Klassisk mekanik

This textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate engineering students who need to describe the large deformation of elastic materials like soft plastics, rubber, and biological materials.  The classical approaches to finite deformations of elastic materials describe a dozen or more measures of stress and strain.  These classical approaches require an in-depth knowledge of tensor analysis and provide little instruction as to how to relate the derived equations to the materials to be described.  This text, by contrast, introduces only one strain measure and one stress measure.  No tensor analysis is required.  The theory is applied by showing how to measure material properties and to perform computer simulations for both isotropic and anisotropic materials.  The theory can be covered in one chapter for students familiar with Euler-Lagrange techniques, but is also introduced more slowly in several chapters for students not familiar with these techniques.  The connection to linear elasticity is provided along with a comparison of this approach to classical elasticity.

In the last few decades, energy usage and demand has been increased by many folds due to rising population growth and the industrial revolution. According to the recent United Nations report, the current world population 7.7 billion, and it may reach to 8.6 billion in the year 2030 and 9.8 billion in the year 2050. So, there is an ever-increasing energy need in the coming years, due to population growth and the industrial revolution. However, due to the increasing living standards of the population in developing countries, the energy requirement will get doubled in the next few decades. At present, nearly 80% of the global energy demand is met from fossil fuels, which are the non-renewable energy source and it leaves behind carbon footprints after usage, causing environmental pollution and climate change. On the other hand, the usage of fossil fuels emits carbon -based greenhouse gases upon usage. In the past few years, CO2 emission from fossil fuels has increased drastically, causing environmental pollution and climate change. There is an urgent need for developing materials and technologies to combat the dangerous emissions of CO2 from industrial sectors such as power generation plants, cement production, petrochemical production, aluminium, steel and plastic manufacturing industries.Hence the upcoming energy shortage and the rising concern over climate change, there is an urgent need to find clean energy alternatives. Owing to the serious concern over climate change due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel usage, environmentally friendly renewable energies are the prime choice for satisfying our future energy needs. Renewable energies on the other hand are inexhaustible and are decentralized (can be produced anywhere locally). Renewable energy is the growing energy source around the world, accounting for 40% of the increase in primary energy by 2030. Renewable energies such as solar, tidal and wind energy provide intermittent supplies of electricity, while options for large-scale storage of electricity and transportations are limited. With the rise in energy demand, energy conversion and clean energy storage technologies has become the essential approaches for the global community.

"Oxford Energy Futures 2025" is like a journey through the energy landscape of Oxford, unfolding its past, present, and future. It begins by taking us back in time, showing how energy use in Oxford has evolved. This historical perspective sets the stage for understanding the growth and changes in the city's energy consumption.Then, the book brings us into the present, shedding light on the UK's energy policies and their impact on cities like Oxford. It zooms in on solar energy, exploring its possibilities in Oxford through various projects. The narrative then takes a deeper dive into the exciting world of battery technology, which is key for harnessing solar power effectively.A significant part of the story revolves around Oxford's contributions to the UK's renewable energy ambitions. It discusses local initiatives aimed at energy conservation in homes and businesses, underscoring their benefits for both the economy and the environment.Financial aspects aren't overlooked - the book thoughtfully balances the costs and benefits of energy projects. It also explores how Oxford collaborates on energy matters, both within the city and with external partners.Highlighting Oxford's pioneering role in energy research, the book showcases innovative projects. It also emphasizes the importance of public opinion, detailing how it's gathered and factored into energy decisions.The shift to electric vehicles and the development of the necessary infrastructure is a key theme. The book doesn't shy away from discussing the risks associated with these energy policy changes and how Oxford is managing them.Looking to the future, the book outlines Oxford's ambitious plan to achieve carbon neutrality, highlighting the city's role in combatting climate change. It delves into potential local impacts of climate change and how energy planning intertwines with broader urban development strategies.Oxford's energy story is then placed in a global context, comparing it with worldwide trends. The book talks about cutting-edge technologies in the energy sector and their potential to revolutionize energy use.Education is identified as a cornerstone for these transformative changes. The narrative explores various educational programs and initiatives, as well as technologies to enhance home energy efficiency.Finally, the book presents Oxford's energy policy framework, discusses waste-to-energy technology, and identifies key challenges in the transition to sustainable energy. It stresses the importance of a fair and equitable energy transition for all community members.Concluding with scenario planning and predictive models, "Oxford Energy Futures 2025" offers a glimpse into different potential energy futures for Oxford. It wraps up with a comprehensive summary, providing a clear view of Oxford's energy landscape and its potential trajectory.

Compressibility is a property inherent in any material, but it does not always manifest itself. Experience suggests that it affects the medium motion only at velocities comparable to the speed of sound. Why do we study compressibility? It turns out that in order to calculate the aircraft streamlining or the internal flow in its engine, or the shell muzzle velocity, or the dynamic load of a shock wave from an accidental blast on a structural element, and in many other cases it is necessary to know and understand the laws of the Dynamics of Compressible Media (DCM) and be able to apply them in practice. This textbook is designed to help readers achieve this goal and learn the basics of DCM. This field of knowledge is high-tech and always focuses on the future: modern developments of hypersonic aircraft, designing more advanced structural elements for airplanes and helicopters, calculating the car aerodynamics, etc. Paradoxes have always given impetus to the search for new technological devices. Unusual effects in DCM include the flow chocking in supersonic outflow from reservoirs (Sect.2.2); the shock wave formation inside an initially smooth flow (Sect.5.3); the generation of a "e;spallation saucer"e; of armor inside a tank when a shell hits it (Sect.5.5); the dog-leg of a plane discontinuity surface at shockwave reflection from a rigid wall (Sec.8.1). The way to understand these and other effects is through the creation of quantitative models of a moving compressible fluid.

This monograph provides a compact introduction into the classical, i.e. rate-independent, plasticity theory. Starting from the engineering stress-strain diagram, the concept of elastic and elasto-plastic material behavior is introduced, as well as the concept of uniaxial and multiaxial stress states. Continuum mechanical modeling in the elasto-plastic range requires, in regards to the constitutive equation, in addition to the elastic law (e.g. Hooke's law), a yield condition, a flow rule and a hardening rule. These basic equations are thoroughly introduced and explained for one-dimensional stress states. Considering three-dimensional plasticity, different sets of stress invariants to characterize the stress matrix and the decomposition of the stress matrix in its hydrostatic and deviatoric part are introduced. Furthermore, the concept of the yield condition, flow rule and hardening rule is generalized for multiaxial stress states. Some typical yield conditions are introduced and their graphical representation in different stress spaces is discussed in detail. The book concludes with an introduction in the elasto-plastic finite element simulation of mechanical structures. In the context of numerical approximation methods, the so-called predictor-corrector methods are used to integrate the constitutive equations. This is again introduced in detail based on one-dimensional stress states and afterwards generalized to the three-dimensional case. Test your knowledge with questions and answers about the book in the Springer Nature Flashcards app.

This textbook gradually introduces the reader to several topics related to black hole physics with a didactic approach. It starts with the most basic black hole solution, the Schwarzschild metric, and discusses the basic classical properties of black hole solutions as seen by different probes. Then it reviews various theorems about black hole properties as solutions to Einstein gravity coupled to matter fields, conserved charges associated with black holes, and laws of black hole thermodynamics. Next, it elucidates semiclassical and quantum aspects of black holes, which are relevant in ongoing and future research. The book is enriched with many exercises and solutions to assist in the learning.The textbook is designed for physics graduate students who want to start their research career in the field of black holes; postdocs who recently changed their research focus towards black holes and want to get up-to-date on recent and current research topics; advanced researchers intending to teach (or learn) basic and advanced aspects of black hole physics and the associated mathematical tools. Besides general relativity, the reader needs to be familiar with standard undergraduate physics, like thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. Moreover, familiarity with basic quantum field theory in Minkowski space is assumed. The book covers the rest of the needed background material in the main text or the appendices.

This textbook summarizes the course of engineering mechanics, designed for one or two semesters, at the undergraduate or graduate level for a range of academic majors. The book covers all the main components of the discipline including: Theoretical Mechanics, Theory of Mechanisms and Machines, Resistance of Materials, Machine Parts and Design Basic; and Interchangeability, Standardization, and Technical Measurements. It can also be used by students of other technical areas in to achieve competence in each of the listed disciplines. The concise presentation facilitates concentration on the most important elements of the concepts presented while also outlining the current state of mechanics, demonstrating engineering applications using various computer packages (MathCad, CosmosWorks, Inkscape, AutoCad), and updating data on engineering materials. Examples of both simple and complex engineering calculations are given at the end of each chapter along with self-assessment questions.

Die Grundlagen der Physik - kurzweilig, anschaulich und präzise.Über 400 Abbildungen und zahlreiche Beispiele aus dem Alltag fördern das Verständnis für physikalische Zusammenhänge. Die im Dialog mit Studenten erarbeitete Didaktik wird durch das ansprechende zweifarbige Layout unterstützt und erleichtert das Lernen. Über 300 Verständnisfragen und Übungsaufgaben mit Antworten im Anhang regen zu selbständiger Beschäftigung mit der Thematik an. Das Werk ist nicht nur für die Prüfungsvorbereitung hervorragend geeignet. Aufgrund des ausführlichen Sachverzeichnisses ist es auch als Nachschlagewerk zu empfehlen.Auf seiner Internetseite bietet der Autor interessante Links, Animationen und ergänzend zu den einzelnen Buchkapiteln Verständnisfragen mit kommentierten Lösungen zum Download an.In der 9. Auflage wurde das Buch aktualisiert und überarbeitet. Zudem wurden zahlreiche Videos in das Buch eingebracht.¿Ein trockenes Fach"...ist das Urteil der meisten Studenten über die Physik. Mit umso mehr Vergnügen werden Sie dieses Lehrbuch zur Hand nehmen.

Our vast Universe is filled with an enormous amount of matter and energy, which are the source of large gravitational potentials affecting all physical phenomena. Because this fact about the size and contents of the Universe was not known when our fundamental theories of dynamics and relativity were completed by the 1920s, the current theories - based as they are in empty space - fail to incorporate cosmic gravity. Though the current theories are consistent with the majority of empirical facts, there are some crucial discrepancies, which demand a drastic shift to a cosmic gravitational paradigm for the theories of relativity and dynamics. The book is a detailed and widely accessible account of this paradigm, called Cosmic Relativity, supported by ample empirical evidence. It is established that all motional relativistic effects are cosmic gravitational effects. The new theory of Cosmic Relativity solves and answers all outstanding questions and puzzles about dynamics and relativity.

This new edition has been thoroughly revised, expanded and contain some updates function of the novel results and shift of scientific interest in the topics. The book has a Foreword by Jerry L. Bona and Hongqiu Chen. The book is an introduction to nonlinear waves and soliton theory in the special environment of compact spaces such a closed curves and surfaces and other domain contours. It assumes familiarity with basic soliton theory and nonlinear dynamical systems.The first part of the book introduces the mathematical concept required for treating the manifolds considered, providing relevant notions from topology and differential geometry. An introduction to the theory of motion of curves and surfaces - as part of the emerging field of contour dynamics - is given.The second and third parts discuss the modeling of various physical solitons on compact systems, such as filaments, loops and drops made of almost incompressible materials thereby intersecting with a large number of physical disciplines from hydrodynamics to compact object astrophysics.This book is intended for graduate students and researchers in mathematics, physics and engineering.

This book starts with the mathematical basis of the theory - i.e. provide a brief sketch of the theory of manifolds and frame bundles, tensors and their transformations, relativistic kinematics, and aspects of non-flat space-time geometries. The definition of relevant physical quantities (torsion, curvature, non-metricity, tetrads, connection fields etc.) and important geometry concepts are also included. The main body of the book is devoted to a detailed derivation of the gauge theory of gravitation for scalar, vector (Proca and Maxwell) and Dirac spinor fields. Alternative approaches based on the Noether theorem and on the spinorial representation of the fields are also addressed, as well as important novel features related to the CCGG framework (Birkhoff theorem, field derivative identities etc.). In the last section of the volume the application of the CCGG theory to cosmology will be set out, resulting in a new understanding of dark energy and inflation.

This influential work of acoustics explores the theory behind weak shock waves and their propagation in various media. Written by a leading expert in the field, Keller's book is an indispensable resource for acousticians and researchers alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

First published in 1902, this is a comprehensive guide to the production, transportation, and use of petroleum and its byproducts. Written for inspectors, engineers, and workers in the oil industry, it covers the scientific principles behind the processing of crude oil and provides guidance on safety procedures and regulatory compliance. The authors, both eminent experts in the field, also include extensive discussions of related topics such as mineral oil lamps and asphalting. This volume is a valuable resource for historians of science and technology as well as those in the oil industry today.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The intention of this book is to shine a bright light on the intellectual context of Euler's contributions to physics and mathematical astronomy. Leonhard Euler is one of the most important figures in the history of science, a blind genius who introduced mathematical concepts and many analytical tools to help us understand and describe the universe. Euler also made a monumental contribution to astronomy and orbital mechanics, developing what he called astronomia mechanica. Orbital mechanics of artificial satellites and spacecraft is based on Euler's analysis of astromechanics. However, previous books have often neglected many of his discoveries in this field. For example, orbital mechanics texts refer to the five equilibrium points in the Sun-Earth-Moon system as Lagrange points, failing to credit Euler who first derived the differential equations for the general n-body problem and who discovered the three collinear points in the three-body problem of celestial mechanics. These equilibrium points are essential today in space exploration; the James Webb Space Telescope (successor to the Hubble), for example, now orbits the Sun near L2, one of the collinear points of the Sun-Earth-Moon system, while future missions to study the universe will place observatories in orbit around Sun-Earth and Earth-Moon equilibrium points that should be properly called Euler-Lagrange points. In this book, the author uses Euler's memoirs, correspondence, and other scholarly sources to explore how he established the mathematical groundwork for the rigorous study of motion in our Solar System. The reader will learn how he studied comets and eclipses, derived planetary orbits, and pioneered the study of planetary perturbations, and how, old and blind, Euler put forward the most advanced lunar theory of his time.

This book offers selected contributions on fundamental research and application in designing and engineering materials.  It focuses on mechanical engineering applications such as automobile, railway, marine, aerospace, biomedical, pressure vessel technology, turbine technology. This includes a wide range of material classes, like lightweight metallic materials, polymers, composites, and ceramics. Advanced applications include manufacturing using the new or newer materials, testing methods, multi-scale experimental and computational aspects.

The magic of flight has captivated humanity for centuries. From the dreams of Icarus to the jet-fueled adventures of today, the desire to break free from Earth's rope has been a persistent narrative. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" delves deep into this enchanting world, unraveling aviation's mysteries, marvels, and milestones.Explore the early days of flight, such as the Wright brothers' pioneering endeavors. Learn about the technological leaps that transformed rickety biplanes into sleek supersonic jets. This book takes you on an exhilarating journey through the annals of aviation, introducing you to lesser-known tales and pivotal moments that shaped the skies above.Discover the intricacies of airplane design, the science behind keeping these magnificent machines aloft, and the engineering feats that have led to today's state-of-the-art aircraft. Get up close and personal with legendary aviators and unsung heroes who dared to dream and defied the odds.But it's not just about the past. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" also ventures into the future of flight, from electric planes to the promise of space tourism. It delves into the aviation industry's environmental and economic challenges and showcases innovations aiming to make flying more sustainable and accessible.Peppered with fascinating anecdotes, detailed diagrams, and engaging narratives, this book is a treasure trove for aviation enthusiasts and curious minds alike. Whether you're a seasoned aviator, an aspiring pilot, or someone who loves to gaze up at passing planes, "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" promises to enlighten, entertain, and inspire.Embark on this flight through time and space, understanding the wonders of aviation as never before. Strap in and prepare for takeoff; the skies await!

"e;Mathematics of the Weather"e; details the mathematical techniques used to create numerical models of the atmosphere. It explains methods which are currently considered for practical use in models for the exaflop computers (10**19 operations per seconds). This book is a guide to developing and modifying the mathematical methods used in such models. This includes Implementations in spherical geometry. The books also concentrates on elements of Numerical Weather Predication (NWP) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).   

Für alle, die fasziniert vom Fliegen sind und ein tieferes Verständnis dafür entwickeln wollen, wie Vögel und Modellflugzeuge ihre Kreise in der Luft ziehen. Anschaulich und unterhaltsam führt der Autor in die komplexen Sachverhalte von Wirbel, Zirkulation und Auftrieb ein. Verständlich und begreifbar durch zahlreiche Diagramme und Videos. Es gelingt dem Autor die dem dynamischen Auftrieb zugrunde liegenden Gesetzmäßigkeiten besonders anschaulich darzustellen.

"Introducing the state-of-the-art of hypervelocity shock tunnels, this complete reference features a variety of drivers and step-by-step introductions to their theories, physics, methods and testing. This book enables researchers and engineers in aerospace to design and improve wind tunnels that simulate flow qualities of real hypersonic flyers"--

Das Aufgabenbuch zur Technischen Mechanik 2 (Elastostatik, Hydrostatik) enthalt die wichtigsten Formeln und etwa 150 vollstandig geloste Aufgaben. Weil der Weg zum erfolgreichen Studium der Technischen Mechanik uber das selbstandige Losen von Aufgaben fuhrt, legen die Autoren besonderen Wert darauf, dass Leser befahigt werden Losungswege zu finden und Grundgleichungen zu erstellen. In dem Band werden folgende Themen behandelt: Spannung und Verzerrung, Zug und Druck, Biegung, Torsion, der Arbeitsbegriff in der Elastostatik, Stabilitat, Hydrostatik.