Algebraisk topologi

A-infinity structure was introduced by Stasheff in the 1960s in his homotopy characterization of based loop space, which was the culmination of earlier works of Sugawara's homotopy characterization of H-spaces and loop spaces. At the beginning of the 1990s, a similar structure was introduced by Fukaya in his categorification of Floer homology in symplectic topology. This structure plays a fundamental role in the celebrated homological mirror symmetry proposal by Kontsevich and in more recent developments of symplectic topology.A detailed construction of A-infinity algebra structure attached to a closed Lagrangian submanifold is given in Fukaya, Oh, Ohta, and Ono's two-volume monograph Lagrangian Intersection Floer Theory (AMS-IP series 46 I & II), using the theory of Kuranishi structures¿a theory that has been regarded as being not easily accessible to researchers in general. The present lecture note is provided by one of the main contributors to the Lagrangian Floer theory and is intended to provide a quick, reader-friendly explanation of the geometric part of the construction. Discussion of the Kuranishi structures is minimized, with more focus on the calculations and applications emphasizing the relevant homological algebra in the filtered context.The book starts with a quick explanation of Stasheff polytopes and their two realizations¿one by the rooted metric ribbon trees and the other by the genus-zero moduli space of open Riemann surfaces¿and an explanation of the A-infinity structure on the motivating example of the based loop space. It then provides a description of the moduli space of genus-zero bordered stable maps and continues with the construction of the (curved) A-infinity structure and its canonical models. Included in the explanation are the (LandaüGinzburg) potential functions associated with compact Lagrangian submanifolds constructed by Fukaya, Oh, Ohta, and Ono. The book explains calculations of potential functions for toric fibers in detail and reviews several explicit calculations in the literature of potential functions with bulk as well as their applications to problems in symplectic topology via the critical point theory thereof. In the Appendix, the book also provides rapid summaries of various background materials such as the stable map topology, Kuranishi structures, and orbifold Lagrangian Floer theory.

Abstract algebra is the study of algebraic structures like groups, rings and fields. This book provides an account of the theoretical foundations including applications to Galois Theory, Algebraic Geometry and Representation Theory. It implements the pedagogic approach to conveying algebra from the perspective of rings. The 3 rd edition provides a revised and extended versions of the chapters on Algebraic Cryptography and Geometric Group Theory.

Over the course of his distinguished career, Claude Viterbo has made a number of groundbreaking contributions in the development of symplectic geometry/topology and Hamiltonian dynamics.  The chapters in this volume - compiled on the occasion of his 60th birthday - are written by distinguished mathematicians and pay tribute to his many significant and lasting achievements. 

This book gives an intuitive and hands-on introduction to Topological Data Analysis (TDA). Covering a wide range of topics at levels of sophistication varying from elementary (matrix algebra) to esoteric (Grothendieck spectral sequence), it offers a mirror of data science aimed at a general mathematical audience. The required algebraic background is developed in detail. The first third of the book reviews several core areas of mathematics, beginning with basic linear algebra and applications to data fitting and web search algorithms, followed by quick primers on algebra and topology. The middle third introduces algebraic topology, along with applications to sensor networks and voter ranking. The last third covers key contemporary tools in TDA: persistent and multiparameter persistent homology. Also included is a user's guide to derived functors and spectral sequences (useful but somewhat technical tools which have recently found applications in TDA), and an appendix illustrating a number of software packages used in the field.  Based on a course given as part of a masters degree in statistics, the book is appropriate for graduate students.

Schemes in algebraic geometry can have singular points, whereas differential geometers typically focus on manifolds which are nonsingular. However, there is a class of schemes, 'C¿-schemes', which allow differential geometers to study a huge range of singular spaces, including 'infinitesimals' and infinite-dimensional spaces. These are applied in synthetic differential geometry, and derived differential geometry, the study of 'derived manifolds'. Differential geometers also study manifolds with corners. The cube is a 3-dimensional manifold with corners, with boundary the six square faces. This book introduces 'C¿-schemes with corners', singular spaces in differential geometry with good notions of boundary and corners. They can be used to define 'derived manifolds with corners' and 'derived orbifolds with corners'. These have applications to major areas of symplectic geometry involving moduli spaces of J-holomorphic curves. This work will be a welcome source of information and inspiration for graduate students and researchers working in differential or algebraic geometry.

"This text provides a unique overview of the Maurer-Cartan methods in algebra, geometry, topology, and mathematical physics, offering a new conceptual treatment of the twisting procedure. It includes many motivating examples to render the theory accessible to graduate students, as well as a survey of recent applications"--

Many-Sorted Algebras for Deep Learning and Quantum Technology presents a precise and rigorousdescription of basic concepts in quantum technologies and how they relate to deep learning and quantum theory. Current merging of quantum theory and deep learning techniques provides the need for a source that gives readers insights into the algebraic underpinnings of these disciplines. Although analytical, topological, probabilistic, as well as geometrical concepts are employed in many of these areas, algebra exhibits the principal thread; hence, this thread is exposed using many-sorted algebras. This book includes hundreds of well-designed examples that illustrate the intriguing concepts in quantum systems. Along with these examples are numerous visual displays. In particular, the polyadic graph shows the types or sorts of objects used in quantum or deep learning. It also illustrates all the inter and intra-sort operations needed in describing algebras. In brief, it provides the closure conditions. Throughout the book, all laws or equational identities needed in specifying an algebraic structure are precisely described.

This second volume of Research in Computational Topology is a celebration and promotion of research by women in applied and computational topology, containing the proceedings of the second workshop for Women in Computational Topology (WinCompTop) as well as papers solicited from the broader WinCompTop community. The multidisciplinary and international WinCompTop workshop provided an exciting and unique opportunity for women in diverse locations and research specializations to interact extensively and collectively contribute to new and active research directions in the field. The prestigious senior researchers that signed on to head projects at the workshop are global leaders in the discipline, and two of them were authors on some of the first papers in the field. Some of the featured topics include topological data analysis of power law structure in neural data; a nerve theorem for directional graph covers; topological or homotopical invariants for directed graphs encoding connections among a network of neurons; and the issue of approximation of objects by digital grids, including precise relations between the persistent homology of dual cubical complexes.

CoPart 3 is a dual complement to Visual Category Theory Brick by Brick Part 3. It covers adjoint functors, diagram shapes and categories, cones and cocones, limits and colimits, pullbacks, pushouts.

This monograph provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory of complex normal surface singularities, with a special emphasis on connections to low-dimensional topology. In this way, it unites the analytic approach with the more recent topological one, combining their tools and methods.In the first chapters, the book sets out the foundations of the theory of normal surface singularities. This includes a comprehensive presentation of the properties of the link (as an oriented 3-manifold) and of the invariants associated with a resolution, combined with the structure and special properties of the line bundles defined on a resolution. A recurring theme is the comparison of analytic and topological invariants. For example, the Poincare series of the divisorial filtration is compared to a topological zeta function associated with the resolution graph, and the sheaf cohomologies of the line bundles are compared to the Seiberg-Witten invariants of the link. Equivariant Ehrhart theory is introduced to establish surgery-additivity formulae of these invariants, as well as for the regularization procedures of multivariable series.In addition to recent research, the book also provides expositions of more classical subjects such as the classification of plane and cuspidal curves, Milnor fibrations and smoothing invariants, the local divisor class group, and the Hilbert-Samuel function. It contains a large number of examples of key families of germs: rational, elliptic, weighted homogeneous, superisolated and splice-quotient. It provides concrete computations of the topological invariants of their links (Casson(-Walker) and Seiberg-Witten invariants, Turaev torsion) and of the analytic invariants (geometric genus, Hilbert function of the divisorial filtration, and the analytic semigroup associated with the resolution). The book culminates in a discussion of the topological and analytic lattice cohomologies (as categorifications of the Seiberg-Witten invariant and of the geometric genus respectively) and of the graded roots. Several open problems and conjectures are also formulated.Normal Surface Singularities provides researchers in algebraic and differential geometry, singularity theory, complex analysis, and low-dimensional topology with an invaluable reference on this rich topic, offering a unified presentation of the major results and approaches.

This primer on mathematics formalisation provides a rapid, hands-on introduction to proof verification in Lean.After a quick introduction to Lean, the basic techniques of human-readable formalisation are introduced, illustrated by simple examples on maps, induction and real numbers. Subsequently, typical design options are discussed and brought to life through worked examples in the setting of simplicial complexes (a higher-dimensional generalisation of graph theory). Finally, the book demonstrates how current research in algebraic and geometric topology can be formalised by means of suitable abstraction layers.Informed by the author's recent teaching and research experience, this book allows students and researchers to quickly get started with formalising and checking their proofs. The core material of the book is accessible to mathematics students with basic programming skills. For the final chapter, familiarity with elementary category theory and algebraic topology is recommended.

The book addresses a key question in topological field theory and logarithmic conformal field theory: In the case where the underlying modular category is not semisimple, topological field theory appears to suggest that mapping class groups do not only act on the spaces of chiral conformal blocks, which arise from the homomorphism functors in the category, but also act on the spaces that arise from the corresponding derived functors. It is natural to ask whether this is indeed the case. The book carefully approaches this question by first providing a detailed introduction to surfaces and their mapping class groups. Thereafter, it explains how representations of these groups are constructed in topological field theory, using an approach via nets and ribbon graphs. These tools are then used to show that the mapping class groups indeed act on the so-called derived block spaces. Toward the end, the book explains the relation to Hochschild cohomology of Hopf algebras and the modular group.

This volume provides a unified and accessible account of recent developments regarding the real homotopy type of configuration spaces of manifolds.  Configuration spaces consist of collections of pairwise distinct points in a given manifold, the study of which is a classical topic in algebraic topology. One of this theory's most important questions concerns homotopy invariance: if a manifold can be continuously deformed into another one, then can the configuration spaces of the first manifold be continuously deformed into the configuration spaces of the second? This conjecture remains open for simply connected closed manifolds. Here, it is proved in characteristic zero (i.e. restricted to algebrotopological invariants with real coefficients), using ideas from the theory of operads. A generalization to manifolds with boundary is then considered. Based on the work of Campos, Ducoulombier, Lambrechts, Willwacher, and the author, the book covers a vast array of topics, including rational homotopy theory, compactifications, PA forms, propagators, Kontsevich integrals, and graph complexes, and will be of interest to a wide audience.

This book is primarily concerned with the study of cohomology theories of general topological spaces with "e;general coefficient systems. "e; Sheaves play several roles in this study. For example, they provide a suitable notion of "e;general coefficient systems. "e; Moreover, they furnish us with a common method of defining various cohomology theories and of comparison between different cohomology theories. The parts of the theory of sheaves covered here are those areas impor- tant to algebraic topology. Sheaf theory is also important in other fields of mathematics, notably algebraic geometry, but that is outside the scope of the present book. Thus a more descriptive title for this book might have been Algebraic Topology from the Point of View of Sheaf Theory. Several innovations will be found in this book. Notably, the con- cept of the "e;tautness"e; of a subspace (an adaptation of an analogous no- tion of Spanier to sheaf-theoretic cohomology) is introduced and exploited throughout the book. The fact that sheaf-theoretic cohomology satisfies 1 the homotopy property is proved for general topological spaces. Also, relative cohomology is introduced into sheaf theory. Concerning relative cohomology, it should be noted that sheaf-theoretic cohomology is usually considered as a "e;single space"e; theory.

Categories for the Working Mathematician provides an array of general ideas useful in a wide variety of fields. Starting from the foundations, this book illuminates the concepts of category, functor, natural transformation, and duality. The book then turns to adjoint functors, which provide a description of universal constructions, an analysis of the representations of functors by sets of morphisms, and a means of manipulating direct and inverse limits. These categorical concepts are extensively illustrated in the remaining chapters, which include many applications of the basic existence theorem for adjoint functors. The categories of algebraic systems are constructed from certain adjoint-like data and characterized by Beck's theorem. After considering a variety of applications, the book continues with the construction and exploitation of Kan extensions. This second edition includes a number of revisions and additions, including two new chapters on topics of active interest. One is on symmetric monoidal categories and braided monoidal categories and the coherence theorems for them. The second describes 2-categories and the higher dimensional categories which have recently come into prominence. The bibliography has also been expanded to cover some of the many other recent advances concerning categories.

The many diverse articles presented in these three volumes, collected on the occasion of Alexander Grothendieck's sixtieth birthday and originally published in 1990, were offered as a tribute to one of the world's greatest living mathematicians. Grothendieck changed the very way we think about many branches of mathematics. Many of his ideas, revolutionary when introduced, now seem so natural as to have been inevitable. Indeed, it is difficult to fully grasp the influence his vast contributions to modern mathematics have subsequently had on new generations of mathematicians.Many of the groundbreaking contributions in these volumes contain material that is now considered foundational to the subject. Topics addressed by these top-notch contributors match the breadth of Grothendieck's own interests, including: functional analysis, algebraic geometry, algebraic topology, number theory, representation theory, K-theory, category theory, and homological algebra.CONTRIBUTORS to Volume II: P. Cartier; C. Contou-Carrère; P. Deligne; T. Ekedahl; G. Faltings; J.-M. Fontaine; H. Hamm; Y. Ihara; L. Illusie; M. Kashiwara; V.A. Kolyvagin; R. Langlands; Lé D.T.; D. Shelstad; and A. Voros.

* Contains research and survey articles by well known and respected mathematicians on recent developments and research trends in differential geometry and topology* Dedicated in honor of Lieven Vanhecke, as a tribute to his many fruitful and inspiring contributions to these fields* Papers include all necessary introductory and contextual material to appeal to non-specialists, as well as researchers and differential geometers