Kondenserede fasers fysik (væskeform og faststoffysik)

The subject of this supplement to Landolt-Börnstein IV/22 Series is to present both the numerical and graphical data on the various magnetic properties of materials under pressure. Data for transition metal binary oxides MmOn [M: transition metals, O: oxygen, m, n: 1~15], MXO [M: transition metals, X: F, Cl, Br, O: oxygen] and MM¿On [M: transition metals, M¿: transition metals or non-transition metal elements, O: oxygen, n=2, 2.5, 3] ternary oxides are presented.As well known, the data-compiling principle in the Landolt-B¿rrnstein series is to choose the best reliable values from many available experimental data. The present compilation is done according to this principle.

The lack of effective DC fault protection technology remains a major barrier for the DC paradigm shift. In addressing the key challenges, Direct Current Fault Protection: Basic Concepts and Technology Advances starts with an introduction to the advantages of DC power systems before moving on to an in-depth review of DC fault protection technologies, including mechanical circuit breaker (MCB), solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB), hybrid circuit breaker (HCB), converter based (breakerless) protection, and fault current limiter (FCL). Coverage includes a comprehensive comparison of various DC fault interruption technologies and their suitable applications, state-of-the-art DC fault protection concepts and advances in research, identification of fundamental challenges and future directions in the field, and commercialization aspects. This book will be a valuable reference for practicing engineers, researchers, and graduate students in the field of power electronics andDC power systems.

There are growing advantages to the use of graphene-based nanophotonics in communication, sensing, security, safety, spectroscopy, manufacturing, biomedicine, agriculture, imaging, and other fields. These advantages, as well as the numerous challenges associated with this technology and proposed solutions to these challenges, are summarized in this book. The key objective of the book is to serve as a single-source reference for the rapidly expanding application aspects of the technology of graphene-based nanophotonics, as well as the number of modules required for their successful implementation. This book seeks to give readers a comprehensive understanding of several elements of graphene-based nanophotonics, such as emerging application areas, the design and modelling of sensors, absorbers, optical fiber, encoders, etc. A complete view of the progress and breakthroughs in novel materials for sensing, detecting and encoding technology is presented. The book also emphasizes theconsequences of THz signals on human health, as well as the environmental components of THz. This book will be of tremendous value for those with an interest in electronic engineering, particularly those keeping an eye on this emerging technology.

Since its advent, nanotechnologies are considered key enabling technologies that take advantage of a wide array of nanomaterials (NMs) for biomedical and industrial applications generating significant societal and economic benefits. However, such innovation increases human exposure to these substances through inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact raising public health concerns. Furthermore, the NMs' specific physicochemical properties, that confer them unique beneficial characteristics, can also elicit nano-bio interactions leading to toxicity and concerns for public health. In addition, such properties can be affected by the surrounding matrix, particularly when incorporated in complex matrices such as food products, leading to secondary features potentially more relevant than primary characteristics for determining their toxicological outcome. These nano specific issues raise the question of whether the NMs may produce adverse outcomes that are not accounted for when using conventional toxicological approaches to assess their safety.Such uncertainties about the safety of NMs for human health and the environment may hamper a faster and more widespread exploration of their potentials. In response, the NMs definition has evolved, and nanotoxicology has developed towards new and more integrative approach methods to support regulatory and policy actions.This book provides a perspective on recent developments in the synthesis, application, and characterization of NMs and the related nanotechnologies, focusing on nanotoxicology for their accurate safety assessment early in the product development stage. The use of complex in vitro models, including multicellular systems and organoids, and "e;omics-based"e; approaches, such as transcriptomics or epigenomics, have greatly contributed to an in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind some NMs toxicity. Such mechanistic knowledge is equally addressed in this book and has set the basis for a predictive nanotoxicology approach building on adverse outcome pathways. In addition, considering the knowledge provided by the above-mentioned approaches, insights into risk assessment, standardization, and regulation of NMs are also included.Incorporating adequate nanosafety assessment early in the life-cycle of NMs will allow the implementation of the safe and sustainable-by-design paradigm enabling safety to keep pace with innovation.Chapters 10 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book presents experimental as well as simulation methodologies for analysis and development of nanostructures for introducing the desirable effects through modifications in the basic structure of select nanomaterials. The initial chapters in this book focus on exploring the basic aspects of nanomaterials, e.g., distinguishing features, synthesis, processing, characterization, simulation and application dimensions, or nanostructures that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions. The chapters also cover the size-dependent electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials in exposing the specific properties essential for applications in nanophotonics, nanoplasmonics, nanosystems (e.g., biological, medical, chemical, catalytic, energy, and environmental applications), and nanodevices (e.g., electronic, photonic, magnetic, imaging, diagnostic, and sensor applications). This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, and technologists in gathering recent knowledge on novel nanostructures and their use in different application areas.

This book describes in detail the semiconductor physics and the effects of the high temperatures and ionizing radiations in the electrical behavior of the Metal-OxideSemiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), implemented with the first and second generations of the differentiated layout styles. The authors demonstrate a variety of innovative layout styles for MOSFETs, enabling readers to design analog and RF MOSFETs that operate in a high-temperature wide range and an ionizing radiation environment with high electrical performance and reduced die area.

This book includes problems based on the material in the course of physical kinetics for the students of general and applied physics. It contains 60 problems with detailed solutions. The comments to the problems reflect the connection with the problems and methods of modern physical kinetics. A brief introduction gives the necessary information for solving and understanding the problems. The book is proposed for students and postgraduates studying the theoretical physics. The book is used as a supplement to the textbooks published on physical kinetics. The purpose of the book is to help students in training the practical skills and mastering the basic elements of physical kinetics. To understand the subject matter, it is sufficient to know the traditional courses of theoretical physics.

This book focuses on recent developments in the field of two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental applications. Due to their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry, two-dimensional nanomaterials are currently garnering great interest for environmental remediation applications. This book compiles contributed chapters from active international researchers dealing with the development of state-of-the-art two-dimensional nanomaterials in environmental applications such as water and wastewater treatment, adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane separation, desalination, deionization, environmental pollutants sensing/detection, carbon-dioxide capture and catalytic conversion, microbial treatment, and electrochemical remediation. Each chapter provides an essential and comprehensive overview of the recent advances in material development and application, giving special attention to preparation methods, tunning of physiochemical properties, surface and interface chemistry, structural porosity, assemblies integration for fabrication of devices, and their relationship with overall efficiency. It offers a valuable reference guide for environmental and materials scientists, engineers, and policymakers working towards environmental sustainability.

This book presents experimental studies on emergent transport and magneto-optical properties in three-dimensional topological insulators with two-dimensional Dirac fermions on their surfaces. Designing magnetic heterostructures utilizing a cutting-edge growth technique (molecular beam epitaxy) stabilizes and manifests new quantization phenomena, as confirmed by low-temperature electrical transport and time-domain terahertz magneto-optical measurements. Starting with a review of the theoretical background and recent experimental advances in topological insulators in terms of a novel magneto-electric coupling, the author subsequently explores their magnetic quantum properties and reveals topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall insulator and trivial insulator phases; a new topological phase (the axion insulator); and a half-integer quantum Hall state associated with the quantum parity anomaly. Furthermore, the author shows how these quantum phases can be significantly stabilized via magnetic modulation doping and proximity coupling with a normal ferromagnetic insulator. These findings provide a basis for future technologies such as ultra-low energy consumption electronic devices and fault-tolerant topological quantum computers.

This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of technology for perovskite materials. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in opto-electronics, Xray detection and emerging transistor structures. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The authors build connections between the materials¿ physical properties to the main applications such as photovoltaics, LED, FETs and X-ray sensors. They also discuss the similarities and main differences when using perovskites for those devices.

This book presents an overview of the science of superconducting materials.  It covers the fundamentals and theories of superconductivity. Subjects of special interest involving mechanisms of high temperature superconductors, tunneling, transport properties, magnetic properties, critical states, vortex dynamics, etc. are present in the book. It assists as a fundamental resource on the developed methodologies and techniques involved in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of superconducting materials. The book covers numerous classes of superconducting materials including fullerenes, borides, pnictides or iron-based chalcogen superconductors ides, alloys and cuprate oxides. Their crystal structures and properties are described. Thereafter, the book focuses on the progress of the applications of superconducting materials into superconducting magnets, fusion reactors, and accelerators and other superconducting magnets. The applications also cover recent progress in superconducting wires, power generators, powerful energy storage devices, sensitive magnetometers, RF and microwave filters, fast fault current limiters, fast digital circuits, transport vehicles, and medical applications.

This book highlights recent advances in quantum control technologies with regard to hybrid quantum systems. It addresses the following topics: phonon engineering based on phononic crystals, carbon-based nano materials like graphene and nanotubes, Terahertz light technology for single-molecule and quantum dots, nuclear-spin-based metrology for semiconductor quantum systems, quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators, chiral three-dimensional photonic crystals, and bio-inspired magnonic systems. Each topic, as a component in the framework of hybrid quantum systems, is concisely presented by experts at the forefront of the field. Accordingly, the book offers a valuable asset, and will help readers find advanced technologies and materials suitable for their purposes.

The intermittent nature of solar energy sources is the greatest challenge to the broad acceptance of this technology. The storage of thermal energy presents a workable option for addressing this issue. When it comes to the storage of thermal energy, latent heat storage units (LHSU) that make use of phase change materials (PCMs) are more desirable than sensible heat storage. In the context of a large increase in the demand for energy, PCMs are an essential class of thermal energy storage materials that contribute to the sustainable growth of both the economy and society. It stores large amounts of heat in the form of latent heat at a constant temperature. This promising technique has already been applied with great success in a variety of applications like solar appliances, buildings, battery thermal management, electronic cooling, waste heat recovery systems, textiles, and more. This book presents an in-depth discussion on PCMs, the current state of PCM technology, and a detailed description of their prospective applications.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.

Graphical depictions of abstract concepts have played a major role in the formulation and communication of ideas since prehistoric times. The invention of photography in the nineteenth century and more recent advances in visualization techniques have catalyzed an enormous wealth of insights into every field of science and engineering by extending our senses far beyond our natural sensorial capabilities. The field of porous media has also benefited enormously from these developments in visualization techniques. Indeed, improvements in these techniques have led to the better morphological characterization of porous media and an enhanced understanding of the assorted physical processes, such as mass transport, capillarity, swelling, and fracturing, that can occur at the pore level. These observations, in turn, have led to superior usage practices for existing porous materials and the design of new products with porous media. Therefore, this bilingual English-Spanish album is aimed at providing a collection of state¿of¿the¿art visualizations of the diverse aspects of porous media that will serve as a reference in education and research. To cover all these aspects properly, the album is organized into seven thematic parts. Each part includes a collection of chapters with images accompanied by a brief English-Spanish description of the novelty of the observation, the visualization technique used, and the phenomenological insights gained.Las representaciones gráficas de conceptos abstractos han jugado un papel importante en la formulación y comunicación de ideas desde tiempos prehistóricos. La invención de la fotografía en el siglo XIX y los avances más recientes en las técnicas de visualización han catalizado una enorme riqueza de conocimientos en todos los campos de la ciencia y la ingeniería al extender nuestros sentidos mucho más allá de nuestras capacidades sensoriales naturales. El campo de los medios porosos también se ha beneficiado enormemente de estos avances en las técnicas de visualización. De hecho, las mejoras en estas técnicas han llevado a una mejor caracterización morfológica de los medios porosos y una mejor comprensión de los diversos procesos físicos, como el transporte de masa, la capilaridad, la hinchazón y la fractura, que pueden ocurrir a nivel de poro. Estas observaciones, a su vez, han llevado a mejores prácticas de uso para los materiales porosos existentes y al diseño de nuevos productos con medios porosos. Por lo tanto, este álbum bilingüe inglés y español tiene como objetivo proporcionar una colección de visualizaciones del estado del arte de los diversos aspectos de los medios porosos que servirán como referencia en la educación y la investigación. Para cubrir adecuadamente todos estos aspectos, el álbum está organizado en siete partes temáticas. Cada parte incluye una colección de capítulos con imágenes acompañadas de una breve descripción en inglés y español de la originalidad de la observación, la técnica de visualización utilizada y los conocimientos fenomenológicos obtenidos.

In diesem Buch werden zwei Berechnungsverfahren zur Berechnung von Trocknungsvorgängen an halbunendlichen längsüberströmten symmetrischen Platten beschrieben. Die Methoden unterscheiden sich in Bezug auf den Wassergehalt an der Oberfläche der Platte. Das erste Modell ¿vollständig benetzte Oberfläche¿ nimmt eine mit Wasserdampf gesättigte Luftschicht oberhalb der Flüssigkeitsschicht auf der Platte an. Daraus resultiert eine Oberfläche mit Kühlgrenztemperatur und einer konstanten Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit. Es wird von Verdunstungstrocknung gesprochen, da die Siedetemperatur nicht erreicht wird und sich der Partialdruck des Dampfes in der Luft erhöht, die Luft wird feuchter. Das zweite Modell ¿sinkender Trocknungsspiegel¿ beschreibt die Aufheizung der Gipskartonplatte in verschiedenen Schichten. Erreicht die wasserhaltige Schicht die Siedetemperatur, so verdampft das flüssige Wasser. Der Wasserverlust lässt einen fiktiven Trocknungsspiegel im Gips absinken und ändert somit die Verhältnisse der Wärmeübergänge der Karton-, trockenen und feuchten Gipsschicht, somit sinkt die Trocknungsrate über die Zeit ab. Es wird von Verdampfungstrocknung gesprochen, da der eingehende Wärmestrom die Wassermasse bei Siedetemperatur verdampft.

The Kirkwood-Buff Theory of Solutions: With Selected Applications to Solvation and Proteins presents the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) Theory of solution in a simple and didactic manner, making it understandable to those with minimal background in thermodynamics. Aside from the fact that the KB Theory may be the most important and useful theory of solutions, it is also the most general theory that can be applied to all possible solutions, including aqueous solutions of proteins and nucleic acids. Introductory chapters give readers grounding in the necessary chemical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, but then move to a systematic derivation of Kirkwood-Buff theory and its inversion. Originally published in 1951, the KB theory was dormant for over 20 years. It became extremely useful after the publication of the "Inversion of the KB theory" by the author Arieh Ben-Naim in 1978. The book explains all necessary concepts in statistical mechanics featured in the theory in a simple and intuitive way. Researchers will find the theory useful in solving any problem in mixtures or solutions in any phase. Some examples of applications of the KB theory, to water, aqueous solutions, protein folding, and self-association of proteins, are provided in the book.

The Handbook of Natural Polymers Volume Three : Versatile Applications explores advanced and emerging applications of polymers from natural sources. The book introduces the state-of-the-art, along with opportunities in natural polymers with advanced applications before presenting coverage of natural polymers applied to specific cutting-edge applications. Areas covered include biosensing, drug carriers, cosmetics, tissue engineering, textiles, adhesives and coatings, food, super adsorbents, automotive and construction, 3D printing, paper, nanoelectronics, energy storage, military, smart devices, water purification, dentistry, agriculture, and packaging. In each case, a methodical approach enables readers to understand natural polymer sources, preparation, properties, appropriate applications, emerging materials and new avenues. The final two chapters consider end-of-life themes, including environmental remediation of natural polymers and their transformation to biofuels. As part of a Three-volume handbook offering comprehensive coverage of natural polymers, this book will be of interest to all those looking to gain a broad knowledge of natural polymers, including academic researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers and R&D professionals from a range of disciplines and industries.

This book provides a foundational understanding of polymer dielectrics based on percolative composites. It covers the microstructure and physical properties, such as dielectric, electrical, magnetic, and rheological properties, of polymer composites, as well as how these properties can be explained using various theoretical models and spectroscopy techniques, such as dielectric spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and conductivity spectroscopy. The book also discusses non-percolative polymer composites and the suitability of polymer dielectrics for electrical energy storage in various devices. It is intended for graduate students and professionals in fields such as condensed matter physics, applied physics, statistical physics, materials science, polymer science and technology, chemistry, and engineering. It will be particularly useful for physicists, materials scientists, polymer scientists, chemists, engineers, and others interested in the physics and applications of percolativecomposites based on polymer matrix.

This book covers next-generation nanocomposite supercapacitor materials. It deals with a wide range of emerging and sustainable supercapacitors based on, e.g., low-dimensional materials including transition metal oxides, carbons, Mxenes, etc., and metal-organic frameworks. Additionally, it features up-to-date coverage of advanced supercapacitors such as 3D printing, atomic layer deposition, recycling, quantum, on-chip, shape memory, self-healing, and micro-scale supercapacitors.This book is part of the Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials. Supercapacitors have emerged as promising devices for electrochemical energy storage, playing an important role in energy harvesting for meeting the current demands of increasing global energy consumption. The handbook covers the materials science and engineering of nanocomposite supercapacitors, ranging from their general characteristics and performance to materials selection, design and construction.Covering both fundamentals and recent developments, this handbook serves a readership encompassing students, professionals and researchers throughout academia and industry, particularly in the fields of materials chemistry, electrochemistry, and energy storage and conversion. It is ideal as a reference work and primary resource for any introductory senior-level undergraduate or beginning graduate course covering supercapacitors.

This book elucidates heat transfer behavior for boiling of dilute emulsions- mixtures of two immiscible fluids- which has received little attention to date. Of the work completed in this area, the majority has been focused on pool boiling where no mean flow is present, and this book is the first major work to be published regarding flow boiling of emulsions. The book includes a comprehensive review and assessment of research on emulsion-based heat transfer. Recent experiments are reported and analyzed to characterize heat transfer in microgap flow boiling via a systematic investigation into the effects of gap size, mass flux, and volume fraction on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The emulsion used in all experiments comprises droplets of an immiscible electronics cooling fluid suspended in water. The volume provides a complete baseline for flow boiling of water in the microgaps, enabling a determination of the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient when thedisperse component is present. Moreover, a subset of the data set pertains to flow boiling of dilute emulsions over microporous surfaces. The flow conditions for which the microporous surfaces enhance or degrade heat transfer are presented. Finally, this book provides a discussion of the physical phenomena which affect boiling and a set of nondimensional numbers that can be used for correlation.

This book highlights recent advances in variety of nanomaterials classes including metal chalcogenides, metal oxides/hydroxides, polymer, metal-organic frameworks, and hybrid nanostructures, with a focus on their properties, synthesis methods, and key applications. It also offers detailed coverage on the toxicity aspects with possible solution. Additionally, it provides complete and comprehensive information on surface modification strategies of nanoparticles to achieve desired outcomes. This book discusses potential applications and major challenges of using these nanomaterials in the fields of biomedical sciences, agricultural industry, bioenergy, biofuel production, and environmental remediation, etc. Overall, this book provides crucial background in nanobiotechnology that compliments the understanding of experimental design for the production of more customized nanomaterials to avail desirable benefits.

This book presents an analysis of the techniques used for the synthesis of innovative functional carbon nanostructures. The chapters describe the research and development of various layered carbon nanostructures. Emphasis is given to the impact of defects on carbon nanostructures. The application of carbon nanostructured materials in biomedical field and energy storage is described.