Miljøkemi

A dynamic and sweeping history that exposes how humankind's affinity for pesticides made the modern world possible--while also threatening its essential fabric. For thousands of years, we've found ways to scorch, scour, and sterilize our surroundings to make them safer. Sometimes these methods are wonderfully effective. Often, however, they come with catastrophic consequences--consequences that aren't typically understood for generations. The Chemical Age tells the captivating story of the scientists who waged war on famine and disease with chemistry. With depth and verve, Frank A. von Hippel explores humanity's uneasy coexistence with pests, and how their existence, and the battles to exterminate them, have shaped our modern world. Beginning with the potato blight tragedy of the 1840s, which led scientists on an urgent mission to prevent famine using pesticides, von Hippel traces the history of pesticide use to the 1960s, when Rachel Carson's Silent Spring revealed that those same chemicals were insidiously damaging our health and driving species toward extinction. Telling the story of these pesticides in vivid detail, von Hippel showcases the thrills and complex consequences of scientific discovery. He describes the invention of substances that could protect crops, the emergence of our understanding of the way diseases spread, the creation of chemicals used to kill pests and people, and, finally, how scientists turned those wartime chemicals on the landscape at a massive scale, prompting the vital environmental movement that continues today. The Chemical Age is a dynamic, sweeping history that exposes how humankind's affinity for pesticides made the modern world possible--while also threatening its essential fabric.

Reservoir construction is the key strategy for water resource management. In recent years, the migration of pollutants and their transformation into the reservoir ecosystem has become a global problem. Intensified anthropogenic activities and unsustainable practices have amplified the pollutant levels in the reservoir. Therefore, this book intends to highlight environmental characteristics of the reservoir, study methods of ecotoxicology, and mechanistic toxicogenetic pathways of pollutants in the reservoir. Adverse outcome pathway (AOPs) model is used to elucidate toxicological effects of reservoir pollutants. Moreover, ecological and human health risks of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the largest power generation reservoir on earth, and its pollution status are also discussed.

Recently, surface-engineered and modified nanomaterials have been developed as corrosion inhibitors for different metals alloys in coating and solution phases. This book covers current emerging trends and applications in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies and their applications in corrosion prevention. It offers synthesis, surface modification for enhanced dispersibility and protection, composite formation and their anticorrosive applications.

This proceedings volume results from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 'Biomarkers of Radiation in the Environment: Robust Tools for Risk Assessment (BRITE)'. The BRITE workshop discussed insights from cancer research, epigenetics, non-human and human risk assessment, since many of the state-of-the-art biomarkers being developed for humans deserve consideration for environmental applications and vice versa. Sessions were very wide-ranging covering methods, mechanisms, cross disciplinary application and regulation.The chapters in this book have been grouped into five major themes that were covered by the BRITE workshop:· Techniques for biomarker development· Low-dose effect mechanisms· Biomarkers for risk evaluation· Biomarkers in wildlife· Biomarker use and responses Each chapter has been written independently and reflects the views of the chapter author(s). Therefore, the readers can form their own balanced view of the different perspectives on biomarkers of radiation in the environment. Given the breadth of topics covered and the state-of-the-art perspectives shared by leading experts in their respective fields, this book should form a valuable resource for anyone with an interest in how biomarkers can be used to improve our understanding of radiation in the environment and its potential impacts.

This book comprehensively reviews the phytochemistry, functional properties, and health-promoting effects of bioactive compounds found in oil processing by-products, and it also explores the food and non-food applications of these by-products. Several oilseeds, vegetables, and fruits are cultivated for their oils and fats, wherein the oil extraction industry generates a huge amount of waste (meal or cake). The valorisation of this waste would be very beneficial not only from the economic and environmental perspectives, but also for the potential applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, in which phytochemicals derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products play an important role in, for instance, extending the shelf life of several products and providing added-value properties with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.In this work, expert contributors discuss about the added-value of biowaste from common and non-traditional vegetable oils and oilseeds processing, as well as fruit oils processing, and offer an extensive overview of the different bioactive compounds found in extracts from oil processing by-products and their chemical composition. The book also collects several examples in which oil processing by-products are integrated into industrial activities such as food production, livestock production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Professionals and scholars alike interested in the recycling of agro-industrial wastes derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products will find this book a handy reference tool.

This book introduces the recent development in Japan of diamond electrodes, which has attracted much attention in the world. For example, electrochemical sensors using diamond electrodes are now being utilized commercially. Newly developing applications such as electrochemical organic synthesis including CO2 reduction are also expected to form an important future technology. Those emerging applications to various fields which are receiving increasing attention are described in detail here.This book is useful not only for students who would like to begin their study of diamond electrodes but also for industries that are exploring novel electrochemical applications.

This contributed volume comprises of detailed chapters covering the biotechnological approaches employed for the removal of toxic recalcitrant xenobiotics such as petroleum hydrocarbons, textile dyes, microplastics and synthetic polymers that pose serious threat to the environment. It also includes the waste to energy conversion strategies that provides a deep insight on the need for waste circular economy for different developing countries and its implication on sustainable development goals such as SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) SDG 14 (Life below water); and SDG 15 (Life on land).Emerging pollutants sourced from both industries and anthropogenic activity have created havoc in recent years for public health and destruction of biodiversity at multiple levels. The alarming increase in the global population and rapid industrialization might aggravate the problems associated with these hazardous pollutants in near future. Effluent from different industries may contain high amounts of xenobiotic hazardous contaminants such as dyes, hydrocarbons, synthetic surfactants, microplastics, etc. Industries and public sewers handling such waste streams are facing a plethora of challenges in the effluent treatment and solid waste disposal due to various factors that start from production to adoption of appropriate technologies. Therefore, there is an immediate circumvention of bottlenecks through sustainable mitigation strategies.This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policy makers also find this to be a useful read.

The textile industry segment has been continuously expanding and it is reported that the global market was US$1000 billion in 2020. Aside from the fact that textile industry could be profitable and offers several advantages for human life, this industry produces wastewater containing many harmful substances in the form of organic and inorganic moieties. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental problems if discharged without treatment. In this first volume of the application of biological mechanisms, processes and units are reviewed in terms of dye degradation and removal. The role of biodegradation, bioaccumulation and biosorption in bio-decolorization are discussed. The book starts with highlighting the fundamentals of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms having different configurations. The moving bed bioreactor (MBBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, sequential aerobic/anaerobic batch reactors, membrane bioreactor, etc are also covered in this edition.

This book highlights recent advancements in such an important topic, through contribution from experts demonstrating different applications in 'day-to-day' life, both existing and newly emerging non-biological technologies, and thought provoking approaches from different parts of the world, potential future prospects associated with some frontier development in non-conventional energy sources. It covers different types of natural energy sources such as: Ocean, Tidal and Wave energy; Nuclear energy; Solar cells; Geothermal energy; Hydrogen Fuel; Photovoltaic modules; Gas hydrates; Hydrate-based Desalination Technology; and Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin/ Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. This book is a comprehensive and informative compilation for international readers, especially undergraduate and post graduate students and researchers.

This reprint focuses on the application of the combination of synthetic aperture radars and depth learning technology. It aims to further promote the development of SAR image intelligent interpretation technology.A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an important active microwave imaging sensor, whose all-day and all-weather working capacity give it an important place in the remote sensing community. Since the United States launched the first SAR satellite, SAR has received much attention in the remote sensing community, e.g., in geological exploration, topographic mapping, disaster forecast, and traffic monitoring. It is valuable and meaningful, therefore, to study SAR-based remote sensing applications.In recent years, deep learning represented by convolution neural networks has promoted significant progress in the computer vision community, e.g., in face recognition, the driverless field and Internet of things (IoT). Deep learning can enable computational models with multiple processing layers to learn data representations with multiple-level abstractions. This can greatly improve the performance of various applications.This reprint provides a platform for researchers to handle the above significant challenges and present their innovative and cutting-edge research results when applying deep learning to SAR in various manuscript types, e.g., articles, letters, reviews and technical reports.

This Handbook discusses the recent advances in biodegradation technologies and highlights emerging sustainable materials, including environmentally friendly nano-based materials for replacing plastics. It is useful to scientists, engineers, biologists, medical doctors and provides alternative eco-friendly materials to replace the currently used ones with harmful impact on the environment and life. The chapters present different types of alternative materials in diverse areas, such as food packaging materials, materials for construction and agricultural materials. The principles and types of biodegration technologies are described in depth.

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are predominantly unregulated anthropogenic chemicals that occur in air, soil, water, food, and plant/animal tissues in trace concentrations. ECs are persistent in the environment, capable of perturbing the physiology of target receptors and, therefore, are increasingly regarded as a subject of concern. This volume aims to enhance understanding of emerging contaminants¿ effects on plants and the environment and to highlight and address the need of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches in mitigating and remediating the effects of ECs. The book comprises chapters from diverse areas dealing with biotechnology, microbial technology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, remediation, and more. This volume will be useful to remediation practitioners, researchers, regulators and graduate students.

This book highlights recent advancements in such an important topic, through contribution from experts demonstrating different applications in ¿day-to-day¿ life, both existing and newly emerging biological technologies, and thought provoking approaches from different parts of the world, potential future prospects associated with some frontier development in non-conventional energy sources. It covers different aspects of cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass; Cellulosics Biorefinery; Algal Biofuels; Biodiesel; Bioethanol; Microbial Fuel Cells; Biofuel cells; and biohydrogen production. This book is a comprehensive and informative compilation for international readers, especially undergraduate, post graduate students and researchers.

The protection of the environment is a crucial component of development strategies and a significant challenge of the twenty-first century. We have discovered over many decades of implementation that environmental protection can never be developed and promoted enough. It is vital for us to step up our efforts to promote and enhance environmental protection because the globe is currently dealing with increasingly serious environmental issues. Many areas have been irreparably damaged. This book will give you knowledge of many ideas related to environmentally friendly management practises.

This book provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of-the-art techniques and aspects involved in environment-friendly pulping technologies. Traditional chemical and semi-chemical pulping processes are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it has become important to look for alternative approaches to mitigate wastewater emissions in the paper industry, by making more stringent regulations to improve environmental conservation. In response to this problem, new raw materials need to be explored to replace traditional choices and also new pulping processes need to be developed based on less polluting, more easily recovered reagents. This book presents new and emerging deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, and discusses the effects of deep eutectic solvents on biomass pretreatment and the production of value-added products. It also introduces biotechnological methods of pulping. Biotechnological processes help to make manufacturing processes cleaner and more efficient by reducing toxic chemical pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Given its scope, this book is of interest to applied chemists, foresters, chemical engineers, wood scientists, along with engineers and researchers involved in the pulp and paper industry as a valuable reference.

This edited volume deals with the understanding of the issues concerned with the pollution caused by toxic elements and heavy metals and their impacts on the different agro-ecosystems as well as the techniques involved in sustainable remediation and amelioration of polluted soils. Furthermore, the book is a detailed comprehensive account for the treatment technologies from unsustainable to sustainable which includes chapters prepared by professionals with expertise in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, bioremediation, and environmental engineering.It focuses on the characterization, reclamation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation of polluted soils. The research presented also highlights some of the significantly important plant and microbial species involved in remediation, the physiology, biochemistry, and the mechanisms of remediation by various plants and microbes, and suggestions for future improvement of bioremediation technology. It offers insights into the current focus and recent advances in bioremediation and green technology applications for sustainable soil management.

The book reviews the state-of-the art methods developed and used to remove heavy metals. It presents both industrial waste and mineral based adsorbent as well as bio waste materials making the book absolutely a source of low cost methods available till date.

This book presents the editor's recently proposed mathematical models for flux prediction in membrane filtration. It also provides typical mathematical models used in the development of membrane fouling control and explains the step-by-step derivation of these models. The book then highlights how these mathematical models provide insights into the mechanisms of membrane fouling and cleaning to allow for a better understanding of the complete membrane filtration process. Given its scope, this book appeals to a broad readership, particularly professionals at universities as well as engineers engaged in membrane separation in an industrial process.

Green Chemistry in Food Analysis: Conventional and Emerging Approaches provides systematic analysis and up-to-date coverage of green sample preparation techniques in food analysis. The book compiles and discusses the advantages and limitations of sample preparation techniques that are relevant to green chemistry, addresses the latest developments in green spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for food analysis, identifies and proposes solutions for the development of new strategies to solve real problems, and provides systematic and comprehensive coverage of emerging green materials, analytical technologies, and their applications in food analysis. Specific chapters are devoted to artificial intelligence, microfluidics and nanotechnology. The book's final section covers applications of these methods for the detection of allergens, dyes, pathogens and mycotoxins.

This chapter deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of the study covering education in general, with special reference to higher education in India, historical and philosophical aspects of ethics its dynamics and transformation to contemporary times and how it becomes vital in contributing to higher education and its management. In this process management and its methods were also reviewed very concisely. A brief review of education and its general principles and views of various authors are attempted. A history of philosophy and ethics up to contemporary time's visd-vis ethical schools and philosophers is presented very briefly.

This book highlights recent findings of membrane - based dye removal methods along with the application of photocatalytic, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membrane including membrane - based fibers, metal-organic frameworks, polyethersulfone, ceramic, etc.  Among water and wastewater pollutants, dyes have been normally observed and detected in various aquatic solutions, including rivers and lakes. Aesthetic pollution, toxicity, persistent, and carcinogenicity are some of the adverse effects of dyes entering the ecosystem. Although dyes have brought a colourful world, their presence in the environment are responsible for adverse effects on the planet. Diverse physical, chemical and biological methods are available to treat dye contaminated water. This book presents membrane separation technology that has been developed in the past decade to treat different wastewaters, and owning to its effective performance, has garnered the attention of academia and industry alike.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.