Økologi, biosfæren

This monograph emphasizes the many facets of bacterial evolution as impacted by bacterial interactions with phages, as well as, to a lesser degree, the evolutionary impact of phages on other organisms, including other phages. The book starts with a general overview of bacteriophages. Topics discussed in detail include but are not limited to mutagenesis, migration, natural selection and genetic drift as the drivers of evolution as well as an extensive discussion from the author's unique perspective on phage ecology. 

"Faunal and Floral Diversity of the National Parks of India: Part-I" is one out of the five part comprehensive guide to the diverse fauna and flora found in the national parks of India. The book provides detailed information on the ecology and habitats of the different national parks, as well as the various plant and animal species found in each park. The book features a wide range of endemic plant and animal species found in these national parks, including many that are rare and endangered. It also highlights the conservation efforts being undertaken to protect these species and their habitats. Written by experts in the field of biodiversity conservation, the book is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning more about the flora and fauna of India's national parks. With stunning photographs and detailed descriptions, "Faunal and Floral Diversity of the National Parks of India: Part-I" is a must-read for anyone interested in the conservation of India's rich biodiversity.

"Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-III" is a book that aims to continue the exploration of the world's biodiversity hotspots and the unique flora and fauna found within them. This book will build upon the first two parts of the series and will delve even deeper into the various hotspots, exploring their ecology, biodiversity and the threats they face from human activities. It will provide detailed information on the endemic species found within these regions and the conservation efforts being made to protect them. The book will be organized by geographic region, covering hotspots in Europe, Oceania, North America and other regions. It will include contributions from leading experts in the field, providing up-to-date and accurate information on each hotspot. The book will highlight the importance of these hotspots for the survival of numerous species and the provision of ecosystem services, and will serve as a call to action to protect these unique and irreplaceable regions for generations to come.

"Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-II" is a book that aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the world's biodiversity hotspots and the unique flora and fauna found within them. This book builds upon the first part of the series and delves deeper into the various hotspots, exploring their ecology, biodiversity and the threats they face from human activities. It provides detailed information on the endemic species found within these regions and the conservation efforts being made to protect them. The book is organized by geographic region, covering hotspots in Asia, Africa, South America and other regions. It includes contributions from leading experts in the field, providing up-to-date and accurate information on each hotspot. The book highlights the importance of these hotspots for the survival of numerous species and the provision of ecosystem services and serves as a call to action to protect these unique and irreplaceable regions for generations to come.

"Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-V" is a comprehensive guide to the biodiversity hotspots of the world, focusing on the endemic flora and fauna found in these areas. The book provides detailed information on the biodiversity hotspots, their ecological importance and the threats they face, including habitat loss, climate change and overexploitation. The book features a wide range of endemic plant and animal species found in these hotspots, including many that are rare and endangered. It also highlights the conservation efforts being undertaken to protect these species and their habitats. The book is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning more about the world's most important biodiversity hotspots and the unique plant and animal life that can be found there. With stunning photographs and detailed descriptions, "Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-V" is a must-read for anyone interested in the conservation of our planet's biodiversity.

"Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-IV" is a comprehensive guide to the biodiversity hotspots of the world, focusing on the endemic flora and fauna found in these areas. The book provides detailed information on the biodiversity hotspots, their ecological importance and the threats they face, including habitat loss, climate change and overexploitation. The book features a wide range of endemic plant and animal species found in these hotspots, including many that are rare and endangered. It also highlights the conservation efforts being undertaken to protect these species and their habitats. Written by the PG students of our college, the book is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning more about the world's most important biodiversity hotspots and the unique plant and animal life that can be found there. With stunning photographs and detailed descriptions, "Global Biodiversity Hotspots and its Endemic Flora and Fauna: Part-IV" is a must-read for anyone interested in the conservation of our planet's biodiversity.

Biodiversity hotspots are regions of the world that are of immense ecological significance due to their high levels of biodiversity and endemism. They are identified based on two main criteria, including high species richness and the presence of unique and endemic species. These hotspots are critically important for the survival of numerous plant and animal species, as well as for the provision of ecosystem services that support human livelihoods. Despite their ecological importance, biodiversity hotspots are increasingly threatened by human activities such as habitat destruction, climate change, pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. The conservation of biodiversity hotspots is therefore a critical priority and requires significant efforts and resources from both national and international organizations as well as from local communities. In recent years, a variety of conservation measures have been implemented, including the creation of protected areas, the restoration of degraded habitats and the promotion of sustainable land use practices. In the Part I, we discussed about seven biodiversity hotspots.

This book analyses international Green Infrastructure (GI) planning and design strategies. The GI strategy is widely recognized for its multifunctionality (as a tool for ecological, economic and social enhancement) and multiscalarity. Starting from this assumption, the book intends to implement the concept of GI and blue networks in planning strategies and their linked urban projects. New urban and regional paradigms of the latest years, such as urban sprawl, ecosystem services, biodiversity, urban resilience, climate change and health emergencies, have made it necessary to rethink cities and territories and their related plans and projects. To satisfy these paradigms, worldwide plans and projects have started to focus both on short-term and long-term processes and strategies which integrate environmental, landscape and ecological elements. Chapters 1 and 6 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Biotremology is a new and emerging discipline in biological sciences that covers all aspects of behavior associated with substrate-borne mechanical waves. This volume provides state-of-the-art reviews and technical contributions from leading experts and invited younger researchers on topics from signal production and transmission to perception in its ecological context. Reviews about the knowledge of well-studied groups are complemented with perspectives on the study of less-explored groups or contexts. Special attention is given to practical issues in measuring substrate-borne vibrations as well as to applied biotremology. The book appeals to all those interested in communication and vibrational behavior.

Imbler profiles ten of the ocean's strangest creatures, drawing astonishing connections between their lives and ours and illuminating wondrous models of survival, adaptation, identity, sex, and care on our faltering planet.--Adapted from publisher's description.

This book discusses emerging contexts of global warming and climate change, agricultural vulnerability and adaptation from local to global scale. Climate change, resilience in relation to agriculture and livelihoods and multi-dimensionality of various approaches are clearly taken into account by providing studies and perspectives on various methods and scales based on natural science to social science frameworks. This edited work contains chapters that are interdisciplinary, covering climate change, agriculture vulnerability, disaster impact, productivity efficiency, food security, livelihood resilience, land degradation, sustainability, in terms of plan and perform for transformation, sustainability and adaptation, including philosophy, change and economics, as well as the natural sciences. This book addresses the sustainable development goals to reduce the adverse impacts on agricultural productivity brought on by climate change and its adaptation and disaster risk reductionin developing and developed nations. Some of the assessed challenges include soil erosion, land use conversion, natural resource mismanagement, crop productivity decline and economic stagnation. This book covers important issues in the production and consumption of food in the past and present periods, agriculture, livelihood, and climate change, disaster risk management and society. All of these are under the threat of ongoing climate change and significant challenges to livelihood sustainability. The book is arranged into five broad sections: each part will cover a set of chapters dealing with a particular issue of the climate change, agriculture and society: approach toward sustainability. This book aims to attract attention of students, researchers, academician, policymakers and other inquisitive readers interested in different aspects of climate change, agriculture, livelihood and sustainability, particularly at local to global context.

Written from the perspective of an urban forester and certified arborist, the reader will have a basic understanding of what makes a tree a tree in context to the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of Urban and Community Forestry, and learn how to implement model, time-tested global green practices and initiatives derived from citizen science.

Professor Chadwick Dearing Oliver has made major intellectual contributions to forest science and natural resources management. Over the course of his career he has actively sought to bring research and practice together through synthesis, outreach, and capacity-building. A common thread throughout his career has been complexity and how we as a society understand and manage complex systems. His work on forest stand dynamics, landscape management, and sustainability have all focused on the emergent properties of complex ecological and/or social systems. This volume celebrates a remarkable career through a diverse group of former students and colleagues who work on a wide range of subject areas related to the management of complex natural resource systems. Over the past decade there has been considerable discussion about forests as complex adaptive systems. Advances in remote sensing, social methods, and data collection and processing have enabled more detailed characterisations of complex natural systems across spatial and temporal scales than ever before. Making sense of these data, however, requires conceptual frameworks that are robust to the complexity of the systems and their inherent dynamics, particularly in the context of global change. This volume presents a collection of cutting-edge research on natural ecosystems and their dynamics through the lens of complex adaptive systems. It includes contributions by a wide range of authors from academia, NGOs, forest industry, and governmental organisations with diverse perspectives on forests and natural resources management. Each chapter offers new insights into how these systems can be made more resilient to ensure that they provide a diversity of ecological and social values well into the future. Together they provide a robust way of thinking about the many challenges that natural ecosystems face and how we as society may best address them.

This book provides, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the fundamental roles that ecological interactions play in extinction processes, bringing to light an underground of hidden pathways leading to the same dark place: biodiversity loss.We are in the midst of the sixth mass extinction. We see species declining and vanishing one after another. Poached rhinos, dolphins and whales slaughtered, pandas surviving only in captivity are strong emotional testimonials of what is happening. Yet, the main threat to natural communities may be overshadowed by the disappearance of large species, with most extinctions happening unnoticed and involving less eye-catching organisms, such as parasites and pollinators. Ecosystems hide countless, invisible wires connecting organisms in dense networks of ecological interactions. Through these networks, perturbations can propagate from one species to another, producing unpredictable effects. In worst case scenarios, the loss of one species might doom many others to extinction. Ecologists now consider such mechanisms as a fundamental - and still poorly understood - driver of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Hidden Pathways to Extinction makes the invisible links connecting the fates of species and organisms evident, exploring why complexity can enhance ecosystem stability and yet accelerate species loss. Page after page, Strona provides convincing evidence that we are primarily responsible for the fall in biodiversity, that we are falling too, and that we need to redouble our conservation efforts now, or it won't be long before we hit the ground.

This book directly links the notion of the commons with different design praxes, and explores their social, cultural, and ecological ramifications. It draws out material conditions in four areas of design interest: social design, commons and culture, ecology and transdisciplinary design. As a collection of positions, the diversity of arguments advances the understanding of the commons as both concepts and modes of thinking, and their material translation when contextualised in the domain of design questions. In other words, it moves abstract social science concepts towards concrete design debates. This text appeals to students, researchers and practitioners working on design in architecture, architecture theory, urbanism, and ecology. 

This edited volume provides comprehensive and latest information on the fungal biodiversity in its morphological characters, bioactive molecules, pathogenicity and virulence, and its impacts on crop production and sustainable management of agricultural productivity towards resolving global food security issues. The increasing number of infectious fungal diseases are regarded as threats to agricultural productivity and global food security. The efforts done by scientists to inventories the fungal diversity and identification of fungal species contributing as pathogens towards many plant and human diseases have been compiled in the present volume. The identification of the potential fungal pathogens is a prerequisite for an effective disease control management program. Also important is to understand the complex interactions between the host-pathogen and the environment. The book dwells on insights on the aforementioned aspects. The book also includes articles on ecological significance of fungi and fungal antagonists used as biocontrol agents on other pathogens. This compilation is useful to scientists working in similar areas as well as to undergraduate and graduate students keen on getting updated information on the subject. Scientists involved in agricultural research, crop management, and industries that manufacture agrochemicals may also find it useful read.  

Micrographia; Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.

The Microscope. Its History, Construction, and Application 15th ed.; Being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument, and the study of microscopical science, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.

This book is devoted to strengthening the theoretical and methodological basis, systematization of international experience, and scientific elaboration of prospects for developing a climate-smart economy and business as a vector of the sustainable development of Industry 4.0 in the Decade of Action.The first part of the book focuses on climate-responsible entrepreneurship in support of the sustainable development of Industry 4.0. The part systematizes best practices for climate-smart green innovations across sectors of the digital economy. The third part reveals the experience of climate risk management based on smart green innovations in regions and countries. Particular attention is paid to the best practices of the European Union (EU) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The book ends with part four, which explores ESG climate risk management and green finance in support of combating climate change.The book¿s novelty is that it rethinks the environmental footprints of Industry 4.0 from the perspective of climate risks and their management. The theoretical significance of the book lies in the formation of an innovative concept of climate change risk management, in which the economy, society, nature, and technology are presented and interact effectively. The book is intended for scientists. In this book, they will find an innovative and systemic vision of smart green innovations in Industry 4.0 for climate change risk management.

This books explains a strategy that a country can meet its CO2 emission reduction targets (e.g., as are in Paris Agreement) with a dominant share of nuclear power with a balanced energy supply mix. The book starts with an introduction to the subject of energy policy, mechanisms, and CO2 emissions, and the complexity of the CO2 reduction goal. It introduces the system dynamics approach as a solution modeling approach for dealing with the complexity of CO2 reducing policies and mechanisms. The book presents the dynamic model and its key parameters and then elaborates the structural and behavioral validity of the dynamic model.The book gives an intensive review to do that comparative analysis involving China, India, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Pakistan. The last half of the book focuses on the case in Pakistan. The author reviews Pakistan¿s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution and other key sources from Pakistan¿s Ministry of Energy and related institutions. Using Pakistan¿s case data, the author applies the system dynamics modeling approach whereby a dynamic model, capable of representing the important interactions among various sectors of the electricity supply sector of Pakistan. This book is intended to be of use to policymakers, managers and practitioners, teachers, researchers, and students of design and assessment of policymaking for the complex, dynamic energy systems

This book examines social innovation strategies in the collaborative development of spaces for growing food in cities. It enables readers to gain valuable insights into an innovative social and spatial practice whilst advancing knowledge in an emerging area of research. The book will also be of great relevance to social activists, urban designers, planners, and decision-makers with an interest in applying this expertise to their own neighbourhoods and cities.Urban food growing spaces have multiplied in recent times. This green and inclusive urbanism creates social value for the health, wellbeing, and welfare of local inhabitants. Therefore, there is a convincing argument to investigate innovative spatial practices that can enable cities to meet the needs of an increasing population. Despite the mounting interest in collective approaches to sustainable development, limited attention has been given to the diverse ways in which this social action has been pursued. How are urban food growing spaces produced through social innovation? What are the innovative processes that can be translated in a replicable model to other cities, yet suitable for local needs, to support the development of healthier, more socially just built environments?

Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.

The 'Look About You' Nature Study Books, Book 2, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.

The Methods and Scope of Genetics An inaugural lecture delivered 23 October 1908, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.