Nanovidenskaber

Advanced Nanomaterial Engineering by Dr. Dustin Grover is a comprehensive guide that explores the fascinating field of nanomaterial engineering, covering topics such as the fundamentals of nanomaterials, characterization techniques, and their applications in electronics, energy, biomedicine, and the environment. With a focus on cutting-edge research and future trends, this book is an essential resource for engineers, scientists, and anyone interested in the exciting world of nanotechnology.

Embark on a journey at the forefront of scientific innovation with "Nanoniotechnology," a compelling exploration of the intersection between nanotechnology and biology. This groundbreaking book unravels the intricacies of nanobiotechnology, where biological and biochemical applications merge with the revolutionary advancements of nanotechnology. Through a meticulous and systematic approach, readers are introduced to a wide array of topics, ranging from the fundamentals of biomaterials science to the intricate fabrication and characterization of nanostructures. "Nanoniotechnology" delves into specialized areas such as nanomedicine, novel drug delivery systems, and the profound impacts of nanotechnology on health and the environment. With its accessible format and comprehensive coverage, this book serves as an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and educators across diverse scientific disciplines. Whether delving into the nuances of nano-bio interfaces or exploring the strategic marketing of nanotechnology, "Nanoniotechnology" promises to inspire curiosity and ignite the imagination. Join the quest for knowledge and innovation, and discover the transformative potential of nanoniotechnology in shaping the future of science and technology.

This book highlights recent developments related to fabrication and utilization of nanoparticle-engineered metal matrices and their composites linked to the heavy industries, temperature fasteners, high-pressure vessels, and heavy turbines, etc. The mechanical properties of newly developed metallic composites are discussed in terms of tensile modulus, hardness, ductility, crack propagation, elongation, and chemical inertness. This book presents the design, development, and implementation of state-of-the-art methods linked to nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites for a wide variety of applications. Therefore, in a nutshell, this book provides a unique platform for researchers and professionals in the area of nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites.

The chemical elements oxygen (0), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po), belonging to group 16 of the periodic table, are called chalcogens. Chalcogenides are a class of chemical compounds consisting of at least one chalcogen anion and an electropositive element. When the electropositive element is a metal, it is called a 'metal chalcogenide.' Generally, the term chalcogenide is used to address sulfides, selenides, and tellurides rather than oxides and polonium compounds because of the strong non-metallic properties of oxygen and the strong metallic qualities of polonium. Due to the ability of the chalcogen to catenate and bind to numerous metal centers, various metal chalcogenides with different structures and compositions can be formed. The large and diverse family of metal chalcogenides can be classified in many ways; for instance, the chalcogen element present can be divided into sulfides, selenides, tellurides, and multi-chalcogen chalcogenides. Binary metal chalcogenides comprising a main group or transition metal and a chalcogen are widely explored for their distinctive chemical and physical properties and promising application in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, and photo-catalysis, and photodetection. Binary metal chalcogenides exist in many stoichiometries and structures.

Nanosized materials possess unique properties because of their sub micrometre size (less than 1µm) and thus find wide array of applications in optics, electronics and biology. In biology they are used for delivery of therapeutics molecules and drugs (nanocarrier), imaging, theranostic and ablation therapy.A wide range of biotechnological applications are served by recent advances in nano- formulation approaches and design of novel nanocarriers, capable of efficiently delivering biotherapeutic molecules. These nanosized structures are much more efficient than tradition therapies in delivering dugs and other molecules to specific locations in controlled manner, even at much smaller dosage. Conventional pharmaceutical delivery systems are marred with multiple issues like poor specificity, drug resistance induction and toxicity, which severely decreases therapeutic efficiencies. This is where nano-based delivery approach comes to rescue and improve rapid clearance, off -target effects, un-controlled release and toxicity issues. Nanocarrier based delivery approaches are mostly dedicated to transport chemotherapeutic cargos, composed of colloidal nonentities and possess a high surface area to volume ratio. Apart from delivering therapeutic cargoes Nano formulations are also used for theranostic and ablation therapies. Nano based delivery systems can be broadly categorised as organic nanocomplexes and inorganic nanoparticles-based formulations. These particles allow a great degree of manoeuvrability in terms of their composition (organic, inorganic or hybrid), shape (sphere, rod, multilamellar, hyperbranched etc.), size (small and large), and surface functionalization (PEGylation, targeting moieties, functional groups etc.) as per the specific requirement.Carbon based nanomaterials which exhibits high cargo loading and biocompatibility are known as organic nanocomplexes and can be used for delivery purposes. Preparation of organic nanocomplexes can be based on self-assembly properties of these molecules (amphiphilic systems), or requires specific synthesis procedure. Recently much attention is drawn by micelle like nanocomplexes prepared by amphiphilic polymer for drug delivery applications. Also, polymerosome have been reported which shows intracellular microenvironment and tumor responsive properties, which allows triggered payload release (pH, temperature gradient, redox etc.) and improved imaging sensitivity. Poly lactic acid (PLA), saturated poly glycolic acid (PGA), poly a-hydroxy esters, and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymers are FDA approved and most commonly used synthetic polymer for drug delivery applications

This book highlights the photogalvanic effects at low dimensions, surfaces, and interfaces, more specifically 2D materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Although the phenomenology of the photogalvanic effects, which can be simply seen as photoresponse nonlinear-in-electric field, have been well-established, the microscopic understanding in each material system may vary. This book is a quick reference and a detailed roadmap starting from phenomenology and continuing with the ultimate low dimensional materials, in which the photogalvanic effects can offer a rich platform at the second-order response to an electric field. A general phenomenology of photogalvanic effect is provided in the first chapter, together with the photon drag effect which also generates a photocurrent like the photogalvanic effect, but with some distinct features, as well as somewhat puzzling similarities. Next two chapters explain these effects in graphene, starting with a necessary related background on graphene, then a particular focus on its specific phenomenology, microscopic theory, and experimental results. In a similar fashion, in chapters four and five, a necessary background for the photogalvanic effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with symmetry analysis, microscopic theory, and experimental results is presented, along with the Berry curvature dependent photocurrent, which can also play an important role in 2D semiconductors. The second-order photogalvanic effects that have been covered so far in graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides have already excited the 2D semiconductor optoelectronic research community by several means. It seems that the interests on the photogalvanic effects will continue to escalate in near future.

This Brief presents a historical overview of the Förster-type nonradiative energy transfer and a compilation of important progress in FRET research, starting from Förster until today, along with a summary of the current state-of-the-art. Here the objective is to provide the reader with a complete account of important milestones in FRET studies and FRET applications as well as a picture of the current status.

Nanotechnological Neuroethology" by Dr. Lucas A. Small provides a comprehensive exploration of the intersection between nanotechnology and neuroethology, covering the fundamentals of both fields, their applications, ethical considerations, challenges, and future trends. With captivating case studies and an interdisciplinary approach, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the cutting-edge advancements and ethical implications of using nanotechnology in the study of neural systems.

The word 'composite' refers to a macroscopic combination of two or more different materials that result in a new material having much improved and new characteristics. Nanocomposites are the composites consisting of multiphase materials in which at least one of the phases lies in the nanometric size domain (Inm-I00 nm). The Hybrid Nanocomposites (HNCs) are the multi-component compounds in which at least one of the constituents (organic or inorganic) has dimensions in the nanometre range with some interaction between them. The diverse and advanced technological applications of organic and inorganic materials are restricted owing to poor conductivity, lesser stability and solubility of organic materials and complicated processability and high-temperature operation of inorganic materials. However, in HNCs, the guest-host chemistry may help to overcome their particular limitations due to synergetic effects that lead to emerging research in the area of advanced functional materials. In HNCs, the interactions at the molecular and supra-molecular level result in modulation of mechanical, optical, electrical, catalytic and electrochemical properties at interface. Owing to diverse morphologies and interfacial interactions, the HNCs show excellent and unique properties that are absent in their constituents

Carbon nanomaterials have several applications, which is driving up scientific research into them. The book showcases the most recent advancements and research discoveries rather than just providing an overview. Each chapter offers authoritative insights into the ever-changing field of carbon-based nanomaterials, as written by top authorities in their respective domains. The book stands out for its persistent focus on real-world application. It is devoted to practical applications and is divided into four sections. The intriguing promise of carbon nanomaterials, their synthesis, and their possible uses set the stage for the adventure. Subsequently, the emphasis shifts to agriculture, where nanomaterials have been shown to improve plant health, fend against illnesses, promote growth and development, and even help detect and remove herbicides. The biomedical part explores the potential toxicological ramifications of these materials while introducing the reader to their ground-breaking role in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and the fight against fungal diseases. Overall, the book provides valuable insights and serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and scientists across various interdisciplinary subjects.

This book highlights recent advances and evolution of various nanomaterials and their potential in diverse research fields. The book covers the synthesis and characterization of various nanomaterials, followed by discussion on desired applications such as clean and green renewable energy, coating, sensors, thermal applications, microelectronics, biomedical applications such as drug carriers, nutrition, biosensors and detection of cancer cells.  The chapters in this book not only illustrate the capability of nanomaterials in such novel usages but also reveal their potential drawbacks and the possible ways to overcome the pitfalls. The book covers interdisciplinary research advancement of nanomaterials, beneficial for researchers and professionals working in both science and engineering.

The environmental pollution and energy crisis forecast a scarcity of fuel, rising global temperatures, and the defeat of biodiversity. The exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves and rapidly rising global warming has heightened public awareness of the necessity to stage out the fossil fuel industry. Consequently, the rapid increase in energy production from renewable sources has compelled the development of new generation energy storage systems because renewable sources cannot produce energy on demand. Renewable resources are virtually infinite in terms of duration, but they are limited in terms of energy available per unit of time, such as solar cells, wind turbines, solar thermal collectors, and geothermal power, they are promising sources of energy with a lesser carbon footprint. As a result, energy storage devices are critical for maximizing the use of renewable energy and to eliminate the carbon foot print from the environment. Moreover, the energy storage device is inevitable for the future of e-Vehicles, consumer electronics and the transmission and distribution of electricity. Energy storage is essential to the energy security of today's energy networks. Most of the energies are stored in the form of raw or refined hydrocarbons, whether in the form of coal heaps or oil and gas reserves. These energy sources are creating more environmental and degradation due to their emissions of greenhouse gases and heat. The only exception is a pumped hydroelectric plant, which can provide a large amount of energy in a short period of time while also improving electric system reliability. The purpose and form of energy storage are likely to change significantly as energy systems evolve to use low-carbon technology. Perhaps two broad trends will drive this change. Initially, with the intermittent nuclear power and static production playing an important role in supplying electricity and it became difficult to match with demand, while imbalances will grow and dominate over the time. Moving away from fossil fuel production means that, with the exception of flexible gas generation, most power sources can no longer be stored as hydrocarbons. Likewise, if low-carbon emission electrical supply replaces the oil and gas for domestic and industrial power needs, the structure of electricity demand will change dramatically.

This contributed volume provides a comprehensive understanding of synthetic protocols, characterization techniques, and current applications of iron oxide-based nanocomposite and nanoenzyme materials. It covers basic concepts and recent advancements in iron oxide-based nanocomposites and nanoenzymes, focusing on their synthesis, characterization, and functionalization for specific research applications. The different chapters in the book highlight key characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, among others while it also explores various applications of these materials, such as adsorption of heavy metals and dyes, gas sensors, biomedical applications, photo-catalysis, and photovoltaic sensors. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working in the fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, and biotechnology.

This book highlights some of the latest advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials from leading researchers in Ukraine, Europe and beyond. It features contributions presented at the 10th International Science and Practice Conference Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials (NANO2022), which was held in hybrid format on August 25-27, 2022 at Lviv House of Scientists, and was jointly organized by the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turin (Italy), and Pierre and Marie Curie University (France). Internationally recognized experts from a wide range of universities and research institutions share their knowledge and key findings on material properties, behavior, synthesis and their applications.The book will be interesting for leading scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in material and nanoscience. This book¿s companion volume also addresses topics such as nano-optics, nanoelectronics,energy storage, nanochemistryl and biomedical applications.

This book highlights the applications of nanotechnology in modern medicine. Today we are living in a world of fast-changing behavior and lifestyles. Despite health and wellbeing are often pronounced and enforced, the diseases and illnesses are emerging in different forms, at an alarming rate. Protecting the mankind is becoming ever more challenging. In this backdrop, medicine needs new approaches and technologies to build the defenses. Nanotechnology is successfully confronting the situation. It does so in two avenues, namely, nanomaterials, and, nanodevices. Nanomaterials possess extraordinary properties that are utilized to confront bacteria and viruses, and for targeted drug delivery. Nanodevices can be maneuvered inside the human body to reach extreme locations. This book presents the latest developments in these areas.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology produce a developing strategic industry with an excellent perspective that is desirably economical. The electrical and electronics sectors, driven by customer interest in multidisciplinary abilities, have crossed the nanoscale limit within the 1990s later as a real outcome. In some regions, electrical manufacturing has been at the forefront of the introduction of nanotechnology concepts in traditional curriculum topics. The past decade has received an impact and has already been built-into several sectors. Tracking days gone by the history of nanotechnology education over the past 15 years to one's future will examine the influence, resources offered and integration of nanoscale concepts. Effective utilization of the deliberate programs may be made use of to demonstrate the tips presented. The world of nanotechnology is rapidly developing in fields such as chemical, physics, biology and electric manufacturing and has attracted tremendous attention. It's wished that it'll raise the minimal utilization of electric, optical and mechanical methods, which have possessed an influence that is certainly considered a raging economy over the years. On top of that, researchers and specialists hope it will probably cause brand new and sensational physics that can act as the basis for new technology. The influence of nanotechnology on electrical engineering also addresses nanoparticle synthesis, handling of the nanomaterials and their particular applications. This effect requires researchers to investigate brand-new habits and frameworks of nanoscale-sized objects for new applications that are electric. Generally speaking, nanotechnology is the substantial study and growth of products, devices, systems and items by exploiting a nanometer scale's structure and measurements with a minimum of one novel material. "Nano" is a word based in Greek and implies half a billionth. Usually, whenever particle sizes are in the range of 1-100nm, they are called nanoparticles or nanomaterials. To offer a sense of this size, let us consider the size: 1nm = 10A = 10-9meters and (eg that is 1µ micron) = 10-4cm = 1000nm. Nanoscience research has problems and deceptions in atomic and molecular structures for their properties that vary significantly from those of major. Fundamentally, nanotechnology makes it possible to supply new, inexpensive and much more efficient services and products inside a range; this is certainly large than numerous building products today. Nanomaterials are nanoscale-sized products. One could describe nanomaterial with its sense; as certainly broadest and having a more significant dimension than a molecule but much smaller than scores of matters. Nanometer-scale materials or Nanocrystals (NCs) typically have different properties, which can be chemical with their volume.

The book focuses on how sustainable nanomaterials can help with various aspects of infectious diseases, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as the characteristics that materials should possess in order to enter clinical trials.

Development of Biologically Active Nanomaterials" is an informative and comprehensive book that explores the advancements, challenges, and applications of nanotechnology in the field of biologically active materials. Nanomaterials, characterized by their unique properties at the nanoscale, have revolutionized various industries, including healthcare, biotechnology, and environmental science.This book brings together the expertise of researchers and scientists in the field of nanotechnology and biomedicine, providing a comprehensive overview of the principles, methods, and applications of developing nanomaterials with biological activity. It covers a wide range of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanocomposites, and nanosensors, highlighting their potential in drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, and diagnostic applications. Readers will gain insights into the fundamental principles of nanomaterial design, synthesis, and characterization. The book explores various strategies for tailoring the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials to achieve specific biological effects, such as controlled release of therapeutic agents, enhanced cellular interactions, and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, the book focuses on the biological evaluation of nanomaterials, including in vitro and in vivo assays used to assess their biocompatibility, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. It discusses the challenges associated with nanomaterial synthesis, scalability, and regulatory considerations, emphasizing the need for safe and effective nanomaterial development. Furthermore, the book covers emerging trends and applications in the field, such as the use of nanomaterials for cancer therapy, wound healing, regenerative medicine, and environmental remediation. It addresses the integration of nanotechnology with other disciplines, such as biology, medicine, and materials science, to drive innovation and create biologically active nanomaterials with multifunctional properties.

This is the first book providing overview of magnetism in curved geometries, highlighting numerous peculiarities emerging from geometrically curved magnetic objects such as curved wires, shells, as well as complex three-dimensional structures. Extending planar two-dimensional structures into the three-dimensional space has become a general trend in multiple disciplines across electronics, photonics, plasmonics and magnetics. This approach provides the means to modify conventional and even launch novel functionalities by tailoring the local curvature of an object. The book covers the theory of curvilinear micromagnetism as well as experimental studies of geometrically curved magnets including both fabrication and characterization. With its coverage of fundamental aspects, together with exploration of numerous applications across magnonics, bio-engineering, soft robotics and shapeable magnetoelectronics, this edited collection is ideal for all scientists in academia and industry seeking an overview and wishing to keep abreast of advances in the novel field of curvilinear micromagnetism. It provides easy but comprehensive access to the field for newcomers, and can be used for graduate-level courses on this subject.

This book highlights some of the latest advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials from leading researchers in Ukraine, Europe and beyond. It features contributions presented at the 10th International Science and Practice Conference Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials (NANO2022), which was held on August 25-27, 2022 at Lviv House of Scientists, and was jointly organized by the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turin (Italy), and Pierre and Marie Curie University (France). Internationally recognized experts from a wide range of universities and research institutions share their knowledge and key findings across diverse areas ranging from quantum optics and nanoelectonics to biophysics.The book will be interesting for leading scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in nanoelectronics, optics, bio-and chemical engineering. This book¿s companion volume also addresses topics such as nanostructured surface, nanomaterials, and its applications.

This book provides expert coverage of the current state of the art in the application of nanotechnologies to cellulose research. It offers a comprehensive collection of topics including nanocellulose isolation, assembly into hierarchical structures, and advanced emerging applications. During the past decades, research in nanocellulose has advanced quickly, driven by the urgent needs for sustainability and the availability of advanced nanotechniques. Although cellulose has been investigated and used for thousands of years, the recent advances in nanotechnology have transformed our view of this natural substance. Cellulose, when present in the highly crystalline nanoscale form, can demonstrate interesting mechanical, optical, and fluidic properties that can be manipulated in designing materials with novel applications.This book contains 12 chapters. Chapter 1 focuses primarily on the fundamentals of nanocellulose, including general aspects on its structure, isolation, and characterization. Chapters 2-4 summarize the recent progress on assembly of nanocellulose into the macroscopic scale using state-of-the-art techniques. Chapters 5-13 cover the most advanced applications of nanocellulose in emerging areas, including superstrong materials, light management, electronics, energy storage, printed battery, water treatment, nanogenerator, and biomedicine. The book will appeal to upper undergraduate and graduate students through practicing researchers as a comprehensive reference on the subject of nanocellulose and its use in various fields.

This book introduces the innovatively advanced crystalline metal oxide catalysts that have multi-catalytic functions on the basis of spatially placed elements in crystal structure. With authors who are experts in their fields, the chapters of the book are organized according to catalytic function, on the basis of crystal structure. The book also covers the structure determination of micro-nano-sized metal oxide crystals that are now standard in most catalytic materials and new trends in catalyst development using materials informatics and catalytic informatics. The information contained here will guide researchers who are eager to carry out sustainable catalytic processes and ultimately to achieve a sustainable society in their quest for catalyst development.

Following the model of teaching from the top down, this book provides a jargon-free foundation in the burgeoning field of nanoengineering.

This book is about Using Our Technology, (The Quantum Computer, The Mind Reading Machine, and The Replicator Machine all 3 Combined and Advanced enough) For Creating Buildings/Homes for the Unconscious Helper Beings to live and be made in. Basically the story is about and for us to get used to the technology that can create the homes/ buildings for the Unconscious Helper Beings to live in, that the technology can create the buildings/homes in an Instance! Giving Freedom of All Beings in All Existences Forever with Old and New Freedoms Forever! So it's no surprise when we actually achieve this goal in reality! All created for moral, ethical, comfortable usages...No one or no individual being should be put under any uncomfortable conditions or not even the smallest pain you can think of when using or creating the technology

This book highlights the promising photocatalytic methods for synthesizing organic chemicals by simultaneously degrading the toxicity of raw substances used for organic synthesis. It presents various semiconducting materials with high catalytic activities in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and hydrogenation reactions, as well as the material characterizations for identifying semiconductor photocatalysts. The focus is on understanding the hydrogen dissociation and activation of substances in the process of hydrogenation and the fabrication of nanostructured catalysts with desired activity and selectivity. Recent works show photocatalytic hydrogenation reactions with in situ generated H+ on catalyst surfaces utilizing initial chemicals such as nitrophenol, nitrobenzene, azobenzene, and benzene for valorization. In addition, the photocatalytic valorization of waste glycerol is also discussed. Besides the hydrogenation reactions, the reduction of oxygen to form H2O2 can be done with aphotocatalytic method in atmospheric conditions. Some related perspectives and outlooks are also discussed for possible future development.

The book in hand, namely ¿Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Nanomaterials (Synthesis, Agricultural, Biomedical and Environmental Interventions¿, focuses on the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and diverse interventions utilizing these nanomaterials in the fields of agriculture, biomedicine, and environmental remediation. The specific applications discussed include food packaging, post-harvest disease management, crop production, drug delivery systems, other biomedical applications, photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants, and wastewater treatment. Additionally, it also addresses the potential risks associated with zinc nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems and emphasizes the importance of further research and regulation in this field. Overall, the book provides valuable insights and serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and scientists across various interdisciplinary subjects. It serves as a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and students in nanotechnology, nanomedicine, environmental science, plant science, agriculture, chemistry, biotechnology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemistry, and other interdisciplinary subjects. Moreover, this also inspires further research, innovation, and the development of sustainable solutions for a better future.