade math (available separately).

Math Mammoth Grade 3-A worktext (Light Blue Series) is the student book for the first half of third grade math. In this part A, the main areas of study are: addition and subtraction within 1,000 (including mental math); the concept of multiplication; the multiplication tables; telling time and working with time intervals; counting coins and solving problems related to money.FeaturesMath Mammoth focuses on conceptual understanding. It explains the "WHY", so your children can understand the math, not just learn "HOW" to do it.Concepts are often explained with visual models, followed by exercises using those models. These visual models can take the place of manipulatives for many children; however, it is very easy to add corresponding manipulatives to the lessons if so desired.The curriculum is mastery-oriented. This means it concentrates fairly long on a topic, delving into its various aspects. This promotes conceptual understanding, as opposed to spiral curricula that often tend to jump from topic to topic too much.There is a strong emphasis on mental math and number sense.It requires very little teacher preparation, which is a big help to most parents. The curriculum has no separate teacher's manual nor is it scripted. The introduction to each chapter has some notes for the teacher concerning the material in the chapter. All the instruction is written directly to the student in the worktext, and there also exist accompanying videos where you can see Maria herself teach the material.After each chapter introduction, you will find a list of Internet links and resources (games, quizzes, animations, etc.) that can be used for fun, illustrations and further practice.For multiplication tables and division facts, you can use our online practice program (free).This curriculum is essentially the same as the U.S. version of Math Mammoth Grade 3, only customized for the Canadian audience in these aspects:The curriculum teaches the metric measurement units. Imperial units, such as inches and pounds, are not used.The spelling conforms mostly to American English, taking into account a few key differences where Canadian English follows British English.Numbers are formatted with a space as a thousands separator, and a point as a decimal separator.The currency used in the chapter on money is the Canadian dollar.Page (paper) size is Letter.

CSP-Rules is a generic pattern-based (or rule-based) solver of finite binary Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs). This software is available on GitHub and it includes fully developed applications to various logic puzzles such as Sudoku, Latin Squares (allowing their Pandiagonal variant), Futoshiki, Kakuro, Numbrix, Hidato, Slitherlink and Map Colouring.CSP-Rules produces not only the solution to a CSP (as all the existing CSP solvers) but also a full "resolution path", i.e. a detailed justification for each step; this is a full mathematical proof of the solution. CSP-Rules and the present book are closely related to the author's book "Pattern Based Constraint Satisfaction and Logic Puzzles", where the fundamental theory underlying the approach is presented.This book includes an extended version of the original "Basic User Manual". But it also introduces new powerful generic rules (OR-chains) for taking advantage of almost-contradictory patterns. In particular, it applies these chains to the analysis of a newly discovered pattern (tridagon) and to the classification of a large database of extreme Sudoku puzzles that have it. It also adds the analyses of 630 impossible patterns and explains how to deal with such a large number of patterns. It shows that a handful of them provide almost the same resolution power as the full set. The long final two chapters are written as research notebooks on these very advanced topics.

This book is dedicated to V.A. Yankov's seminal contributions to the theory of propositional logics. His papers, published in the 1960s, are highly cited even today. The Yankov characteristic formulas have become a very useful tool in propositional, modal and algebraic logic.The papers contributed to this book provide the new results on different generalizations and applications of characteristic formulas in propositional, modal and algebraic logics. In particular, an exposition of Yankov's results and their applications in algebraic logic, the theory of admissible rules and refutation systems is included in the book. In addition, the reader can find the studies on splitting and join-splitting in intermediate propositional logics that are based on Yankov-type formulas which are closely related to canonical formulas, and the study of properties of predicate extensions of non-classical propositional logics.The book also contains an exposition of Yankov's revolutionary approach to constructive proof theory. The editors also include Yankov's contributions to history and philosophy of mathematics and foundations of mathematics, as well as an examination of his original interpretation of history of Greek philosophy and mathematics.

Originally published in 1748, this comprehensive treatise on logic was designed to be a primer for young scholars entering the fields of philosophy and mathematics. With its clear and concise explanations of the principles of reasoning and argumentation, 'The Elements of Logic' remains a valuable resource for anyone seeking to enhance their critical thinking skills.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This classic text, written by philosopher and mathematician William Thomson, presents a systematic exposition of the laws of thought and their role in science, logic, and philosophy. The book is still widely used in philosophy and mathematics courses today.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This book gives a comprehensive introduction to Universal Algebraic Logic. The three main themes are (i) universal logic and the question of what logic is, (ii) duality theories between the world of logics and the world of algebra, and (iii) Tarskian algebraic logic proper including algebras of relations of various ranks, cylindric algebras, relation algebras, polyadic algebras and other kinds of algebras of logic. One of the strengths of our approach is that it is directly applicable to a wide range of logics including not only propositional logics but also e.g. classical first order logic and other quantifier logics. Following the Tarskian tradition, besides the connections between logic and algebra, related logical connections with geometry and eventually spacetime geometry leading up to relativity are also part of the perspective of the book. Besides Tarskian algebraizations of logics, category theoretical perspectives are also touched upon. This book, apart from being a monograph containing state of the art results in algebraic logic, can be used as the basis for a number of different courses intended for both novices and more experienced students of logic, mathematics, or philosophy. For instance, the first two chapters can be used in their own right as a crash course in Universal Algebra.

¿Einsatzfertige Lerneinheiten vermitteln fundamentale mathematische Techniken, die weit über die Oberstufe hinaus von Bedeutung sind. Die Lerninhalte eignen sich auch zur gezielten Vorbereitung auf Mathematikwettbewerbe. Schwerpunkte bilden Stochastik und trigonometrische Funktionen. Es wird mit Erwartungswerten gerechnet, in die Spieltheorie eingeführt, und es werden der Sinussatz und Additionstheoreme für Sinus und Cosinus behandelt. Hinzu kommen Exkurse in die Aussagenlogik und die Graphentheorie. Die Schüler*innen führen Beweise in unterschiedlichen Gebieten. Die Aufgaben fördern die mathematische Denkfähigkeit, Phantasie und Kreativität.

Philosophie der Mathematik und mathematische Philosophie sind Gegenstand des Buches. Das Buch beinhaltet philosophische Gedanken zu mathematischen Inhalten aber auch zur Mathematik selbst. Darüber hinaus geht es um mathematische und logische Denkweisen in der Philosophie. Die Mathematik hilft uns, die veränderliche Welt zu beschreiben. Sie liefert die mathematischen Gesetze der Naturgesetze; ihre Gegenstände sind selber zeitlose, unveränderliche Gegenstände, konstante Ideen, wie z. B. Kreis und Dreieck in der Geometrie. Mathematische und logische Denkweisen können helfen, philosophische Begriffe scharf einzugrenzen und philosophische Themen strenger zu strukturieren. Zwischen Mathematik und Philosophie gibt es Berührpunkte. Was haben beide, Mathematik und Philosophie, gemeinsam? Ein gemeinsamer Anteil ist der logische Anspruch. Wo befinden sich die Unterschiede? Gibt es methodische Unterschiede zwischen einer mathematischen und einer philosophischen Arbeitsweise? Das kann man hier erfahren.Das vorliegende Buch soll mathematisch Interessierte und philosophisch Interessierte anregen. Es ist einerseits ein Versuch einer Philosophie der Mathematik, die dem Mathematiker Anregung geben soll für philosophische Gedankengänge, andererseits soll das Buch aber auch den Philosophen anregen, die mathematischen Methoden und Schönheiten der Mathematik näher kennen zu lernen und schätzen zu lernen. Damit soll insgesamt auch auf eine Schnittstelle und Schnittmenge zwischen Mathematik und Philosophie aufmerksam gemacht werden.Buchbesprechung von: www.literaturmarkt.infoPhilosophie der Mathematik und Logik: Sachliteratur mit großem Wissensmehrwert [...] Endlich wagt es jemand, (wissenschaftliche) Grenzen zu überschreiten. Man wirft einen Blick weit über den bekannten Tellerrand hinaus. [...] Schade, dass dieses Werk noch nicht Standard an Deutschlands Schulen ist. Es könnte nämlich den Matheunterricht um einiges aufregender machen. Gobrecht eröffnet eine neue Möglichkeit von einer "Philosophie der Mathematik". Hut ab für diese Glanzleistung!Mai 2018

In this two-volume compilation of articles, leading researchers reevaluate the success of Hilbert's axiomatic method, which not only laid the foundations for our understanding of modern mathematics, but also found applications in physics, computer science and elsewhere.The title takes its name from David Hilbert's seminal talk Axiomatisches Denken, given at a meeting of the Swiss Mathematical Society in Zurich in 1917. This marked the beginning of Hilbert's return to his foundational studies, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of proof theory as a new branch in the emerging field of mathematical logic. Hilbert also used the opportunity to bring Paul Bernays back to Gottingen as his main collaborator in foundational studies in the years to come.The contributions are addressed to mathematical and philosophical logicians, but also to philosophers of science as well as physicists and computer scientists with an interest in foundations.Chapter 8 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book includes answers for the Math Mammoth Grade 4-A and 4-B student worktexts (Canadian version), for all the chapter tests, for the end-of-year test, and for the cumulative review lessons in Math Mammoth Grade 4 curriculum (Canadian version).

Math Mammoth Grade 4 Tests and Cumulative Revisions (Canadian version) contains the end-of-chapter tests, end-of-year test, and cumulative review lessons for Math Mammoth grade 4 curriculum. Note: this book does not contain answers. The answer key book for grade 4 may be purchased separately.

Math Mammoth Grade 4-B worktext (Canadian version) is the student worktext for the latter half of the 4th grade math, and part of Math Mammoth complete curriculum for fourth grade. The book starts out with the topic of division. The focus is on learning long division and using division in word problems.In the geometry chapter, students first revise area and perimeter, and then concentrate on the topic of angles. Students measure and draw angles, solve simple angle problems and classify triangles according to their angles. They also study parallel and perpendicular lines.Fractions and decimals are presented last in the school year. These two chapters practise only some of the basic operations with fractions and decimals. The focus is still on conceptual understanding and on building a good foundation towards 5th grade math, where fractions and decimals will be in focus. FeaturesMath Mammoth focuses on conceptual understanding. It explains the "WHY", so your children can understand the math, not just learn "HOW" to do it.The curriculum is mastery-oriented. This means it concentrates fairly long on a topic, delving into its various aspects. This promotes conceptual understanding, as opposed to spiral curricula that often tend to jump from topic to topic too much.There is a strong emphasis on mental math and number sense.It requires very little teacher preparation, which is a big help to most parents. :) The curriculum has no separate teacher's manual nor is it scripted. The introduction to each chapter has some notes for the teacher concerning the material in the chapter. All the instruction is written directly to the student.

Math Mammoth Grade 4-A worktext (Canadian version) is the student worktext for the first half of the 4th grade math, and part of Math Mammoth complete curriculum for fourth grade. This book starts out with a review of addition and subtraction, patterns, and graphs. We illustrate word problems with bar diagrams and study finding missing addends, which teaches algebraic thinking. Children also learn addition and subtraction terminology, the order of operations, and statistical graphs.Next come large numbers-up to millions, and the place value concept. At first the student reviews thousands and some mental math with them. Next are presented numbers up to one million, calculations with them, the concept of place value and comparing. In the end of the chapter we find out more about millions and an introduction to multiples of 10, 100, and 1000. The third chapter is all about multiplication. After briefly reviewing the concept and the times tables, the focus is on learning multi-digit multiplication (multiplication algorithm). The children also learn why it works when they multiply in parts. We also study the order of operations again, touch on proportional reasoning, and do more money and change related word problems.The last chapter in the 4-A worktext is about time, temperature, length, weight, and volume. Students will learn to solve more complex problems using various measuring units and to convert between measuring units. FeaturesMath Mammoth focuses on conceptual understanding. It explains the "WHY", so your children can understand the math, not just learn "HOW" to do it.The curriculum is mastery-oriented. This means it concentrates fairly long on a topic, delving into its various aspects. This promotes conceptual understanding, as opposed to spiral curricula that often tend to jump from topic to topic too much.There is a strong emphasis on mental math and number sense.It requires very little teacher preparation, which is a big help to most parents. :)The curriculum has no separate teacher's manual nor is it scripted. The introduction to each chapter has some notes for the teacher concerning the material in the chapter. All the instruction is written directly to the student.

He [Kronecker] was, in fact, attempting to describe and to initiate a new branch of mathematics, which would contain both number theory and alge- braic geometry as special cases.-Andre Weil [62] This book is about mathematics, not the history or philosophy of mathemat- ics. Still, history and philosophy were prominent among my motives for writing it, and historical and philosophical issues will be major factors in determining whether it wins acceptance. Most mathematicians prefer constructive methods. Given two proofs of the same statement, one constructive and the other not, most will prefer the constructive proof. The real philosophical disagreement over the role of con- structions in mathematics is between those-the majority-who believe that to exclude from mathematics all statements that cannot be proved construc- tively would omit far too much, and those of us who believe, on the contrary, that the most interesting parts of mathematics can be dealt with construc- tively, and that the greater rigor and precision of mathematics done in that way adds immensely to its value.

Math Mammoth Grade 5 Tests and Cumulative Reviews (Canadian Version ) contains the chapter tests, end-of-year test, and cumulative review worksheets for Math Mammoth grade 5 curriculum. It does not contain answers; the answer key book may be purchased separately.

Math Mammoth Grade 5-B Worktext is the student book for the second half of grade 5, and part of the Math Mammoth Grade 5 complete curriculum. This is the Canadian version, which means the book uses mostly metric units, is formatted to letter size, and large numbers are formatted with a space (e.g. 214 000). However, keep in mind that the "Grade 5" refers to the U.S. grade 5, and corresponds roughly to Canadian school system's year 6. The main areas of study in this Grade 5-B worktext are operations with decimals, fraction arithmetic (all operations with fractions), and geometry (review of angles, area, and perimeter; drawing circles; classifying triangles & quadrilaterals; volume of rectangular prisms). In chapter 5 we study graphing in the coordinate grid, line graphs, and average. Today's world has become increasingly complex with lots of data presented in the media, so our children need a good grasp of statistical graphs to be able to make sense of all of that information. Chapter 6 continues our study of decimals. The focus is on multiplying decimals by decimals, dividing decimals by decimals and conversions between measuring units. Chapter 7 covers the addition and subtraction of fractions - another topic of focus for 5th grade, besides decimals. The most difficult topic of this chapter is adding and subtracting unlike fractions, which is done by first converting them to equivalent fractions with a common denominator. In chapter 8, we study the multiplication and division of fractions from various angles. Chapter 9 takes us to geometry, starting with a review of angles and polygons. From there, students will learn to draw circles, to classify triangles and quadrilaterals, and the concept of volume in the context of right rectangular prisms (boxes). Please note this is the student worktext and does not contain the answers. The answer key book is available separately.

The New Mathematical Coloring Book (TNMCB) includes striking results of the past 15-year renaissance that produced new approaches, advances, and solutions to problems from the first edition. A large part of the new edition ¿Ask what your computer can do for you,¿ presents the recent breakthrough by Aubrey de Grey and works by Marijn Heule, Jaan Parts, Geoffrey Exoo, and Dan Ismailescu. TNMCB introduces new open problems and conjectures that will pave the way to the future keeping the book in the center of the field. TNMCB presents mathematics of coloring as an evolution of ideas, with biographies of their creators and historical setting of the world around them, and the world around us.A new thing in the world at the time, TMCB I is now joined by a colossal sibling containing more than twice as much of what only Alexander Soifer can deliver: an interweaving of mathematics with history and biography, well-seasoned with controversy and opinion. ¿Peter D. Johnson, Jr.Auburn UniversityLike TMCB I, TMCB II is a unique combination of Mathematics, History, and Biography written by a skilled journalist who has been intimately involved with the story for the last half-century. ¿The nature of the subject makes much of the material accessible to students, but also of interest to working Mathematicians. ¿ In addition to learning some wonderful Mathematics, students will learn to appreciate the influences of Paul Erd¿s, Ron Graham, and others.¿Geoffrey ExooIndiana State UniversityThe beautiful and unique Mathematical coloring book of Alexander Soifer is another case of ¿good mathematics¿, containing a lot of similar examples (it is not by chance that Szemerédi¿s Theorem story is included as well) and presenting mathematics as both a science and an art¿¿Peter MihókMathematical Reviews, MathSciNetA postman came to the door with a copy of the masterpiece of the century. I thank you and the mathematics community should thank you for years to come. You have set a standard for writing about mathematics and mathematicians that will be hard to match.¿ Harold W. KuhnPrinceton UniversityI have never encountered a book of this kind. The best description of it I can give is that it is a mystery novel¿ I found it hard to stop reading before I finished (in two days) the whole text. Soifer engages the reader's attention not only mathematically, but emotionally and esthetically. May you enjoy the book as much as I did!¿ Branko GrünbaumUniversity of WashingtonI am in absolute awe of your 2008 book.¿Aubrey D.N.J. de GreyLEV Foundation